Lone Star College–CyFair , formerly Cy-Fair College, is one of six colleges in the Lone Star College System located in unincorporated Harris County, Texas , United States.
102-416: As more and more of Texas' natural environment is developed by commercial and residential properties, the 200-acre (0.81 km) Cy-Fair College campus was planned to serve as a model of environmentally responsible development within a sensitive ecosystem, in this case the rapidly vanishing 1,000-square-mile (2,600 km) Katy Prairie. The Cy-Fair College campus not only works with the land, it rehabilitates
204-409: A cochlear implant. Prolonged duration of deafness is another factor that is thought to have a negative impact on overall speech understanding outcomes for CI users. However, a study found no statistical difference in the speech understanding abilities of CI patients over 65 who had been hearing impaired for 30 years or more prior to implantation. In general, outcomes for CI patients are dependent upon
306-932: A local program specifying design requirements, construction practices and maintenance requirements for buildings and properties is in Santa Monica, California . Erosion controls have appeared since medieval times when farmers realized the importance of contour farming to protect soil resources. Beginning in the 1950s these agricultural methods became increasingly more sophisticated. In the 1960s some state and local governments began to focus their efforts on mitigation of construction runoff by requiring builders to implement erosion and sediment controls (ESCs). This included such techniques as: use of straw bales and barriers to slow runoff on slopes, installation of silt fences , programming construction for months that have less rainfall and minimizing extent and duration of exposed graded areas. Montgomery County , Maryland implemented
408-588: A news conference with the college's president revealed nothing thus far that would seem to suggest such a future occurrence. In December 2015, Quick was sentenced to 48 years in prison for the attack. He will be eligible for parole in 2039. Stormwater runoff Surface runoff (also known as overland flow or terrestrial runoff ) is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface, in contrast to channel runoff (or stream flow ). It occurs when excess rainwater , stormwater , meltwater , or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in
510-534: A part of their identity, a majority either do "not really think about" their hearing loss, or are "proud of it." Though advancements in cochlear implant technology have helped patients in their understanding of language, users are still unable to understand suprasegmental portions of language, which includes pitch. A study by Johns Hopkins University determined that for a three-year-old child who receives them, cochlear implants can save $ 30,000 to $ 50,000 in special-education costs for elementary and secondary schools as
612-754: A patent for the cochlear implant; Kissiah later sold the patent rights. The modern multi-channel cochlear implant was independently developed and commercialized by two separate teams—one led by Graeme Clark in Australia and another by Ingeborg Hochmair and her future husband, Erwin Hochmair in Austria, with the Hochmairs' device first implanted in a person in December 1977 and Clark's in August 1978. Cochlear implants bypass most of
714-525: A person who has moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss with sound perception. With the help of therapy, cochlear implants may allow for improved speech understanding in both quiet and noisy environments. A CI bypasses acoustic hearing by direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. Through everyday listening and auditory training, cochlear implants allow both children and adults to learn to interpret those signals as speech and sound. The implant has two main components. The outside component
816-527: A portion of it may infiltrate as it flows overland. Any remaining surface water eventually flows into a receiving water body such as a river , lake , estuary or ocean . Urbanization increases surface runoff by creating more impervious surfaces such as pavement and buildings that do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the aquifer . It is instead forced directly into streams or storm water runoff drains , where erosion and siltation can be major problems, even when flooding
918-452: A range of assistive listening devices (ALDs), which help people to hear better in challenging listening situations. These situations could include talking on the phone, watching TV or listening to a speaker or teacher. With an ALD, the sound from devices including mobile phones or from an external microphone is sent to the audio processor directly, rather than being picked up by the audio processor's microphone. This direct transmission improves
1020-537: A reducing incidence. To avoid the risk of bacterial meningitis, the CDC recommends that adults and children undergoing CI receive age-appropriate vaccines that generate antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae. The rate of transient facial nerve palsy is estimated to be approximately 1%. Device failure requiring reimplantation is estimated to occur 2.5–6% of the time. Up to one-third of people experience disequilibrium, vertigo, or vestibular weakness lasting more than one week after
1122-481: A return on investment of 1.46 dollars. This rises to a return on investment of 4.09 dollars in an upper-middle-income setting. A study in Colombia assessed the lifetime investments made in 68 children who received cochlear implants at an early age. Taking into account the cost of the device and any other medical costs, follow-up, speech therapy, batteries and travel, each child required an average investment of US$ 99 000 over
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#17330942712831224-538: A single channel. William House also invented a cochlear implant in 1961. In 1964, Blair Simmons and Robert L. White implanted a single-channel electrode in a patient's cochlea at Stanford University. However, research indicated that these single-channel cochlear implants were of limited usefulness because they cannot stimulate different areas of the cochlea at different times to allow differentiation between low and mid to high frequencies as required for detecting speech. NASA engineer Adam Kissiah started working in
