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79-438: Robert A. Long , a lumber magnate, foundered both Longview and The Daily News as a Long-Bell Lumber Company daily in 1923. According to "R.A. Long's Planned City" by John McClelland Jr., McClelland Sr. purchased the paper from Long. Ted Natt and John Natt, grandsons of John M. McClelland Sr., sold the newspaper to Howard Publications in 1999, ending 76 years of McClelland-Natt family ownership. Lee Enterprises acquired

158-631: A Washington (state) newspaper is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Robert A. Long Robert Alexander Long (December 17, 1850 – March 15, 1934) was an American lumber baron , developer, investor, newspaper owner, and philanthropist . He lived most of his life in Kansas City, Missouri and founded Longview, Washington and Longville, Louisiana . By 1906, Long owned 250,000 acres (1,000 km ) of pine in Arkansas , Oklahoma , and Louisiana and converted it into 61 lumberyards. As

237-655: A bronze bust of Long, by Alonzo Victor Lewis , was placed in the renamed R. A. Long Park on August 24, 1946. In 1956, International Paper Company (IP) purchased all remaining holdings of the Long-Bell Lumber Company and renamed it IP-Long-Bell. With the lumber depleted and the mill being antiquated, IP-Bell ceased operations in 1960 and the mills were dismantled and sold. Some of the giant old-growth beams were used to build Microsoft-founder Bill Gates’ mansion in Medina on Lake Washington. The R. A. Long Historical Society

316-490: A factor in determining whether vertical integration is successful. There are many problems and benefits that vertical integration brings to an economic system . Problems that can stem from vertical integration can include large capital investments needed to set up and buy factories and maintain efficient profits. Rapid technology development can increase integration difficulties and further increase costs. The requirement of different business skills venturing into new portions of

395-549: A few days previously that were kept in ice remained in perfect condition. In 1924, Clarence Birdseye patented the "Birdseye Plate Froster" and established the General Seafood Corporation. In 1929, Birdseye's company and the patent were bought by Postum Cereals and Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation . It was later known as General Foods . They kept the Birdseye name, which was split into two words (Birds eye) for use as

474-538: A hardwood flooring mill, which was moved to DeRidder in 1927 when all operation at Longville ceased. Unions had been operating in many industries, such as the railroads and coal mines in the United States as early as 1870 , and played an important part in securing a better working environment and pay. Coal miners benefited from unions because their work under ground was poorly ventilated causing Pneumoconiosis also known as black lung (and even referred to as P-45 ),]

553-403: A large share of farm receipts, formerly assumed to go to the operator's family". Under production contracts, growers raise animals owned by integrators. Farm contracts contain detailed conditions for growers, who are paid based on how efficiently they use feed, provided by the integrator, to raise the animals. The contract dictates how to construct the facilities, how to feed, house, and medicate

632-452: A major retailer, and Essendant , a dominant wholesaler. Before a wave of deregulation at the end of 20th century, most electric utilities were vertically integrated and provided electric generation , transmission , distribution , and sales. These were not just conglomerates with a common accounting department: there was just one profit center in sales, and costs of transmission and distribution were not separated. Partial deregulation in

711-473: A portion of the syndication revenues in order for a show to gain a spot on the schedule if it was produced by a studio without common ownership. In response, the studios fundamentally changed the way they made movies and did business. Lacking the financial resources and contract talent they once controlled, the studios now relied on independent producers supplying some portion of the budget in exchange for distribution rights. Certain media conglomerates may, in

790-809: A similar manner, own television broadcasters (either over-the-air or on cable), production companies that produce content for their networks, and also own the services that distribute their content to viewers (such as television and internet service providers). AT&T , Bell Canada , Comcast , Sky plc , and Rogers Communications are vertically integrated in such a manner—operating media subsidiaries (such as WarnerMedia , Bell Media , NBCUniversal , and Rogers Media ), and provide " triple play " services of television, internet, and phone service in some markets (such as Bell Satellite TV / Bell Internet , Rogers Cable , Xfinity , and Sky's satellite TV and internet services). Additionally, Bell and Rogers own wireless providers, Bell Mobility and Rogers Wireless , while Comcast

