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57-646: Initially a private charitable organization, it was established in 1868 as the Industrial School for Girls , with the Connecticut Legislature approving the plans for the facility. 45.71 acres (18.50 ha) of land, in Middletown , was donated for the facility; Middletown's proximity to Hartford and New Haven , which it was between, and its accessibility to the Connecticut River boat services, were

114-487: A cafeteria, private dining room, newsstand, and library. The General Assembly has 26 committees, all of which are joint committees; that is, their membership includes House and Senate members alike. Several committees have subcommittees , each with their own chair and special focus. Before most bills are considered in either the House or Senate, they must first go through the committee system. The primary exception to this rule

171-490: A facility with an obvious prison appearance on the boundary of the university, as the state was planning to erect a security fence; area residents disliked the perception of favoritism towards the university. As of 2002 about 35 girls resided at Long Lane. The facility had three cottages for boys and one for girls. In 2002 the state announced that the Long Lane School, then the state's designated juvenile center for girls,

228-437: A limit of a single term on the office of censor . The annual magistrates , including the tribune of the plebs , the aedile , the quaestor , the praetor , and the consul , were forbidden reelection until a number of years had passed. The office of dictator was nearly unrestricted with the exception that it was limited to a single six-month term. Successive Roman leaders weakened this restriction until Julius Caesar became

285-579: A limit on the number of consecutive terms. Term limits date back to Ancient Greece and the Roman Republic , as well as the Republic of Venice . In ancient Athenian democracy , many officeholders were limited to a single term. Council members were allowed a maximum of two terms. The position of Strategos could be held for an indefinite number of terms. In the Roman Republic, a law was passed imposing

342-638: A limit to one term. After Álvaro Obregón violated this law and ran for a second term, he was assassinated. Currently, members of the Congress of Mexico cannot be reelected for the next immediate term under article 50 and 59 of the Constitution of Mexico , and the President of Mexico is limited to a single six-year term, called the Sexenio . The President of Argentina was limited to one consecutive six-year term, but

399-401: A particular elected office . When term limits are found in presidential and semi-presidential systems they act as a method of curbing the potential for monopoly, where a leader effectively becomes " president for life ". This is intended to protect a republic from becoming a de facto dictatorship . Term limits may be a lifetime limit on the number of terms an officeholder may serve, or

456-478: A particular time period and are created in response to specific problems facing the state. As of the 2013 legislative session, there are no active select committees. Most committee chair positions are held by the ruling party, but committees considered officially bi-partisan have chairs from both the Republican and Democratic caucuses . Bi-partisan committees are ones that are mostly administrative in nature, such as

513-724: A perpetual dictator and ended the republic. Term limits returned in Medieval Europe through the Novgorod Republic , the Pskov Republic , the Republic of Genoa , and the Republic of Florence . The first modern constitutional term limit was established in the French First Republic by the Constitution of 1795 , which established five-year terms to the French Directory and banned consecutive terms. Napoleon ended

570-429: A ruling was issued. The majority of General Assembly proceedings are open to members of the public. Public hearings are held regularly during the session for residents to be given a chance to testify on pending legislation. Viewing areas are offered in both chambers for people who would like to observe, though the floor of each chamber is generally restricted to legislators, staff members, interns, and certain members of

627-543: A sitting Justice in an impeachment proceeding. On appeal, the entire Connecticut Supreme Court recused itself, and the argument was made before the judges of the Connecticut Appellate Court sitting as the Supreme Court. The Judiciary Committee, who issued the subpoenas, argued that they could also issue subpoenas in conjunction with their constitutional confirmation power. Sullivan voluntarily testified before

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684-475: A tenure that was characterized by major political reforms leading to the 2010 constitution. Immediate former President Uhuru Kenyatta was the first president under the new law, a position he served for two terms of 5 years each and was succeeded by his deputy William Ruto in September 2022. A member of President Ruto's United Democratic Alliance party revealed plans to scrap the term limits on 7 November 2022 but