1326-434: A single water sample and conducting chemical or physical tests on that sample. In the 1950s or earlier, hydrology transport models appeared to calculate quantities of runoff, primarily for flood forecasting . Beginning in the early 1970s, computer models were developed to analyze the transport of runoff carrying water pollutants. These models considered dissolution rates of various chemicals, infiltration into soils, and
1428-630: A small time period. Reduced crop productivity usually results from erosion, and these effects are studied in the field of soil conservation . The soil particles carried in runoff vary in size from about 0.001 millimeter to 1.0 millimeter in diameter. Larger particles settle over short transport distances, whereas small particles can be carried over long distances suspended in the water column . Erosion of silty soils that contain smaller particles generates turbidity and diminishes light transmission, which disrupts aquatic ecosystems . Entire sections of countries have been rendered unproductive by erosion. On
1530-421: A surface stream without ever passing below the soil surface. It is distinct from direct runoff , which is runoff that reaches surface streams immediately after rainfall or melting snowfall and excludes runoff generated by the melting of snowpack or glaciers. Snow and glacier melt occur only in areas cold enough for these to form permanently. Typically snowmelt will peak in the spring and glacier melt in
1632-489: A telecoil. Implantation of children and adults can be done safely with few surgical complications and most individuals will undergo outpatient surgery and go home the same day. Occasionally, the very young, the very old, or patients with a significant number of medical diseases at once may remain for overnight observation in the hospital. The procedure can be performed in an ambulatory surgery center in healthy individuals. The surgical procedure most often used to implant
1734-611: A valuable and cost effective health intervention, insurance coverage has expanded to include private insurance, Medicare , Tricare , the VA System, other federal health plans, and Medicaid . In September 2022 the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services expanded coverage of cochlear implants for appropriate candidates under Medicare. Candidates must demonstrate limited benefit with appropriately fit hearing aids but with criteria now defined by test scores of less than or equal to 60% correct in
1836-438: A waste of agricultural chemicals, but also an environmental threat to downstream ecosystems. Pine straws are often used to protect soil from soil erosion and weed growth. However, harvesting these crops may result in the increase of soil erosion. Surface run-off results in a significant amount of economic effects. Pine straws are cost effective ways of dealing with surface run-off. Moreover, Surface run-off can be reused through
1938-472: A watercourse is unable to convey the quantity of runoff flowing downstream. The frequency with which this occurs is described by a return period . Flooding is a natural process, which maintains ecosystem composition and processes, but it can also be altered by land use changes such as river engineering. Floods can be both beneficial to societies or cause damage. Agriculture along the Nile floodplain took advantage of
2040-450: A well defined channel. Soil surface roughness causes may cause runoff to become concentrated into narrower flow paths: as these incise, the small but well-defined channels which are formed are known as rills. These channels can be as small as one centimeter wide or as large as several meters. If runoff continue to incise and enlarge rills, they may eventually grow to become gullies. Gully erosion can transport large amounts of eroded material in
2142-480: A wide range of variation across individual implant users. Factors such as age of implantation, parental involvement and education level, duration and cause of hearing loss, how the implant is situated in the cochlea, the overall health of the cochlear nerve, and individual capabilities of re-learning are considered to contribute to this variation. André Djourno and Charles Eyriès invented the original cochlear implant in 1957. Their design distributed stimulation using
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#17330942712832244-626: Is considered a clean procedure with an infection rate of less than 3%. Guidelines suggest that routine prophylactic antibiotics are not required. However, the potential cost of a postoperative infection is high (including the possibility of implant loss); therefore, a single preoperative intravenous injection of antibiotics is recommended. The rate of complications is about 12% for minor complications and 3% for major complications; major complications include infections, facial paralysis, and device failure. Although up to 20 new cases of post-CI bacterial meningitis occur annually worldwide, data demonstrates
2346-434: Is consistent with medicalisation and the standardisation of the "normal" body in the 19th century when differences between normal and abnormal began to be debated. It is important to consider the sociocultural context, particularly in regards to the deaf community, which has its own unique language and culture. This accounts for the cochlear implant being seen as an affront to their culture, as many do not believe that deafness
2448-442: Is exacerbated by surface runoff, leading to a number of down stream impacts, including nutrient pollution that causes eutrophication . In addition to causing water erosion and pollution, surface runoff in urban areas is a primary cause of urban flooding , which can result in property damage, damp and mold in basements , and street flooding. Surface runoff is defined as precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, or hail ) that reaches
2550-426: Is generally worn behind the ear, but could also be attached to clothing, for example, in young children. This component, the sound processor, contains microphones, electronics that include digital signal processor (DSP) chips, battery, and a coil that transmits a signal to the implant across the skin. The inside component, the actual implant, has a coil to receive signals, electronics, and an array of electrodes which
