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65-517: Lone Pine Unified School District , commonly abbreviated LPUSD, is located in Inyo County , California . It consists of two school sites. The district consists of two school sites: Inyo County Inyo County ( / ˈ ɪ n j oʊ / ) is a county in the eastern central part of the U.S. state of California , located between the Sierra Nevada and the state of Nevada . In

130-660: A hydroelectric power plant located in San Francisquito Canyon powered by the Los Angeles Aqueduct , began generating electricity. It ultimately produced 70.5 megawatts and is still in operation, producing enough electricity for 37,500 Los Angeles homes. Three years later, in 1920, Power Plant No. 2 was added, but destroyed when the St. Francis Dam failed. However, the plant was completely rebuilt and back in service by November 1928. It remains in operation today, having

195-414: A few homes using a network of wooden pipes. In December 1861, heavy rains destroyed the system and Dryden gave up his franchise. The city attempted contracting out water distribution rights to others, but none of the systems resulting from these contracts were successful. The city's previous attempts to allow others to develop a water system on its behalf prompted the city council to relinquish its rights to

260-526: A large expansion of the company's water system. Eaton left his position in 1886 when he was elected City Engineer. In early 1897, city engineers created plans for an updated water system and the Los Angeles City Water Company's lease was not be renewed beyond its expiration date, July 21, 1898. In early 1898, talks between the city and the Los Angeles City Water Company began to take over the company's current water system. During negotiations it

325-433: A population of 18,546. The racial makeup of Inyo County was 13,741 (74.1%) White , 109 (0.6%) African American , 2,121 (11.4%) Native American , 243 (1.3%) Asian , 16 (0.1%) Pacific Islander , 1,676 (9.0%) from other races , and 640 (3.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3,597 persons (19.4%). At the 2000 census , there were 17,945 people, 7,703 households and 4,937 families residing in

390-618: A raid by the Federal Bureau of Investigation of LADWP Headquarters. Wright was then investigated and sentenced to 72 months in federal prison for accepting bribes from a lawyer to ensure the approval of a three-year $ 30 million no-bid contract. LADWP veteran Martin L. Adams was confirmed by City Council as General Manager on September 13, 2019. LADWP is headquartered in a Corporate- International Style building designed by A.C. Martin & Associates and completed in May 1965. The 17-story building

455-503: A strongly Republican county in Presidential and congressional elections. From 1944 to 2016 , the only Democrat to win the county (and the last to win a majority of its vote) was Lyndon Johnson in 1964 . However, the county shifted significantly leftward in 2020 , narrowly supporting Joe Biden over Donald Trump . As a result, it became one of only two counties that previously voted for Trump by double digits in 2016 to flip to

520-596: Is a provision in the union contracts which requires a normal shift worked after more than one hour of overtime to be paid at double time, as well as that overtime is not based on working more than 40 hours in a week, but on working time beyond a "normal" shift. A separate study found that LADWP's yearly payroll expense per customer was $ 490, significantly higher than the nationwide median for large utilities of $ 280 per customer. In 2019–20, LADWP supplied more than 21,130 gigawatt hours (GWH) to more than 1.5 million residential and business customers, as well as about 5,200 in

585-696: Is a two-year alternative education college in Deep Springs Valley . Higher education in Inyo County is provided by the Kern Community College District . In the 1920s, automobile clubs and nearby towns started to lobby for trans-Sierra highways over Piute Pass and other locations. However, by end of the 1920s, the Forest Service and the Sierra Club decided that roadless wilderness in

650-490: Is an exclave ( Devil's Hole ) in southern Nye County. The park covers 5,262 square miles (13,630 km ), encompassing Saline Valley , a large part of Panamint Valley , almost all of Death Valley , and parts of several mountain ranges . Death Valley National Monument was proclaimed in 1933, placing the area under federal protection. In 1994, the monument was redesignated a national park, as well as being substantially expanded to include Saline and Eureka Valleys. It

715-488: Is highest, and is pumped back up at night when excess capacity is available. About 1,600 megawatts, or 22% of the total capacity, is generated at this facility. LADWP maintains a diverse and vertically integrated power generation, transmission and distribution system that spans five Western states, and delivers electricity to more than 4 million people in Los Angeles. The Los Angeles City Council voted in 2004 to direct

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780-626: Is overseen by the five-member Los Angeles Board of Water and Power Commissioners, who are appointed by the Mayor of Los Angeles and confirmed by the Los Angeles City Council for five-year terms. The board sets policy for the Department of Water and Power and votes on utility rates, renewable energy projects, and pension tiers for LADWP employees. The Board meets regularly on the second and fourth Tuesday of each month at 10:00 a.m. Currently,

845-652: Is the hottest and driest of the national parks in the United States. It also features the second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere and the lowest point in North America at the Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet (86 m) below sea level . It is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment. Some examples include Creosote Bush , Bighorn Sheep , Coyote , and

910-718: Is the second-largest county by area in California, after San Bernardino County . Almost half of that area is within Death Valley National Park . However, with a population density of 1.8 people per square mile, it also has the second-lowest population density in California, after Alpine County . Present-day Inyo county has been the historic homeland for thousands of years of the Mono , Timbisha , Kawaiisu , and Northern Paiute Native Americans . The descendants of these ancestors continue to live in their traditional homelands in

975-707: The 2020 census , the population was 19,016. The county seat is Independence . Inyo County is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada and southeast of Yosemite National Park in Central California . It contains the Owens River Valley ; it is flanked to the west by the Sierra Nevada and to the east by the White Mountains and the Inyo Mountains . With an area of 10,192 square miles (26,400 km ), Inyo