741-525: Is subjected to a term limit. Once elected, he is only allowed to serve for a single five-year term and cannot renew for a second term consecutively. This rule makes Malaysia among two constitutional monarchies in the world that is subjected to a term limit, the other country being Andorra . Term limits were one of the major demands of protesters during the Arab Spring . Liberia briefly limited its presidents to an eight-year term between 1944 and 1951. As

798-433: Is the emergency certification bill , or "e-cert," which can be passed on the floor without going through committee first. The e-cert is generally reserved for use during times of crisis, such as natural disasters or when deadlines are approaching too quickly to delay action. Most are permanent committees, which are authorized and required by state statute to be continued each session. The twenty-six permanent committees of

855-747: The 1911 Revolution , Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet Yuan Shikai became the second President of the Republic of China . He was initially subject to a maximum of two five-year terms, but the term was then lengthened to ten years and the term limit was removed. In 1948, the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion abolished the term limit for the President of the Republic of China and established Chiang Kai-shek as

912-540: The 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia made President Vladimir Putin exempt from this limit. The President of Belarus was limited to two terms, but the limit was abolished in 2004. A predecessor of modern term limits in the Americas dates back to the 1682 Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties and the colonial frame of government of the same year, authored by William Penn and providing for triennial rotation of

969-550: The Connecticut Juvenile Training School (CTJS) in Middletown and girls sent to various other facilities. In 1998 about 76% of the prisoners were of racial groups other than non-Hispanic white. 41°32′46″N 72°39′51″W  /  41.5462°N 72.6642°W  / 41.5462; -72.6642 Connecticut Legislature The Connecticut General Assembly ( CGA ) is the state legislature of

1026-603: The Connecticut Supreme Court , the state supreme court , have clarified and limited this power. §2-46 vests the Connecticut General Assembly with broad subpoena power. The power to compel documents and testimony is vested in the President of the Senate , Speaker of the House of Representatives , or either of the chairman of any committee (Connecticut has joint Committees, with a chairman from each house of

1083-573: The Constitution of Argentina was amended in 1994, loosening the term limit to a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms. In 1997, the Constitution of Brazil was amended, loosening the term limit for the President of Brazil from one five-year term to two four-year terms. In 2004, the term limit for the President of Colombia was increased from one term to two terms before reverting to one term in 2015. The 2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum abolished term limits in Venezuela. Following

1140-712: The General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party , who usually represented the paramount leader of China. In March 2018, the National People's Congress passed a set of constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the president and vice president, as well as enhancing the central role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), allowing CCP leader Xi Jinping to retain power indefinitely until his death. The President of Tajikistan

1197-717: The Massachusetts Bay Company under terms of a commission for settlement. When the commission expired in 1636 and the Connecticut Colony was established, the legislature was established as the "General Corte", consisting of six magistrates along with three-member committees representing each of the three towns. In 1639, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were adopted, which changed the spelling to "General Court;" formalized its executive, judicial, and legislative authority; and changed its membership to consist of

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1254-629: The Provincial Council , the upper house of the colonial legislature . Presidents of the United States typically honored an informal tradition of only serving two terms in office, but this limit was not enshrined into law until the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1951 after Franklin D. Roosevelt had been elected to an unprecedented third and fourth terms. As the countries of Latin America modeled presidential republics after

1311-506: The U.S. state of Connecticut . It is a bicameral body composed of the 151-member House of Representatives and the 36-member Senate . It meets in the state capital , Hartford . There are no term limits for members of either chamber. During even-numbered years, the General Assembly is in session from February to May. In odd-numbered years, when the state budget is completed, session lasts from January to June. The governor has

1368-682: The Connecticut School for Boys in Meriden administratively merged into Long Lane, with the boys transferred to Long Lane. A 15-year old prisoner from New Britain , Tabitha Ann Brendle, became the first inmate of Long Lane to ever commit suicide; her death caused prompts to have juvenile corrections in Connecticut reformed. By the 1990s the State of Connecticut had plans to upgrade the security of Long Lane. Scott Mayeritz of Wesleyan University stated that