2652-561: Is not. Increased runoff reduces groundwater recharge, thus lowering the water table and making droughts worse, especially for agricultural farmers and others who depend on the water wells . When anthropogenic contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff, the human impact is expanded to create water pollution . This pollutant load can reach various receiving waters such as streams, rivers, lakes, estuaries and oceans with resultant water chemistry changes to these water systems and their related ecosystems. As humans continue to alter
2754-442: Is otherwise difficult or impossible to obtain because it models the interactions among hydrologic variables (with different probability distributions), resulting in a population of values representing likely long-term outcomes from runoff processes and the potential effects of various mitigation measures. SELDM also provides the means for rapidly doing sensitivity analyses to determine the possible effects of varying input assumptions on
2856-408: Is placed into the cochlea , which stimulate the cochlear nerve . The surgical procedure is performed under general anesthesia . Surgical risks are minimal and most individuals will undergo outpatient surgery and go home the same day. However, some individuals will experience dizziness , and on rare occasions, tinnitus or facial nerve bruising. From the early days of implants in the 1970s and
2958-455: Is required, to minimize escape of pollutants into sanitary or stormwater sewers . The U.S. Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that local governments in urbanized areas (as defined by the Census Bureau ) obtain stormwater discharge permits for their drainage systems. Essentially this means that the locality must operate a stormwater management program for all surface runoff that enters
3060-413: Is something that needs to be cured. However, it has also been argued that this does not necessarily have to be the case: the cochlear implant can act as a tool deaf people can use to access the "hearing world" without losing their deaf identity. Cochlear implants for congenitally deaf children are most effective when implanted at a young age. Children who have had confirmed severe hearing loss can receive
3162-432: Is the stochastic empirical loading and dilution model (SELDM) is a stormwater quality model. SELDM is designed to transform complex scientific data into meaningful information about the risk of adverse effects of runoff on receiving waters, the potential need for mitigation measures, and the effectiveness of such management measures for reducing these risks. SELDM provides a method for rapid assessment of information that
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3264-535: Is the electrical stimulation that explains the decrease in tinnitus symptoms for many patients, and not only the increased access to sound. A 2015 literature review on the use of CI for people with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder found that, as of that date, description and diagnosis of the condition was too heterogeneous to make clear claims about whether CI is a safe and effective way to manage it. The data for cochlear implant outcomes in older adults differs. A 2016 research study found that age at implantation
3366-410: The deaf community , some of whom are pre-lingually deaf people whose first language is a sign language . Some in the deaf community call cochlear implants audist and an affront to their culture, which, as they view it, is a minority threatened by the hearing majority. This is an old problem for the deaf community, going back as far as the 18th century with the argument of manualism vs. oralism . This
3468-413: The peripheral auditory system which receives sound and converts that sound into movements of hair cells in the cochlea ; the deflection of stereocilia causes an influx of potassium ions into the hair cells, and the depolarisation in turn stimulates calcium influx, which increases release of the neurotransmitter glutamate . Excitation of the cochlear nerve by the neurotransmitter sends signals to
3570-434: The soil is saturated and the depression storage filled, and rain continues to fall, the rainfall will immediately produce surface runoff. The level of antecedent soil moisture is one factor affecting the time until soil becomes saturated. This runoff is called saturation excess overland flow, saturated overland flow, or Dunne runoff. Soil retains a degree of moisture after a rainfall . This residual water moisture affects
3672-403: The soil . This can occur when the soil is saturated by water to its full capacity, and the rain arrives more quickly than the soil can absorb it. Surface runoff often occurs because impervious areas (such as roofs and pavement ) do not allow water to soak into the ground. Furthermore, runoff can occur either through natural or human-made processes. Surface runoff is a major component of
3774-443: The suprameatal triangle , are used. A systematic literature review published in 2016 found that studies comparing the two approaches were generally small, not randomized, and retrospective so were not useful for making generalizations; it is not known which approach is safer or more effective. With the increased utilization of endoscopic ear surgery as popularized by professor Tarabichi, there have been multiple published reports on
3876-496: The water cycle . It is the primary agent of soil erosion by water . The land area producing runoff that drains to a common point is called a drainage basin . Runoff that occurs on the ground surface before reaching a channel can be a nonpoint source of pollution , as it can carry human-made contaminants or natural forms of pollution (such as rotting leaves). Human-made contaminants in runoff include petroleum , pesticides , fertilizers and others. Much agricultural pollution
3978-489: The 1960s, and early on contact of pesticides with water was known to enhance phytotoxicity . In the case of surface waters, the impacts translate to water pollution , since the streams and rivers have received runoff carrying various chemicals or sediments. When surface waters are used as potable water supplies, they can be compromised regarding health risks and drinking water aesthetics (that is, odor, color and turbidity effects). Contaminated surface waters risk altering