869-497: A slower information processing rate, with the side effect of making the company so slow that it could not react quickly. Birds Eye did not take advantage of the growth of supermarkets until ten years after the competition did. The already-developed infrastructure did not allow Birdseye to quickly react to market changes. In order to increase profits and gain more market share, Alibaba , a China-based company, has implemented vertical integration deepening its company holdings to more than

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948-505: A supply chain. Operational routines also become more consistent and certain as the management of these firms gradually merge. Vertically integrated firms rarely need to worry about the sufficiency in their supply of materials because they generally control the facilities that provide them. A vertically integrated company also creates high barriers of entry into their respective economy, eliminating most potential competition. Implementing vertical integration can be beneficial in that it reduces

1027-451: A system in which mass production was most efficient. The model called for the manufacture of additional devices, all of which had carefully-curated designs by Ford engineers. Instead of passing these instructions and duties off to external manufacture firms, vertical integration was exercised within the corporation. This allowed for manageable division of labor, decreased costs in delay and exchange of goods, and organized updates of each firm in

1106-416: A trademark. Birdseye was paid $ 20 million for the patents and $ 2 million for the assets. Birds Eye was one of the pioneers in the frozen food industry. During these times, there was not a well-developed infrastructure to produce and sell frozen foods. Hence Birds Eye developed its own system by using vertical integration. Members of the supply chain, such as farmers and small food retailers, could not afford

1185-415: A vertical acquisition. Vertical expansion or acquisitions can also be used to increase sales and to gain market power. The acquisition of DirecTV by News Corporation is an example of forwarding vertical expansion or acquisition. DirecTV is a satellite TV company through which News Corporation can distribute more of its media content: news, movies, and television shows. The acquisition of NBC by Comcast

1264-464: A vertically integrated strategy has helped Apple become a leading platform company; integrating their software (through APIs for third-party application developers) with their own hardware, across all the devices and services they offer. Vertical integration allows Apple to control production from beginning to end. Other companies may follow the Apple model, but may not see success for some time, both due to

1343-533: Is a form of vertical integration when purchasing departments take over the former role of wholesalers to source products. For vertical integration to succeed, managers must be able to adapt their managerial approach to compliment the changes in functional activities that their vertical shift accompanies. Managers should make sure that their firm can take advantage of existing functional knowledge through organisation, and simultaneously allow new functional knowledge to develop. However, environmental possibilities can be

1422-449: Is an example of an industry in which without vertical integration, would not be able to develop efficiently. In order to implement a telecommunications system that connected cities across a nation reliably, vertical integration was called upon. This strategic move ensured that the wiring, manufacture, and management of the system was consistent and functional across a state. Apple has used the vertical integration strategy for 35 years and

1501-763: Is an example of backward vertical integration. For example, in the United States, protecting the public from communications monopolies that can be built in this way is one of the missions of the Federal Communications Commission . Scholars' findings suggest that a reduction in inefficiencies caused by the market vertical value chains, including downstream prices or double mark-up, can be negated with vertical integration. Application in more complex environments can help firms overcome market failures (markets with high transaction costs or assets specificities) Scholars also identified potential risks and boundaries which may occur under vertical integration. This includes

1580-469: Is found only on historical maps, as the town no longer exists today, but was just east of NW 40th street south of the junction of NW Meir road, which is northwest of Columbus. In 1887, Robert A. Long and Victor Bell formed the Long-Bell Lumber Company in Columbus, Kansas. The headquarters was moved to Kansas City where it remained until sold. In 1889, Samuel H. Wilson, Robert's brother-in-law, that began with

1659-595: Is listed on the National Register of Historic places. The school was one of several buildings that Long built from personal funds. Long was involved in the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) , as well as his family, until his death. Loula remained faithful to the Longview Chapel Christian church (Disciples of Christ) until she died and was celebrated as one of the longest attending members. Long

