The Lopau is a river in the Lüneburg Heath in North Germany . It is a right tributary of the Luhe .
40-755: The Lopau rises with two headstreams from the ponds known as the Süderteichen and the Westerteichen in the Westergrund in the Munster North Training Area , near the abandoned village of Lopau, that lies within the borough of Munster . In its upper reaches the Lopau flows through uncultivated grassland, which is becoming increasingly afforested by alders and invaded by the wooded area of the Raubkammer. In Bockum ,
80-407: A thermal imager , daylight camera and a laser rangefinder . Combined with the vehicle's GPS and inertial navigation system the operator can accurately mark targets or points of interest and pass that data to the digital battlefield network. The sensor head of the observation package can also be removed and mounted on a tripod for concealed operation, as can the control unit from the vehicle should
120-584: A chemical incineration facility and a site to convert chlorine gas and diphosgene . The latter installation exploded on being taken into service in April 1922. In spite of everything, clearance work was completed in 1925 and the remaining facilities were blown up at the behest of the Allies. In 1935 the Wehrmacht opened Breloh again as a Weapon Testing and Firing Site ( Kampfstoffversuchs- und Geschützübungsplatz ). The plan
160-534: A combined order was placed. The Royal Netherlands Army ordered 410 (202 reconnaissance, 130 MRAT (medium range antitank) and 78 general purpose versions) and the German Bundeswehr ordered 222 (178 reconnaissance, 24 combat engineer and 20 joint fire support teams (JFST)). More Fenneks for the German Army will be procured from 2015 on. Germany plans an overall purchase of approximately 300 Fenneks. The first vehicle
200-550: A facility for air defence training. There are also firing positions for artillery and mortars to support combined arms training. Other weapon systems used on this exercise area include the Leopard 2 , Marks A5, A6 and A6M. Munster North is also used to exercise the Marder infantry fighting vehicle , as well as the Luchs and Fennek recce vehicles. Even non-military organisations, such as
240-561: A village in the municipality of Rehlingen in Lüneburg District , it picks up the Ehlbeck , a left-hand tributary. East of Amelinghausen the river is impounded by a dam by the B 209 federal road to create the tourist lake of Lopausee . North of Amelinghausen the Lopau discharges into the Luhe near the gravesite of Oldendorfer Totenstatt by Oldendorf (Luhe) . From source to mouth the river
280-743: Is 12.7 km. This article related to a river in Lower Saxony is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Munster North Training Area The Munster Training Area (German: Truppenübungsplatz Munster ) is a military training area in Germany on the Lüneburg Heath . It comprises two separate areas with different purposes: Munster North ( Munster-Nord ) (size: 102 square kilometres (39 sq mi)) and Munster South ( Munster-Süd ) (size: 74 square kilometres (29 sq mi)). The two areas are separated geographically by
320-531: Is a four-wheeled armed reconnaissance vehicle produced by the German company Krauss-Maffei Wegmann and Dutch Defence Vehicle Systems. The Turkish company FNSS Defence Systems acquired the right for licence production in 2004. It was developed for both the German Army and Royal Netherlands Army to replace their current vehicles. In April 2000, the prototype vehicle finished field trials and in December 2001
360-460: Is also subordinated to him. The commander is also in charge of Ehra-Lessien Training Area and Lübtheen Training Area . 53°02′08″N 10°07′07″E / 53.03556°N 10.11861°E / 53.03556; 10.11861 Fennek The Fennek , named after the fennec (a species of small desert fox ), or LGS Fennek , with LGS being short for Leichter Gepanzerter Spähwagen in German (Light Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle ),
400-596: Is the 12.7 mm machine gun. The vehicle is protected all-round against 7.62 mm rounds and additional armour can be added if the mission requires. The air conditioning system provides protection against nuclear, biological and chemical warfare and the crew compartment is protected against anti-personnel mines. Variants of the Fennek in the Royal Netherlands Army : JFST (Joint Fire Support Team, some with and without IED added protection) Both Germany and