1425-505: The General Assembly are: Of those, the Executive and Legislative Nominations Committee, Internship Committee, Joint Committee on Legislative Management, and Regulation Review Committee are considered bi-partisan and feature leadership from each party. Some committees are select committees, authorized to only function for a set number of years before being brought up for review. Most select committees deal with issues of major importance during

1482-539: The General Assembly's committee and caucus meetings are held in the modern Legislative Office Building (LOB), while the House and Senate sessions are held in the State Capitol . The two buildings are connected via a tunnel known as the "Concourse", which stretches underneath an off-ramp of Interstate 84 . Most offices for legislators and their aides are also housed in the LOB, though some legislative leaders choose to be based in

1539-687: The General Assembly). Once subpoenaed, a person refusing to comply may be fined between $ 100 and $ 1000, and imprisoned for between one month and one year. The legislature has the power to subpoena the sitting governor of Connecticut in limited circumstances. The Connecticut Supreme Court clarified these circumstances, during the John G. Rowland impeachment process, in Office of the Legislature v. The Select Committee On Inquiry , 271 Conn. 540 (2004), holding that

1596-489: The Legislative Internship Committee. Most committees have ranking members , or leaders from the minority party who serve as the leaders of their party on each committee. All committees have their own staff members. The four largest committees (Appropriations, Finance, Judiciary, and Public Health) are led by non-partisan senior committee administrators. The rest are led by a committee clerk appointed by

1653-538: The Long Lane campus building was "falling apart". In 1999 Eric M. Weiss of the Hartford Courant stated that "Students and staff describe Dickensian conditions in which students are shackled to beds and proper plumbing is a privilege." A Connecticut child advocate stated that the Long Lane facility was "appalling". In the 1990s Wesleyan University chose to pay $ 15 million to purchase the Long Lane campus to avoid having

1710-518: The State Capitol itself. Each committee has its own office space, with most being located in the LOB. A few committees, particularly select committees, have their offices in the Capitol. Committee chairs and ranking members normally choose to have their personal offices near their committee offices, rather than staying in their caucus areas. The General Assembly is also provided with facilities such as

1767-473: The United States, but they were abolished by Ferdinand Marcos in the 1970s. Term limits were restored in the 1987 constitution , after Marcos was deposed in the People Power Revolution . Between 1982 and 2018, the Constitution of China stipulated that the president , vice president , premier , vice premiers could not serve more than two consecutive terms, though there was no term limit for

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1824-635: The controversy surrounding the retirement of the chief justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court, William "Taco" Sullivan, the Connecticut General Assembly subpoenaed the testimony of Sullivan, who was still sitting on the Court. Sullivan challenged the subpoena in Connecticut Superior Court . The court ruled, in Sullivan v. McDonald (WL 2054052 2006), that the legislature could only subpoena

1881-711: The countries of sub-Saharan Africa were decolonised in the mid-20th century, most of the new governments established presidential systems, but term limits were rarely established. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Rwanda, and Togo were the only countries to establish them, but they were abolished soon afterward. After the collapse of the Eastern Bloc in 1989-90 and ensuing wave of democratization in Eastern Europe, many African engaged in similar political democratizations and established term limits. The President of Uganda

1938-455: The country's military leader. The term limit was restored after the provisions were repealed in 1991. The President of South Korea was initially permitted to serve a maximum of two four-year terms when the office was created in 1948, but the term limit was removed in 1954 so that Syngman Rhee could run for a third term. After Rhee was elected to a fourth term, the First Republic of Korea

1995-429: The enforcement of term limits is recognized as one of the great challenges in democratic development. Term limits typically receive greater domestic and international recognition than other mechanisms of democracy, and attempts to violate term limits are typically met with strong resistance by a country's population and on the world stage. The violation of term limits is strongly correlated with democratic backsliding and