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1738-587: Is one of the most successful companies in the technology industry. Apple centered its business strategy on its own development of integrated hardware, software, and latterly services. They design most of their products in-house, and do not allow their hardware and operating system to be licensed out, which allows the company to apply its company vision to its products. Large companies such as Apple are more likely than smaller companies to employ vertical integration, as they have more resources to manage each stage of production (e.g. major expansion and funding). Implementing

1817-402: Is partnered with Verizon Wireless for an Xfinity-branded MVNO . Similarly, Sony has media holdings through its Sony Pictures division, including film and television content, as well as television channels, but is also a manufacturer of consumer electronics that can be used to play content from itself and others, including televisions, phones, and PlayStation video game consoles. AT&T

1896-402: Is removed and a corporation has the power to control all firms in its supply chain. One benefit is that the implementation of vertical integration can yield increased profit margins or eliminate the leverage that other firms or buyers may have over the firm. It allows improved coordination between production and distribution firms and decreases the cost of exchange of goods between firms within

1975-481: Is the first ever vertical integration where a mobile phone company and a film studio company are under same umbrella. Vertical integration through production and marketing contracts have also become the dominant model for livestock production. Currently, 90% of poultry, 69% of hogs, and 29% of cattle are contractually produced through vertical integration. The USDA supports vertical integration because it has increased food productivity. However, "... contractors receive

2054-462: The Bell System , Apple , the U.S. entertainment studios, the U.S. meat industry, Ford Motor Company , CVS , and Amazon demonstrate vertical merging. Other examples like Alibaba and EssilorLuxottica cover vertical integration in other nations. During a hunting trip American explorer and scientist Clarence Birdseye discovered the beneficial effects of " quick-freezing ". For example, fish caught

2133-711: The Burns agency , Pinkerton detectives , and other steps with the purpose of destroying the union. John Henry Kirby , that owned the American Lumber Company in Merryville, Louisiana, did hire agents to infiltrate the union. Other mills either imported workers or closed mills. After the incident at Grabow suspected union workers were fired. There were no laws to protect unions such as the Erdman Act for interstate railroad workers. The cases of Allgeyer v. Louisiana (1897), and

2212-529: The Dixie Theater. Circa 1913, Long-Bell acquired the Ludington Lumber Company and transferred 3000 acres (for $ 157,000) to shore up the stumpage (uncut lumber) reserve. When the mill burned in 1920, there were an estimated 2500 residents in the town meaning it rivaled Fullerton . With the stumpage reserve dwindled the mill was not rebuilt so the town began to disappear. The planer was converted to

2291-485: The Mountain West , Great Plains , and Southeast . An economic theory is a framework that defines how a particular economic system functions. Economists develop principles in which an economy adheres to, which provides insight onto the relationships between economic events, markets, companies, and the government. In economic theory, vertical integration has been studied in the literature on incomplete contracts that

2370-467: The "Little Three", Universal Studios , Columbia Pictures , and United Artists , produced and distributed feature films but did not own theaters. The issue of vertical integration (also known as common ownership) has been the main focus of policy makers because of the possibility of anti-competitive behaviors affiliated with market influence. For example, in United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. ,

2449-467: The 1981 national Sigma Delta Chi Award . The Pulitzer committee specifically mentioned the photography of Roger A. Werth. A book written by the newspaper staff on the eruption became a New York Times bestseller . Following the death of the paper's publisher in a helicopter crash, the Associated Press established the regional Ted Natt Award for First Amendment journalism. This article about

The Daily News (Longview, Washington) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2528-576: The Kansas City federal court in 1935, after Long's death. When the railroad entered Louisiana Robert Long was among the earliest to set up shop. He purchased land in many parts of the state to begin lumber harvesting to supply the needs of his giant lumber company. In 1900, the Long-Bell Lumber Company organized the King-Ryder Lumber Company at Bon Ami, Louisiana . By 1904 the mill was producing 300,000 board feet of lumber daily which made it

2607-771: The Lake Charles and Leesville railroad and was renamed the Lake Charles and Northern Railroad . This purchase included seven locomotives and 120 log cars and a total of 58.599 miles of tracks. The new rail formed part of the Atlantic System of the Southern Pacific Company . In October 1906, a new location (sections 25 and 30, township 5, of range 8 west) was cleared along the route for the Longville Long Leaf Lumber Company and town. The company built