440-975: The Bundeswehr , Germany's newly formed armed forces. Almost at the same time the Training Area Headquarters, the Garrison Staff, the Armoured Vehicle Training Centre (formerly the Armoured Forces School), the 9th Armoured Demonstration Brigade ( Panzerlehrbrigade 9 ) with the Panzergrenadier School, the Armoured Demonstration Battalion and the Panzergrenadier Demonstration Battalion, 53 Trials Unit ( Erprobungsstelle 53 ) today
SECTION 10
#1732869555603480-485: The Clarkwerk factory and the power station almost the entire facility was destroyed, a total of 42 buildings. Chemical grenades were catapulted for miles around and clouds of poison gas threatened the surrounding villages, some having to be evacuated. Many houses in the surrounding area were badly damaged. In addition to the immediate victims of the explosion there were numerous deaths in the months that followed. The terrain
520-618: The Reichspräsident . Today there is a barracks here, the Hindenburg-Kaserne , named after him. The terrain, which was originally used for exercises and troop movements, has been used since the formation of the post-war German armed forces, the Bundeswehr , as an artillery range . It has an area of 7,400 hectares (18,000 acres) and lies in the districts of Heidekreis and Celle . On this range, specially constructed for tube artillery, rocket artillery and mortars , weapons fire into
560-574: The Turkish company ASELSAN for 18 Raytheon Stinger surface-to-air missile launchers to be fitted on the Fennek. The launcher in this case is the Stinger Weapon Platform (SWP), with four Stinger missiles intended for mid-range air defence. The launcher can be controlled from on board the vehicle, or else remotely as part of a distributed air defense system. On the Dutch Fennek the primary weapon
600-533: The Wehrmacht . In Munster and Breloh about 1.7 million prisoners of war were admitted and returned home. In the facility at Hornheide, the Breloh refugee camp was set up. The different hutted camps, which were given letters of the alphabet by the British (e.g. M Camp), were partly torn down during the 1960s when Munster no longer wanted to be "Munsterlager". In 1956 Munster was the base for important military installations for
640-557: The bomb disposal service ( Kampfmittelräumdienst or KMRD ) of the state of Lower Saxony , the German Federal Police and police special response units ( Spezialeinsatzkommandos ), make use of the training facilities. In 1916 the so-called Breloh Camp ( Breloh-Lager ) was built in north Munster by a regiment of gas warfare engineers (‘’Gaspionier-Regiment’’). In January 1917 the Prussian War Office issued an order for
680-793: The Army Chemical Defence Laboratory moved at the beginning of March 1945 from Berlin to Munster (Örtze) , due to air raids , and carried on working there until the end of the Second World War . An extensive range of tests were carried out on a wide variety of shells of various calibres, as well as on mines , projectiles, bombs (up to 500 kg (1,100 lb)) and spray equipment. The substances tried included arsenic oil, hydrogen cyanide , mustard gas ( Lost ), Tabun , Sarin , cyanogen chloride , phenacyl chloride , Adamsite , Aeroform, Excelsior (10-chlor-9,10-dihydroacridarsin) and many others. Chemical munitions were filled at
720-631: The Chemical Defence Research Establishment ( Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien – ABC-Schutz [ de ] ), the Society for the disposal of chemical warfare agents and old armaments GmbH (Ltd.) ( GEKA [ de ] ) and other units and organisations were set up. The British Forces stationed in Germany, which had maintained a garrison in Munster since
760-649: The German Air Force, the Luftwaffe , firing rockets and bombs from their Tornado fighter-bombers . Bölkow Bo 105 anti-tank helicopters exercise here, firing HOT 3105 guided missiles . Exercising troops from Germany , Belgium , the Netherlands and Britain can be accommodated in Trauen Camp ( Lager Trauen ) where there are facilities for 1,750 soldiers . In 1916 a chemical weapons production site, Gasplatz Breloh ,
800-506: The Netherlands have deployed Fennek reconnaissance vehicles to Afghanistan in support of ISAF . On 3 November 2007, a Dutch Fennek was hit by an improvised explosive device killing one and wounding two other occupants. The vehicle and its crew were taking part in an offensive operation targeting the Taliban in the province of Uruzgan, Afghanistan. In another incident a German Fennek was hit by
840-573: The construction of a facility for gas munitions. Gasplatz Breloh was built on a piece of land about 6,500 hectares (16,000 acres) in size in the Raubkammer Forest (part of the present-day Munster North Training Area). Three factories were erected for the manufacture of chemical war material and associated munitions . Production began as early as July that year and, by the end of the First World War in 1918 extensive facilities had been built,