4080-482: The 1980s, speech perception via an implant has steadily increased. More than 200,000 people in the United States had received a CI through 2019. Many users of modern implants gain reasonable to good hearing and speech perception skills post-implantation, especially when combined with lipreading. One of the challenges that remain with these implants is that hearing and speech understanding skills after implantation show
4182-501: The Earth's surface; eroded material may be deposited a considerable distance away. There are four main types of soil erosion by water : splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion and gully erosion. Splash erosion is the result of mechanical collision of raindrops with the soil surface: soil particles which are dislodged by the impact then move with the surface runoff. Sheet erosion is the overland transport of sediment by runoff without
Lone Star College–CyFair - Misplaced Pages Continue
4284-635: The Emergency Services District #9 and the Cy-Fair Volunteer Fire Department, a $ 4 million Emergency Services Training Center was built on college land. Students in Fire Science and Emergency Medical services programs ... have opportunities to develop hands-on skills in this working fire station that includes a simulated emergency room and a state-of-the-art burn facility. The programming that is possible through this facility and
4386-478: The Katy Prairie's natural wetlands system. Underwater shelves in the larger lakes were planted with native aquatic plants, including Arrowhead and Sand Spikerush. The five buildings in the campus core front some of these lakes. Third, stormwater runoff from roads, parking lots, and building roofs is captured by the lake system where it is retained, naturally cleansed, and later used for campus irrigation. Fourth,
4488-510: The Ministry of Health or ACC (depending on the cause of deafness) in New Zealand . In Germany and Austria , the cost is covered by most health insurance organizations. 6.1% of the world population live with hearing loss, and it is predicted that by 2050, more than 900 million people around the globe will have a disabling hearing loss. According to a WHO report, unaddressed hearing loss costs
4590-633: The U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in 1976, and later the Water Quality Act of 1987 , states and cities have become more vigilant in controlling the containment and storage of toxic chemicals, thus preventing releases and leakage. Methods commonly applied are: requirements for double containment of underground storage tanks , registration of hazardous materials usage, reduction in numbers of allowed pesticides and more stringent regulation of fertilizers and herbicides in landscape maintenance. In many industrial cases, pretreatment of wastes
4692-497: The United States through the end of 2019. Cochlear implantation includes the medical device as well as related services and procedures including pre-operative testing, the surgery, and aftercare that includes audiology and speech language pathology services. These are provided over time by a team of clinicians with specialized training. All of these services, as well as the cochlear implant device and related peripherals, are part of
4794-448: The attack. Mr. Quick was ordered to undergo a psychiatric evaluation the day after the attack, Wednesday, April 10, 2013, which is common in proceedings similar to these. In addition, Quick allegedly readily admitted to officers during the interrogation that he had had such fantasies when interrogated, having been described as "forthcoming" in an online news release. He was born deaf, has a cochlear implant , and interviews of neighbors and
4896-774: The authors found that 137 people with UHL had received a CI. While acknowledging the weakness of the data, the authors found that CI in people with UHL improves sound localization compared with other treatments in people who lost hearing after they learned to speak; in the one study that examined this, CI did improve sound localization in people with UHL who lost hearing before learning to speak. It appeared to improve speech perception and to reduce tinnitus . In terms of quality of life, several studies have shown that cochlear implants are beneficial in many aspects of quality of life, including communication improvements and positive effects on social, emotional, psychological and physical well-being. A 2017 narrative review also concluded that
4998-568: The benefit of cochlear implants in octogenarians. The effects of aging on central auditory processing abilities are thought to play an important role in impacting an individual's speech perception with a cochlear implant. The Lancet reported that untreated hearing loss in adults is the number one modifiable risk factor for dementia. In 2017, a study also reported that adults using a cochlear implant had significantly improved cognitive outcomes including working memory, reaction time, and cognitive flexibility compared to people who were waiting to receive
5100-868: The best-aided listening condition on recorded tests of open-set sentence recognition. Just as there is with any medical procedure, there are typically co-pays which vary depending upon the insurance plan. In the United Kingdom , the NHS covers cochlear implants in full, as does Medicare in Australia , and the Department of Health in Ireland , Seguridad Social in Spain , Sistema Sanitario Nazionale in Italy , Sécurité Sociale in France and Israel , and
5202-405: The brain, which creates the experience of sound. With an implant, instead, the devices pick up sound and digitize it, convert that digitized sound into electrical signals, and transmit those signals to electrodes embedded in the cochlea. The electrodes electrically stimulate the cochlear nerve, causing it to send signals to the brain. There are several systems available, but generally they have
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#17330942712835304-466: The campus uses natural systems to protect and enhance the prairie and campus environment. Over 3,200 native and indigenous prairie trees have been planted along the roads and at campus and building entries, throughout parking lots, and along the central lake to significantly reduce heat islands, clean the air, and further integrate the college into the Katy Prairie. With the restoration of native habitat, wildlife like beaver and deer have already returned to