2686-577: The NRHP on October 24, 1985. Long was a driving force behind the creation of Kansas City's Liberty Memorial , a World War I museum and monument. He was the president of the Liberty Memorial Association and a major contributor. In less than a year the organization collected $ 2,500,000. The monument was dedicated on November 11, 1926. The R.A. Long High School was a gift to the city of Longview, Washington in 1923 from Robert Long. The building

2765-410: The NRHP . Longview Farm was built in 1913–1914, in eastern Jackson County, on the outskirts of Kansas City. The 2,000-acre (8.1 km ) farm had 42 buildings, 250 acres of clipped lawns, extensive flower beds, and four greenhouses; in later years fresh carnations and gardenias were shipped daily. Portions of the farm are now sites of Longview College and of Longview Lake . The farm was listed on

2844-480: The Supreme Court ordered the five vertically integrated studios to sell off their theater chains and all trade practices were prohibited ( United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc., 1948). The prevalence of vertical integration wholly predetermined the relationships between both studios and networks and modified criteria in financing. Networks began arranging content initiated by commonly owned studios and stipulated

2923-473: The U.S. The vertical merge allowed CVS-Aetna to regulate more of the healthcare and delivery chain and gave them the ability to provide higher quality care to consumers. One of the most significant advantages to this integration is the reduction in costs for healthcare. Amazon.com has been criticized for being anti-competitive as both an owner and participant of its dominant online marketplace. In office products, Sycamore Partners owns both Staples, Inc. ,

3002-490: The US in 1978 ( PURPA ) forced the utilities to buy electricity outside if the rates were competitive; this gave rise to independent power producers . The other deviation from the vertical integration model were local distribution companies in some towns and regions. In the US 250 vertically integrated companies provided 85% of electrical generation. As of 2022, this "public utility" model was still utilized in some US states, mostly in

3081-411: The animals, and how to handle manure and dispose of carcasses. Generally, the contract also shields the integrator from liability. Jim Hightower , in his book, Eat Your Heart Out , discusses this liability role enacted by large food companies. He finds that in many cases of agricultural vertical integration, the integrator ( food company ) denies the farmer the right of entrepreneurship. This means that

3160-434: The business or help market and distribute its product. A firm may desire such expansion to secure the supplies needed by the firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product. Such expansion can become undesirable from a system-wide perspective when it becomes anti-competitive and impede free competition in an open marketplace. The result is a more efficient business with lower costs and more profits. On

3239-407: The city of Longview, Washington , a "planned city" built in 1923 near two of Long-Bell's lumber mills. He personally donated funds for the city's public library, first high school, train station, YMCA hall and its Hotel Monticello . The mills were advertised as the largest in the world. A newspaper was planned along with the city and on January 27, 1923, the first issue of Longview News came off

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3318-421: The company in 1887, took over the retail department, a position he held until his death on October 20, 1903. In 1891, the capital stock was increased to $ 500,000. The Long-Bell Lumber Company was vertically integrated from the forest to the lumber yard and became the world's largest lumber company in the early 20th century. Long-Bell Lumber Company filed for bankruptcy in 1934, then filed a reorganization plan in

3397-399: The cost of entering the market and taking on the currently successful incumbent, but also by innovating their products to make them more appealing in the marketplace than the current incumbent. Vertical integration requires a company to focus not only on its core business, but also on several difficult areas such as sourcing materials and manufacturing partners, distribution, and finally selling

3476-405: The distance that separates the suppliers and customers from the resources or information, which can then boost profits and efficiency. There are internal and external society-wide gains and losses stemming from vertical integration, which vary according to the state of technology in the industries involved, roughly corresponding to the stages of the industry lifecycle. Static technology represents

3555-457: The e-commerce platform. Alibaba has built its leadership in the market by gradually acquiring complementary companies in a variety of industries including delivery and payments. One of the earliest, largest and most famous examples of vertical integration was the Carnegie Steel company. The company controlled not only the mills where the steel was made, but also the mines where the iron ore