SECTION 20
#1732869555603880-655: The crew want to use the entire system dismounted. Many Fenneks of the German Army are also equipped with Aladin miniature UAVs. Various weapons can be fitted, such as a 12.7 mm machine gun for the Dutch reconnaissance version, a Rafael Spike anti-tank missile on the Dutch MRAT version or a 40 mm automatic grenade launcher ( HK GMG ) or Rheinmetall MG3 for the German vehicles. The Royal Netherlands Army also placed an order at
920-421: The dangerous chemicals without concern for their own safety. As well as the production and storage of the actual chemicals, war munitions were also filled here. In addition, captured munitions were stored at Munster; for example, about 20,000 chlorine gas bottles of Russian origin and chemical jars ( Nebeltöpfe ). Extensive trials were carried out with chemicals and munitions on the firing ranges and test sites. At
960-598: The end of the war in 1918 the Gasplatz held about 48,000 tonnes (47,000 long tons; 53,000 short tons) of chemical munitions, several thousand tonnes of chemically-filled captured munitions and 40 tank wagons of unfilled chemicals. These supplies were sunk in the North Sea and the Baltic . During the preparations for this there was a tragic accident on 24 October 1919. A train laden with chemical weapons and munitions exploded. Apart from
1000-574: The environment created by the training area. In 1891 the Prussian Ministry of War began to buy up areas of heath and marsh between Munster , Reiningen and Wietzendorf and to lay out a military training area and military camp for the X Hanoverian Army Corps . The camp was first established in June 1893 by the 91st Infantry Regiment ( Infanterieregiment 91 ) from Oldenburg under its commanding officer , Colonel Paul von Hindenburg , who later became
1040-553: The individual parts of the site with one another. There was also a link to the Reichsbahn network. Following occupation of the site by British forces in 1945 almost all the chemical installations were demolished in the succeeding years and most of the stocks of chemicals were also destroyed. In spite of that, it has left a dangerous legacy behind which is one of the largest areas of residual contamination caused by armaments in Germany. Since April 1956 there has been intensive work to clear
1080-614: The majority of which were working. (in the First World War) In addition the site had the following facilities: Another test facility was planned on the Westerhorn Estate ( Gut Westerhorn ). More than 6,000 people (75 officers, 677 NCOs and about 5,775 special staff) produced in these facilities about a quarter of the total war munitions for the German Army at that time. The working conditions were, by modern standards, appalling. Protective clothing did not exist. People handled
1120-411: The pollution. Today this is the responsibility of the specialist Group for Chemical Weapon Clearance ( Gruppe für Kampfmittelbeseitigung ), the Chemical Defence Research Establishment ( Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien ) and the federal Chemical Weapon and Armament Pollution Disposal Company ( Gesellschaft zur Entsorgung chemischer Kampfstoffe und Rüstungsaltlasten ). In 1891 Munster
1160-533: The production of the vehicles for the Royal Netherlands Army. The Fennek has four wheels with selectable two or four wheel drive. It has a Deutz diesel engine producing 179 kW, giving it a top speed of 115 km/h (when the speedlimiter is turned off). Tire pressure can be regulated by the driver from inside the vehicle to suit terrain conditions. The primary mission equipment is an observation package mounted on an extendable mast. Sensors include
1200-558: The so-called "fog-filling point" ( Nebelfüllstelle ), which had a tank capacity for about 3,000 t (3,000 long tons; 3,300 short tons) of chemical. At this filling point there was a large underground facility that was partly linked with walkways. During a spraying demonstration by the Luftwaffe on 8 September 1944, a Do-217E-3 crashed, killing all those on board. The facilities were mostly disguised as "simple" bunker complexes or as houses in rural style. A network of railway branches linked
1240-643: The target area from locations lying outside the actual training area. Live artillery firing takes place at Munster South using M109 and PzH howitzers . In addition, Marder infantry fighting vehicles , equipped with MILAN surface-to-surface anti-tank guided missiles , Luchs recce tanks and Fennek recce vehicles also use the ranges. Training Area South also has bivouac sites and ranges for small arms and anti-tank weapons . Ground-based trials with MILAN surface-surface anti-tank guided missile were carried out here. In addition there are grenade ranges, explosives ranges, infantry battle ranges and target areas for