5406-470: The child is more likely to be mainstreamed in school and thus use fewer support services than similarly deaf children. A 2019 study found that bilateral cochlear implantation was widely regarded as the most beneficial hearing intervention for acceptable candidates, although it is more likely to be performed and reimbursed in children than adults. The study also found that the efficacy of bilateral implantation could be improved by enhancing communication between
5508-670: The climate through the addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, precipitation patterns are expected to change as the atmospheric capacity for water vapor increases. This will have direct consequences on runoff amounts. Urban runoff is surface runoff of rainwater, landscape irrigation, and car washing created by urbanization . Impervious surfaces ( roads , parking lots and sidewalks ) are constructed during land development . During rain , storms, and other precipitation events, these surfaces (built from materials such as asphalt and concrete ), along with rooftops , carry polluted stormwater to storm drains , instead of allowing
5610-399: The college and the workforce development programs reflect these needs including emergency services, health careers and nursing, technology and manufacturing. On April 9, 2013, at 11:20 a.m., fourteen people were injured in a stabbing attack in classrooms on the college campus. That night, two remained hospitalized in critical condition. Most of the victims suffered stab wounds either to
5712-638: The course of their life (assuming a life span of 78 years for women and 72 years for men). The study concluded that for every dollar invested in rehabilitation of a child with a cochlear implant, there was a return on investment of US$ 2.07. As of 2021, four cochlear implant devices approved for use in the United States are manufactured by Cochlear Limited , the Advanced Bionics division of Sonova , MED-EL , and Oticon Medical . In Europe, Africa, Asia, South America, and Canada, an additional device manufactured by Neurelec (later acquired by Oticon Medical)
5814-881: The degree of improvement after cochlear implantation may vary, the majority of patients who receive cochlear implants demonstrate a significant improvement in speech recognition ability compared to their preoperative condition. Multiple meta-analyses of the literature from 2018 showed that CI users have large improvements in quality of life after cochlear implantation. This improvement occurs in many different facets of life that extends beyond communication including improved ability to engage in social activities; decreased mental effort from listening; and improved environmental sound awareness. Deaf adolescents with cochlear implants attending mainstream educational settings report high levels of scholastic self-esteem, friendship self-esteem, and global self-esteem. They also tend to hold mostly positive attitudes towards their cochlear implants, and as
5916-420: The device is called mastoidectomy with facial recess approach (MFRA). The procedure is usually done under general anesthesia. Complications of the procedure are rare, but include mastoiditis , otitis media (acute or with effusion), shifting of the implanted device requiring a second procedure, damage to the facial nerve , damage to the chorda tympani , and wound infections. Cochlear implantation surgery
6018-490: The extremely ancient soils of Australia and Southern Africa , proteoid roots with their extremely dense networks of root hairs can absorb so much rainwater as to prevent runoff even with substantial amounts of rainfall. In these regions, even on less infertile cracking clay soils , high amounts of rainfall and potential evaporation are needed to generate any surface runoff, leading to specialised adaptations to extremely variable (usually ephemeral) streams. This occurs when
6120-404: The fertile top soil and reduces its fertility and quality of the agricultural produce. Modern industrial farming is another major cause of erosion. Over a third of the U.S. Corn Belt has completely lost its topsoil . Switching to no-till practices would reduce soil erosion from U.S. agricultural fields by more than 70 percent. The principal environmental issues associated with runoff are
6222-752: The first local government sediment control program in 1965, and this was followed by a statewide program in Maryland in 1970. Flood control programs as early as the first half of the twentieth century became quantitative in predicting peak flows of riverine systems. Progressively strategies have been developed to minimize peak flows and also to reduce channel velocities. Some of the techniques commonly applied are: provision of holding ponds (also called detention basins or balancing lakes ) to buffer riverine peak flows, use of energy dissipators in channels to reduce stream velocity and land use controls to minimize runoff. Chemical use and handling. Following enactment of
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#17330942712836324-447: The following components: External: Internal: A totally implantable cochlear implant (TICI) is currently in development. This new type of cochlear implant incorporates all the current external components of an audio processor into the internal implant. The lack of external components makes the implant invisible from the outside and also means it is less likely to be damaged or broken. Most modern cochlear implants can be used with
6426-500: The form of water pollution to even more sensitive aquatic habitats. Secondly, runoff can deposit contaminants on pristine soils, creating health or ecological consequences. The other context of agricultural issues involves the transport of agricultural chemicals (nitrates, phosphates, pesticides , herbicides, etc.) via surface runoff. This result occurs when chemical use is excessive or poorly timed with respect to high precipitation. The resulting contaminated runoff represents not only
6528-422: The growth of elephant mass. In Nigeria , elephant grass is considered to be an economical way in which surface run-off and erosion can be reduced. Also, China has suffered significant impact from surface run-off to most of their economical crops such as vegetables. Therefore, they are known to have implemented a system which reduced loss of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in soil. Flooding occurs when