3634-665: The entire value chain, but do not do everything in-house (e.g. assembly of iPhones by manufacturing partner Foxconn ). From the early 1920s through the early 1950s, the American motion picture had evolved into an industry controlled by a few companies, a condition known as a "mature oligopoly ", as it was led by eight major film studios , the most powerful of which were the "Big Five" studios: MGM , Warner Brothers , 20th Century Fox , Paramount Pictures , and RKO . These studios were fully integrated, not only producing and distributing films, but also operating their own movie theaters ;

3713-556: The farmer can only sell under and to the integrator. These restrictions on specified growth, Hightower argues, strips the selling and producing power of the farmer. The producer is ultimately limited by the established standards of the integrator. Yet, at the same time, the integrator still keeps the responsibility connected to the farmer. Hightower sees this as ownership without reliability. Under marketing contracts, growers agree in advance to sell their animals to integrators under an agreed price system. Generally, these contracts shield

3792-405: The final consumers; for example, a firm that sells directly to the consumers has a vertical position of 0, a firm that supplies to this firm has a vertical position of 1, and so on. Vertical integration is often closely associated with vertical expansion which, in economics , is the growth of a business enterprise through the acquisition of companies that produce the intermediate goods needed by

3871-415: The firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product, but it can become undesirable when a firm's actions become anti-competitive and impede free competition in an open marketplace. Vertical integration is one method of avoiding the hold-up problem . A monopoly produced through vertical integration is called a vertical monopoly : vertical in a supply chain measures a firm's distance from

3950-493: The fuel to company-owned retail stations, for sale to consumers. Standard Oil is a famous example of both horizontal and vertical integration, combining extraction, transport, refinement, wholesale distribution, and retail sales at company-owned gas stations. Telephone companies in most of the 20th century, especially the largest (the Bell System ) were integrated, making their own telephones , telephone cables , telephone exchange equipment and other supplies. The Bell System

4029-411: The high cost of equipment, so Birdseye provided it to them. Until now, Birds Eye has faded slowly because they have fixed costs associated with vertical integration, such as property, plants, and equipment that cannot be reduced significantly when production needs decrease. The Birds Eye company used vertical integration to create a larger organization structure with more levels of command. This produced

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4108-401: The integrator from liability for the grower's actions and the only negotiable item is a price. In the United States new automobiles can not be sold at dealerships owned by the same company that produced them but are protected by state franchise laws. Ford Motor Company vertically integrated due to high demand for their Model T automobile. With the development of Model T, the company required

4187-550: The landmark case of Lochner v. New York (1905), called the Lochner era that did acknowledge that states have certain "police powers", but effectively took away a lot of state control, resulting in more company allowed controls. It was not until 1955 , ending the Lockner era. Employees of many sawmills were required to sign yellow-dog contracts to prove loyalty to the company and agree not to join unions. The union office in Merryville

4266-686: The largest in the area at the time. In 1903, Long-Bell organized the Hudson River Lumber Company in DeRidder and built a sprawling mill across the tracks from Washington street. Kansas City Southern Railroad and the Santa Fe Railway ran through Deridder. On March 16, 1906, Long-Bell Company bought out two mills of the Bradley-Ramsey Lumber Company in Lake Charles. This included 105,000 acres (42,000 ha) and 36 miles of

4345-456: The newspaper in 2002. Starting June 27, 2023, the print edition of the newspaper will be reduced to three days a week: Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. Also, the newspaper will transition from being delivered by a traditional newspaper delivery carrier to mail delivery by the U.S. Postal Service. The Daily News covered the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980, and won the 1981 Pulitzer Prize for Local, General, or Spot Reporting , as well as

4424-434: The now merged company. Within healthcare systems, horizontal integration is generally much more prominent. However, in the United States, major vertical mergers have included CVS Health 's purchase of Aetna , and Cigna 's purchase of Express Scripts . The integration of CVS Health and Aetna resulted in the combination of one of the nation's largest health insurance companies with a pharmaceutical company seen all across