2052-523: The erosion of human rights. Whether a president seeks to subvert term limits may be affected by how much wealth can be gained from the office, opportunities for acquiring wealth after leaving office, what constraints are in place to enforce term limits, how much control leader has over other branches of government or a political party, precedent in the region, and the likelihood of facing criminal prosecution upon leaving office. Presidents are more likely to be successful in violating term limits if they control

2109-418: The expiry of term limits. Some countries either scrap the requirement or do not have it in their laws. The 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum expanded the presidential term from four to six years and allowed President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to serve as President of Egypt for a third term over the constitutional limit of two terms. Term limits are an element of constitutionalism that serves to limit

2166-411: The floor, which allows them to introduce family members or residents of their districts to the rest of the membership. The entire chamber often recognizes civic and youth groups, particularly championship-winning sports teams. Some residents receive special citations from the membership as well. Term limit A term limit is a legal restriction on the number of terms a person may serve in

2223-453: The government of the United States in the 19th century, they established term limits for their presidents based on two-term precedent of the United States. In response to presidents overstaying their term, some of these term limits were eventually replaced by a limit of one term without reelection. In Mexico, Porfirio Díaz evaded term limits, running for eight terms before being forced into exile in 1911. A new constitution in 1917 established

2280-443: The governor and six magistrates (each elected for one year terms) and three or four deputies per town (elected for six-month terms). Although the magistrates and deputies sat together, they voted separately and in 1645 it was decreed that a measure had to have the approval of both groups in order to pass. The Charter of 1662 changed the name to the General Assembly, while replacing the six magistrates with twelve assistants and reducing

2337-723: The holders of other offices—in republics, for example, a ceremonial presidency may have a term limit, especially if the office holds reserve powers . Due in part to a lack of legal term limits in African countries, Mo Ibrahim created the Ibrahim Prize with an associated cash prize to incentivize African leaders to promote human rights and democratic transfer of power. Many presidents have tried to overstay their respective term limits by various methods. Between 1960 and 2010, more than one quarter of term-limited presidents successfully extended or violated their term limits to stay in power, and

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2394-570: The leadership dismissed him saying that was his personal opinion which he was entitled to. The 1999 constitution of Nigeria limits the President at the Federal level, and Governors at the state level to serving two four-year terms. This has been strictly followed since 1999. In the Sub-Saharan Africa, only Ghana (since 1993), Kenya (since 1964), and Nigeria (since 1999) have experienced smooth transition of power from one president to another after

2451-511: The legislature can issue subpoenas only in conjunction with its mandate under the state constitution . Impeachment is a constitutional power of the legislature under Article IX of the Connecticut Constitution , and therefore the legislature can compel the testimony of the governor in conjunction with impeachment proceedings. The ability of the legislature to subpoena judges of the state court has also been clarified in court. During

2508-662: The limit, they may never again run for election to that office. Lifetime limits are much more restrictive than consecutive limits. Countries that operate a parliamentary system of government are less likely to employ term limits on their leaders. This is because such leaders rarely have a set "term" at all: rather, they serve as long as they have the confidence of the parliament , a period which could potentially last for life. Many parliaments can be dissolved for snap elections which means some parliaments can last for mere months while others can continue until their expiration dates. Nevertheless, such countries may impose term limits on

2565-576: The majority party. The majority and minority party appoint assistant clerks. Each committee is assigned additional non-partisan staffers from the Office of Legislative Research, the Office of Fiscal Analysis, and the Legislative Commissioners' Office who, respectively, research legislation and issues, assess fiscal impacts, and draft legislation. The General Assembly has subpoena power under Connecticut General Statutes §2-46. Recent decisions by

2622-522: The media collectively known as the Capitol Press Corps. Additionally, the Connecticut Network , or CT-N, broadcasts the majority of each session for viewing on television. Members of the public are often recognized during legislative proceedings, particularly sessions of the House. Representatives and Senators can call for a "point of personal privilege" when there is no business pending on