6630-472: The head or neck. The weapons used were an X-Acto knife and a scalpel . The attack ended when the suspect was subdued by multiple students, who held him down on the ground until authorities arrived and arrested him. Dylan Quick, a 20-year-old student at the school, was charged in the attack. He was charged with three counts of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon . The news report said that Quick had stated he had fantasies of killing people and had planned
6732-399: The high central plateau of Madagascar , approximately ten percent of that country's land area, virtually the entire landscape is devoid of vegetation , with erosive gully furrows typically in excess of 50 meters deep and one kilometer wide. Shifting cultivation is a farming system which sometimes incorporates the slash and burn method in some regions of the world. Erosion causes loss of
6834-718: The hospital. Reported rates of revision cochlear implant surgery vary in adults and children from 3.8% to 8% with the most common indications being device failure, infection, and migration of the implant or electrode. Disequilibrium and vertigo after CI surgery can occur but the symptoms tend to be mild and short-lived. CI rarely results in significant or persistent adverse effects on the vestibular system when hearing conservation surgical techniques are practiced. Moreover, gait and postural stability may actually improve post-implantation. Cochlear implant outcomes can be measured using speech recognition ability and functional improvements measured using patient reported outcome measures. While
6936-492: The impacts to surface water, groundwater and soil through transport of water pollutants to these systems. Ultimately these consequences translate into human health risk, ecosystem disturbance and aesthetic impact to water resources. Some of the contaminants that create the greatest impact to surface waters arising from runoff are petroleum substances, herbicides and fertilizers . Quantitative uptake by surface runoff of pesticides and other contaminants has been studied since
7038-411: The individual's level of motivation, expectations, exposure to speech stimuli and consistent participation in aural rehabilitation programs. A 2016 systematic review of CI for people with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) found that of the studies conducted and published, none were randomized, only one evaluated a control group, and no study was blinded. After eliminating multiple uses of the same subjects,
7140-516: The land. First, the majority of the previously cleared and over-grazed 200-acre (0.81 km) site was restored to its native flora and environment. The undulating hills and meadows are now covered in native grasses like Indiangrass, Little Bluestem, and Gulf Coast Muhly, as well as Coreopsis and Liatris wildflowers, and groves of over 3,200 native and indigenous prairie trees like Loblolly Pines, Bald Mexican Sycamores, and Live Oaks. Second, 18 acres (73,000 m) of lakes, ponds, and bayous replicate
7242-481: The last several decades to less than 1%, most of which demonstrated complete return of function within six months. The rate of permanent paralysis is approximately 1 per 1,000 surgeries and likely less than that in experienced CI centers. The majority of complications following CI surgery are minor requiring only conservative medical management or prolongation of hospital stay. Less than 5% of all complications are major resulting in surgical intervention or readmission to
7344-412: The medical intervention and are typically covered by health insurance in the United States and many areas of the world. These medical services and procedures include candidacy evaluation, hospital services inclusive of supplies and medications used during surgery, surgeon and other physicians such as anesthesiologists, the cochlear implant device and system kit, and programming and (re)habilitation following
7446-768: The metabolic processes of the aquatic species that they host; these alterations can lead to death, such as fish kills , or alter the balance of populations present. Other specific impacts are on animal mating, spawning, egg and larvae viability, juvenile survival and plant productivity. Some research shows surface runoff of pesticides, such as DDT , can alter the gender of fish species genetically, which transforms male into female fish. Surface runoff occurring within forests can supply lakes with high loads of mineral nitrogen and phosphorus leading to eutrophication . Runoff waters within coniferous forests are also enriched with humic acids and can lead to humification of water bodies Additionally, high standing and young islands in
7548-468: The mid-1970s on what would become the modern cochlear implant. Kissiah used his knowledge learned while working as an electronics instrumentation engineer for NASA. This work took place over three years, when Kissiah would spend his lunch breaks and evenings in Kennedy Space Center's technical library, studying the impact of engineering principles on the inner ear. In 1977, NASA helped Kissiah obtain
7650-786: The most devastating of natural disasters. The use of supplemental irrigation is also recognized as a significant way in which crops such as maize can retain nitrogen fertilizers in soil, resulting in improvement of crop water availability. Mitigation of adverse impacts of runoff can take several forms: Land use controls. Many world regulatory agencies have encouraged research on methods of minimizing total surface runoff by avoiding unnecessary hardscape . Many municipalities have produced guidelines and codes ( zoning and related ordinances ) for land developers that encourage minimum width sidewalks, use of pavers set in earth for driveways and walkways and other design techniques to allow maximum water infiltration in urban settings. An example of
7752-845: The municipal separate storm sewer system ("MS4"). EPA and state regulations and related publications outline six basic components that each local program must contain: Other property owners which operate storm drain systems similar to municipalities, such as state highway systems, universities, military bases and prisons, are also subject to the MS4 permit requirements. Runoff is analyzed by using mathematical models in combination with various water quality sampling methods. Measurements can be made using continuous automated water quality analysis instruments targeted on pollutants such as specific organic or inorganic chemicals , pH , turbidity, etc., or targeted on secondary indicators such as dissolved oxygen . Measurements can also be made in batch form by extracting