Lopau - Misplaced Pages Continue
1280-474: The town of Munster and several barracks. When the military training area was established a camp or Lager was built about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) from the town centre which became known as Munsterlager . Between Munster North and South there is a road corridor to the nearby training area of Bergen-Hohne over which exercising troops can transfer from one area to the other. There are many rare and endangered plant species on this terrain today that thrive in
1320-686: The turn of the 19th century other troops were stationed there including those involved in the Boxer Rebellion in China and units destined for the German colonies in Africa . In the First World War the camp was used to house about 21,000 prisoners of war . After the occupation of the site by British forces in 1945 the British Occupying Power established the largest prisoner of war release camp soldiers in Germany from this vast military estate owned by
1360-578: The war, gave this up in 1993 and left. After the withdrawal of the British from the remaining open areas were used to build houses and shops. The former barracks was renovated and partly converted. It is largely used today for commercial purposes. The old headquarters building now houses the municipal department of works for the town of Munster, the officers mess has been turned into a hotel. The present commander of Munster Training Area (to 30 June 2008 Colonel Udo Meyer, from 1 July 2008 Colonel Gerd Ahrens) has his headquarters at Bergen-Hohne Training Area which
1400-595: Was built in north Munster. In 1935 this area became the Munster North Training Area. It is located in the districts of Heidekreis , Lüneburg and Uelzen , and has battle training ranges for armoured vehicles. The training area covers a total of 10,200 hectares (25,000 acres). As well as four major ranges for armoured vehicle mounted weapons and anti-tank guided missiles there are infantry weapon ranges and special ranges for hand-held anti-tank weapons. In addition there are grenade ranges, explosives ranges and
1440-764: Was called the Munster North Army Testing Facility ( Heeresversuchstelle Munster-Nord ), often referred to as the Raubkammer Army Testing Facility. The main purpose of the facility was the testing of chemical weapons that had been developed in Berlin at the Army Chemical Defence Laboratory in Spandau Citadel ( Heeresgasschutzlaboratorium Zitadelle Spandau ). No. 9 Weapon Testing Office of the Army Weapons Office ( Heereswaffenamt ) and
1480-504: Was delivered to the Netherlands in July 2003 and the first to Germany in December of the same year. Deliveries will continue until 2011 (additional orders for the German Army are planned from 2015 on). The Dutch SP Aerospace company, which produced the Fennek for the Dutch military, was declared bankrupt in August 2004. A new company called Dutch Defence Vehicle Systems (DDVS) was created to continue
1520-504: Was for an overall split of 15% chemical and 85% explosive munitions. The chemical weapons were to be filled with mustard gas ( Lost ) and phenacyl chloride . The 6,500 hectares (16,000 acres) or so of the old Gasplatz were transferred in 1934 to the Reich Defence Ministry and were expanded through purchases and expropriation to about 10,200 hectares (25,000 acres). The whole complex, which was largely built between 1935 and 1938,
1560-516: Was still a small village on the Lüneburg Heath with 470 inhabitants. By 1905 its population had grown to 1225. A military camp was established by the railway line from Bremen via Soltau and Munster to Uelzen which was about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) from the town centre of Munster. The first unit to occupy the camp was the 91st Infantry Regiment from Oldenburg in June 1893, commanded by Colonel Paul von Hindenburg, later to be Reichspräsident. Around
1600-462: Was supposed to be cleared by 1925. Roughly 1,000 workers combed the surface of the land out to a radius of 3 km (1.9 mi) from the explosion site. There was no detection equipment at that time. A considerable quantity of chemical munitions remained live. In 1921 the Hamburg firm of Stolzenberg took over the work that had been previously carried out by König and Evaporator AG. Stolzenberg established
#602397