4503-406: The potential competitor, the enhancements to horizontal collusion, and development of barriers to entry. However, it is still debated over if vertical integration expected efficiencies can lead to competitive harm to the market. Some conclude that in many cases that the efficiencies outweigh the potential risks. Contrary to horizontal integration , which is a consolidation of many firms that handle

4582-612: The press. Long was the principal stockholder until his death on March 15, 1934, and in a family trust until 1947. In 1981 the paper won a Pulitzer Prize for coverage of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . Long was an early investor in the Kansas City Southern Railroad , a source of transportation for his raw material and products. Longview Development Company was formed for handling real estate in Longview, Washington. Long's home in Kansas City , named Corinthian Hall,

4661-442: The product. Another major success of Apple's, is the forward integration with their retail stores, allowing them to sell their products directly to customers (helping customers to buy and use Apple's products and services), additionally helping them to control the prices of their products, and thus to maintain high-profit margins when they do. Apple is also known as one of the world's leading "orchestrators" as they exert control over

4740-608: The products combine to satisfy a common need. It contrasts with horizontal integration , wherein a company produces several items that are related to one another. Vertical integration has also described management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership but also into one corporation (as in the 1920s when the Ford River Rouge Complex began making much of its own steel rather than buying it from suppliers). Vertical integration can be desirable because it secures supplies needed by

4819-631: The same part of the production process, vertical integration is typified by one firm engaged in different parts of production (e.g., growing raw materials, manufacturing, transporting, marketing, and/or retailing ). Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both upstream and downstream) vertical integration. Disintermediation

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4898-506: The simplest case, where the gains and losses have been studied extensively. A vertically integrated company usually fails when transactions within the market are too risky or the contracts to support these risks are too costly to administer, such as frequent transactions and a small number of buyers and sellers. The following are several case studies of vertical integration in play. Many examples center around American industries, where major companies like General Foods, Carnegie Steel Company ,

4977-455: The steel processes to the next generation. Oil companies , both multinational (such as ExxonMobil , Shell , ConocoPhillips or BP ) and national (e.g., Petronas ) often adopt a vertically integrated structure, meaning that they are active along the entire supply chain from locating deposits , drilling and extracting crude oil , transporting it around the world, refining it into petroleum products such as petrol/gasoline , to distributing

5056-434: The supply chain can be challenging for the firm. Another problem that may stem from vertical integration is the collapse of goals among the various firms in a supply chain. With each firm operating under different systems, integration may cause initial problems in management and production. Vertical integration also proves to be dangerous when monopolistic problems arise in a capitalistic economy. When this happens, competition

5135-598: The supply chain. Vertical integration enabled Ford Motor Company to be self-regulating and self-sufficient. EssilorLuxottica , the company that merged with Essilor and Luxottica , occupies up to 30% of the global market share as well as representing billions of pairs of lenses and frames sold annually. Before the merger, Luxottica also owned 80% of the market share of companies that produce corrective and protective eyewear as well as owning many retailers, optical departments at Target and Sears , and key eye insurance groups, such as EyeMed , many of which are already part of

5214-477: The three-story, 60-room "Southern Hotel", 163 cottages for workers, a large commissary with $ 30,000 worth of supplies, an elementary and high school, a complete machine shop, roundhouse, car repair shop, and blacksmith shop. There was also a two-story fire department building, providing around the clock service, that started with a horse-drawn wagon then a fire truck, the First National Bank , a barbershop, and

5293-633: The timber land was deforested in Louisiana , he moved west to the state of Washington and bought 270,000 acres (1,100 km ) of Douglas fir. There he became a pioneer in reforestation. Long eventually owned many acres of land and buildings, spanning the United States from Washington D.C. to the state of Washington. Long was born December 17, 1850, in Shelbyville, Kentucky , one of nine children born to Samuel M. Long and Margaret Kinkead White. His mother

5372-491: The two parties will negotiate tomorrow about how to divide the returns of the investments. Since the owner is in a better bargaining position, he will have stronger incentives to invest. Hence, whether vertical integration is desirable or not depends on whose investments are more important. Hart's theory has been extended by several authors. For instance, DeMeza and Lockwood (1998) have studied different bargaining games, while Schmitz (2006) has introduced asymmetric information into