7854-470: The need for Monte Carlo models to simulate stormwater processes because of natural variations in multiple variables affecting runoff quality and quantity. The benefit of the Monte Carlo analysis is not to decrease uncertainty in the input statistics but to represent the different combinations of the variables that determine potential risks of water-quality excursions. One example of this type of stormwater model
7956-467: The procedure, got it. Further research found that the electrical stimulation of the CI is at least partly responsible for the general reduction in symptoms. A 2019 study found that although tinnitus suppression in patients with CIs is multifactorial, simply having the CI switched on without any audiological input (while standing alone in a soundproof booth) reduced the symptoms of tinnitus. This would suggest that it
8058-543: The procedure; in people under 70 these symptoms generally resolve over weeks to months, but in people over 70 the problems tend to persist. In the past, cochlear implants were only approved for people who were deaf in both ears; as of 2014 a cochlear implant had been used experimentally in some people who had acquired deafness in one ear after they had learned how to speak, and none who were deaf in one ear from birth; clinical studies as of 2014 had been too small to draw generalizations. Other approaches, such as going through
8160-518: The public. Not only do the librarians teach research to college students, but also teach English as a Second Language classes, develop community programming using the vast academic resources of a college, teach computer workshops, and sponsor book clubs. The county funds the salary of one counselor so career counseling and resume help can be offered to the public free of charge. Spanish Conversation classes and business research classes are also offered. According to Cy-Facts and Figures: In partnership with
8262-442: The quality of evidence to be poor and the results variable: overall total tinnitus suppression rates for patients who had tinnitus prior to surgery varied from 8% to 45% of people who received CI; decrease of tinnitus was seen in 25% to 72%, of people; for 0% to 36% of the people there was no change; increase of tinnitus occurred in between 0% to 25% of patients; and, in between 0 and 10% of cases, people who did not have tinnitus before
8364-494: The quality of life scores of children using cochlear implants were comparable to those of children without hearing loss. Studies involving adults of all ages reported significant improvement in QoL after implantation when compared to adults with hearing aids . This was often independent of audiological performance. As of October 2010, approximately 188,000 individuals had been fitted with cochlear implants. As of December 2012,
8466-504: The rate of rainfall on a surface exceeds the rate at which water can infiltrate the ground, and any depression storage has already been filled. This is also called Hortonian overland flow (after Robert E. Horton ), or unsaturated overland flow. This more commonly occurs in arid and semi-arid regions, where rainfall intensities are high and the soil infiltration capacity is reduced because of surface sealing , or in urban areas where pavements prevent water from infiltrating. When
8568-491: The risks for water-quality excursions. Other computer models have been developed (such as the DSSAM Model ) that allow surface runoff to be tracked through a river course as reactive water pollutants. In this case, the surface runoff may be considered to be a line source of water pollution to the receiving waters. Cochlear implant A cochlear implant ( CI ) is a surgically implanted neuroprosthesis that provides
8670-534: The same publication cited approximately 324,000 cochlear implant devices having been surgically implanted. In the U.S., roughly 58,000 devices were implanted in adults and 38,000 in children. As of 2016, the Ear Foundation in the United Kingdom, estimates the number of cochlear implant recipients in the world to be about 600,000. The American Cochlear Implant Alliance estimates that 217,000 people received CIs in
8772-484: The seasonal flooding that deposited nutrients beneficial for crops. However, as the number and susceptibility of settlements increase, flooding increasingly becomes a natural hazard. In urban areas, surface runoff is the primary cause of urban flooding , known for its repetitive and costly impact on communities. Adverse impacts span loss of life, property damage, contamination of water supplies, loss of crops, and social dislocation and temporary homelessness. Floods are among
8874-432: The site, and thousands of migratory birds are using the campus wetlands. The county and the college collaborated to create a joint-use library to enhance services to the public and the college and to save tax dollars. This 78,500 sq ft (7,290 m). blended library has resulted in extended hours, community meeting rooms, 200+ computers, a children's library, teen room, both tutoring and counseling for students and
8976-402: The soil on an up-slope portion of a hill, the water may flow laterally through the soil, and exfiltrate (flow out of the soil) closer to a channel. This is called subsurface return flow or throughflow . As it flows, the amount of runoff may be reduced in a number of possible ways: a small portion of it may evapotranspire ; water may become temporarily stored in microtopographic depressions; and
9078-442: The soil's infiltration capacity . During the next rainfall event, the infiltration capacity will cause the soil to be saturated at a different rate. The higher the level of antecedent soil moisture, the more quickly the soil becomes saturated. Once the soil is saturated, runoff occurs. Therefore, surface runoff is a significantly factor in the controlling of soil moisture after medium and low intensity storms. After water infiltrates