2679-510: The name Long Lane School in 1943. In 1956 Wesleyan University attempted to acquire much of the property to expand its campus. By 1957 the university canceled the deal as the cost to acquire the land would be too great; instead the university acquired other property. In 1970 Long Lane School became a part of the Connecticut Department of Children and Youth Services, which was renamed Department of Children and Families in 1993. In 1972

2736-475: The negative effects of democracy. Term limits may take the form of consecutive term limits or lifetime term limits. With consecutive term limits, an officeholder can only serve a certain number of terms before they have to stop running for that office. After a set period of time, the clock resets on the limit, and the officeholder may run for election to their original office and serve up to the limit again. With lifetime limits, once an officeholder has served up to

2793-467: The number of deputies per town to no more than two. In 1698, the General Assembly divided itself into its current bicameral form, with the twelve assistants as the Council and the deputies as the House of Representatives. The modern form of the General Assembly (divided into the upper Senate and lower House and devoid of all executive and judicial authority) was incorporated in the 1818 constitution . Most of

2850-463: The other branches of government, whether through their political parties or through insufficient checks and balances . Though violation of term limits is more common in less democratic countries, political opposition, foreign governments, and the citizenry can still enforce term limits in nondemocratic countries. A president may attempt to circumvent term limits indirectly by extending their rule without an additional term. This may be done by extending

2907-475: The practice of term limits in 1799 in much the same way as Julius Caesar had. The French Constitution of 1848 reestablished term limits, but this was abolished by Napoleon's nephew, Napoleon III . Many post-Soviet republics established presidential systems with five-year term limits after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The President of Russia is allowed a maximum of two consecutive terms, but

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2964-499: The reasons for its selection. Sarah A. Leavitt, author of "Neglected, Vagrant, and Viciously Inclined: The Girls of the Connecticut Industrial School, 1867-1917," stated that Farmington was the only other site seriously considered for the facility. The previous Henry Hall and Sweet properties housed Long Lane. On June 21, 1924, the prison was renamed Long Lane Farm as the State of Connecticut acquired it. It received

3021-538: The right to call for a special session after the end of the regular session, while the General Assembly can call for a " veto session " after the close in order to override gubernatorial vetoes . During the first half of session, the House and Senate typically meet on Wednesdays only, though by the end of the session, they meet daily due to increased workload and deadlines. The three settlements that would become Connecticut ( Hartford , Wethersfield , and Windsor ) were established in 1633, and were originally governed by

3078-637: Was closing. Girls were moved to the Connecticut Children's Place in East Windsor . The closure occurred after the Attorney General of Connecticut , Richard Blumenthal , and a state child advocate, Jeanne Milstein, investigated a suicide attempt at Long Lane and then asked DCF to review its practices regarding the safety of delinquent girls. Long Lane was scheduled to close on December 30, 2003. It instead closed February 7 of that year, with boys sent to

3135-434: Was initially limited to one five-year term under the 1994 Constitution of Tajikistan . This was increased to one seven-year term in 1999 and to two seven-year terms in 2003. The term limit was reset for President Emomali Rahmon in 2006, and the term limit was abolished in 2016. The Prime Minister of Pakistan was limited to one five-year term until the limit was abolished in 2011. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia

3192-657: Was limited to two five-year terms in 1995. President Yoweri Museveni had previously served two terms, but these were not counted toward the new two term limit. The term limit was abolished in 2005, allowing Museveni to continue as president. In Kenya, the 2010 constitution limits the president to a maximum of two five-year terms just like county governors. Before the promulgation of the 2010 constitution, term limits did not exist. The first president, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta ruled for 15 years and died in office. His vice president, Daniel Moi took over in 1978 and ruled for 24 years before Mwai Kibaki took over. Kibaki ruled for ten years, in

3249-513: Was overthrown. The two term limit was restored, but it was expanded to three terms in 1969 and abolished again in 1972. In 1981, the President of South Korea has been limited to one seven-year term, which was reduced to five years in 1988. Under the original Constitution of Indonesia the presidential and vice-presidential terms were unlimited but since the first amendment in 1999 holders of both offices are limited to two terms each. The Philippines established term limits following independence from

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