5451-482: The two were married December 16, 1876. A son lived only a few weeks but the couple had two daughters. In 1879, Sally America Long (Ellis) was born, and in 1881 their youngest daughter, Loula Long (Combs; d. 1971) was born. Long started a hay bale company along with his cousin Robert White and a friend, Victor B. Bell; the hay venture failed but the three were able to sell the lumber from the hay sheds. Seeing that lumber

5530-408: The undesirable side, when vertical expansion leads toward monopolistic control of a product or service then regulative action may be required to rectify anti-competitive behavior. Related to vertical expansion is lateral expansion , which is the growth of a business enterprise through the acquisition of similar firms, in the hope of achieving economies of scale . Vertical expansion is also known as

5609-461: Was a cousin of Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn and Luke P. Blackburn . Three of Long's older brothers, Thomas, E. S. and Belvard, served in the American Civil War but Robert was too young. Long moved to Columbus, Kansas in 1873 where his uncle, C. J. White, was a banker. In 1874, Long met 19-year-old Martha Ellen Wilson. She was a Quaker and became a school teacher. After a year of courtship

5688-821: Was a fact of life. Railroad worker unions succeeded in getting rid of the "old man-killer" link and pin coupler. Union organization began at Carson, Louisiana, led by Arthur Lee Emerson and Jay Smith in December 1910. Other areas such as Lake Charles , Merryville , and Eastern Texas soon followed. They met in Alexandria in June 1911 to established the Brotherhood of Timber Workers (BTW). The Southern Lumber Operators' Association had been created by member mills in 1906 to stop any future union organizations. The association took immediately plans to include lockouts, importing strikebreakers, hiring

5767-761: Was active in several associations. Long was the president of the Southern Pine Association founded in 1915. The name was changed in 1970 to the Southern Forest Products Association with a division being the Southern Pine Council and is still active today. Long belonged to the National Lumber Manufacturers Association . His other associations include: Long died on March 15, 1934. He was buried at Forest Hill Calvary Cemetery . In Longview, Washington,

5846-460: Was completed in 1911. The 72-room French Renaissance mansion, located on Gladstone Boulevard, was Kansas City's first million-dollar home, is now the Kansas City Museum . On November 14, 1980, the building was entered into the NRHP . In 1907 the R.A. Long Building , a Beaux-Arts skyscraper in downtown Kansas City was built at 928 Grand Avenue. On January 8, 2003, the building was listed in

5925-581: Was destroyed, and within three months union activities ceased. C. B. Sweet, of the Long-Bell Mills, chose not to honor the lockout. Sweet already paid his employees in cash and made other concessions and there did not appear to be any union action directed at the Long-Bell company sawmills in Louisiana. This was not to be the case with the Longview, Washington sawmill and other areas of the country. He founded

6004-504: Was developed by Oliver Hart and his coauthors. Consider a seller of an intermediate product that is used by a buyer to produce a final product. The intermediate product can only be produced with the help of specific physical assets (e.g., machines, buildings). Should the buyer own the assets (vertical integration) or should the seller own the assets (non-integration)? Suppose that today the parties have to make relationship-specific investments. Since today complete contracts cannot be written,

6083-403: Was extracted, the coal mines that supplied the coal , the ships that transported the iron ore and the railroads that transported the coal to the factory, the coke ovens where the coal was coked, etc. The company focused heavily on developing talent internally from the bottom up, rather than importing it from other companies. Later, Carnegie established an institute of higher learning to teach

6162-401: Was formed in 2006. Vertical integration In microeconomics , management and international political economy , vertical integration , also referred to as vertical consolidation, is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and

6241-524: Was in demand they ordered more lumber. Business was good and the partners opened more yards. In 1877 the youngest partner, Robert White, died and the remaining partners bought out his share. Robert and Victor formed the Long-Bell Lumber Company in Columbus, Kansas . While in Columbus, he bought 1,520 acres (620 ha) and developed a profitable coal mine with two shafts at Stone City. The location

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