9180-418: The sound quality for the user, making it easier to talk on the phone or stream music. ALDs come in many forms, such as neckloops, pens, and specialist battery pack covers. Modern ALDs are usually able to receive sound from any Bluetooth device, including phones and computers, before transmitting it wirelessly to the audio processor. Most cochlear implants are also compatible with older ALD technology, such as
9282-470: The summer, leading to pronounced flow maxima in rivers affected by them. The determining factor of the rate of melting of snow or glaciers is both air temperature and the duration of sunlight. In high mountain regions, streams frequently rise on sunny days and fall on cloudy ones for this reason. In areas where there is no snow, runoff will come from rainfall. However, not all rainfall will produce runoff because storage from soils can absorb light showers. On
9384-444: The surgery. In many countries around the world, the cost of cochlear implantation and aftercare is covered by health insurance. However, financial factors impact the evaluation selection process. Children with public health insurance or no health insurance are less likely to receive the implant before 2 years old. In the US, as cochlear implants have become more commonplace and accepted as
9486-477: The training partnership that it supports will allow the NW Harris County area to meet its need to train firefighters, emergency medical technicians and paramedics.(13) The growth of the area prompted Lone Star College–CyFair to provide the area with programs which would support the rapidly changing workplace and world. The support of the business community was a key factor in the success of the petition to create
9588-579: The tropics and subtropics can undergo high soil erosion rates and also contribute large material fluxes to the coastal ocean. Such land derived runoff of sediment nutrients, carbon, and contaminants can have large impacts on global biogeochemical cycles and marine and coastal ecosystems. In the case of groundwater, the main issue is contamination of drinking water, if the aquifer is abstracted for human use. Regarding soil contamination , runoff waters can have two important pathways of concern. Firstly, runoff water can extract soil contaminants and carry them in
9690-401: The two implants and by developing sound coding strategies specifically for bilateral users. Early research reviews found that the ability to communicate in spoken language was better the earlier the implantation was performed. The reviews also found that, overall, while cochlear implants provide open-set speech understanding for the majority of implanted profoundly hearing-impaired children, it
9792-550: The ultimate pollutant load delivered to receiving waters . One of the earliest models addressing chemical dissolution in runoff and resulting transport was developed in the early 1970s under contract to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This computer model formed the basis of much of the mitigation study that led to strategies for land use and chemical handling controls. Increasingly, stormwater practitioners have recognized
9894-547: The use of endoscopic technique in cochlear implant surgery. However, this has been motivated by marketing and there is clear indication of increased morbidity associated with this technique as reported by the pioneer of endoscopic ear surgery . As cochlear implant surgical techniques have advanced over the last four decades, the global complication rate for CI surgery in both children and adults has decreased from more than 35% in 1991 to less than 10% at present. The risk of postoperative facial nerve injury has also decreased over
9996-489: The water to percolate through soil . This causes lowering of the water table (because groundwater recharge is lessened) and flooding since the amount of water that remains on the surface is greater. Most municipal storm sewer systems discharge untreated stormwater to streams , rivers , and bays . This excess water can also make its way into people's properties through basement backups and seepage through building wall and floors. Surface runoff can cause erosion of
10098-427: The world 980 billion dollars annually. Particularly hard hit are the healthcare and educational sectors, as well as societal costs. 53% of these costs are attributable to low- and middle-income countries. The WHO reports that cochlear implants have been shown to be a cost-effective way to mitigate the challenges of hearing loss. In a low-to-middle-income setting, every dollar invested in unilateral cochlear implants has
10200-438: Was available. A device made by Nurotron (China) was also available in some parts of the world. Each manufacturer has adapted some of the successful innovations of the other companies to its own devices. There is no consensus that any one of these implants is superior to the others. Users of all devices report a wide range of performance after implantation. Much of the strongest objection to cochlear implants has come from within
10302-676: Was highly correlated with post-operative speech understanding performance for various test measures. In this study, people who were implanted at age 65 or older performed significantly worse on speech perception testing in quiet and in noisy conditions compared to younger CI users. Other studies have shown different outcomes, with some reporting that adults implanted at the age of 65 and older showed audiological and speech discrimination outcomes similar to younger adults. While cochlear implants demonstrate substantial benefit across all age groups, results will depend on cognitive factors that are ultimately highly age dependent. However, studies have documented
10404-798: Was not possible to accurately predict the specific outcome of the given implanted child. Research since then has reported long-term socio-economic benefits for children as well as audiological outcomes including improved sound localization and speech perception. A consensus statement from the European Bilateral Pediatric Cochlear Implant Forum also confirmed the importance of bilateral cochlear implantation in children. In adults, new research shows that bilateral implantation can improve quality of life and speech intelligibility in quiet and noise. A 2015 review examined whether CI implantation to treat people with bilateral hearing loss had any effect on tinnitus . This review found
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