1040-612: The 8th Assembly District , represented by Republican Jim Patterson . The county is in California's 3rd congressional district , represented by Republican Kevin Kiley . On November 4, 2008, Inyo County voted 60.6% for Proposition 8 which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages. The county was home to Manzanar Internment Camp, where Japanese Americans were interned during World War II. Although

1105-673: The Brown Act . On May 26, 2023, Cynthia Ruiz, the first Native American to serve on the Los Angeles Board of Water and Power Commissioners was informed by the deputy mayor that she was being removed as a commissioner less than one year into her four-year term, which was confirmed that day by an email from Mayor Karen Bass , whose decision it was. George McGraw was sworn in as a commissioner on June 20, replacing Ruiz. The general manager, senior assistant general managers, chief financial officer, and managing senior assistant city attorney (under

1170-487: The Death Valley Pupfish , a survivor of much wetter times. Approximately 95% of the park is designated as wilderness . Death Valley National Park is visited annually by more than 770,000 visitors who come to enjoy its diverse geologic features, desert wildlife, historic sites, scenery, clear night skies, and the solitude of the extreme desert environment. The 2010 United States Census reported that Inyo County had

1235-542: The Democrats , the other being Talbot County, Maryland . Inyo still leans Republican. It voted Republican in all statewide races held in 2022 . It flipped back to voting for Donald Trump in 2024 , though by a much smaller margin than Trump had won the county in 2016. In the California State Legislature , Inyo County is in the 4th Senate District , represented by Republican Marie Alvarado-Gil , and

1300-501: The Intermountain Power Plant to run on natural gas. Most of the power lines in Los Angeles were built above-ground before it became customary to run power lines below-ground. Starting in 2007, LADWP has a long-term project to upgrade the overhead power lines and convert them to underground. This difficult conversion has been slowed by budget constraints, the impact on traffic, the pursuit of other modernization projects, and

1365-664: The Los Angeles City Attorney ) manage operations. On January 31, 2014, Ron Nichols resigned as chief of the LADWP amid ongoing controversies regarding the LADWP. On February 21, 2014, Marcie L. Edwards was unanimously confirmed by the Los Angeles City Council on February 21, 2014. She is the first woman to lead the LADWP. At the time of her nomination, Edwards was Anaheim 's City Manager. Prior to her appointment as Anaheim's City Manager, Edwards served as chief of Anaheim Public Utilities for 13 years. Edwards previously worked at

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1430-680: The National Wilderness Preservation System . This is the second-largest number of any county, exceeded only by San Bernardino County 's 35 wilderness areas. Most of these are managed solely by the Bureau of Land Management , but four are integral components of Death Valley National Park or Inyo National Forest and are thus managed by either the National Park Service or the Forest Service . Some of these wilderness areas also extend into neighboring counties. Except as noted,

1495-401: The Owens River Valley and in Death Valley National Park . Inyo County was formed in 1866 out of the territory of the unorganized Coso County , which had been created on April 4, 1864, from parts of Mono County and Tulare County . It acquired more territory from Mono County in 1870 and Kern County and San Bernardino County in 1872. For many years it has been commonly believed that

1560-523: The Owens Valley , starting with its initial acquisition of water rights , as well as acquiring farms and governance of Mono Lake and Owens Lake . The LADWP played a role in the development of Hoover Dam and bringing its energy to Los Angeles. The LADWP continued to operate the Hoover Dam electrical facility alongside Southern California Edison until 1987. On October 10, 2011, the LADWP, along with

1625-520: The Pacific AC Intertie 's two 500 kV lines terminating in Los Angeles are included) is presently technically infeasible. Upgrading the overhead lines is expected to take 10 to 15 years. The upgrading of LADWP's overhead power lines consists of eliminating the V-shape brackets on the power poles that are holding up the crossarm and replacing them with cross-brackets that are put on the crossarm. Some of

1690-539: The St. Francis Dam , built and operated by the LADWP, collapsed catastrophically . The disaster was the second-greatest loss of life in California's history, after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. The ensuing flood caused devastation to present-day Valencia, Newhall and the cities in the Santa Clara River Valley, taking the lives of some 425 people. The high death toll was due, in part, to confusion and mis-communication by and between employees of both

1755-479: The U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 10,227 square miles (26,490 km ), of which 10,181 square miles (26,370 km ) is land and 46 square miles (120 km ) (0.5%) is water. It is the second-largest county by area in California and the ninth-largest in the United States (excluding boroughs and census areas in Alaska ). There are 22 official wilderness areas in Inyo County that are part of

1820-521: The Board is observing physical distancing measures in accordance with California Governor Gavin Newsom 's order for COVID-19 prevention. Regular meeting agendas are available to the public at least 72 hours before the Board meets. The agenda for meetings contains a brief general description of the items to be considered. The Board may consider an item not on the agenda only in limited circumstances consistent with

1885-817: The Community Redevelopment Agency of Los Angeles and the Los Angeles Cleantech Alliance, founded the LA Cleantech Incubator . In October 2022, LADWP lost a lawsuit against the Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District for failure to control dust on Owens Lake near sensitive sacred tribal land claiming that they were not responsible for the pollution. The LADWP has been criticized for allowing excessive overtime. In 2018, 306 of its workers took home more than $ 100,000 in overtime pay, while

1950-429: The LADWP and Southern California Edison, who also had facilities and operations in the area. The confusion led to a lack of prompt warnings being sent to the downriver communities. Those cities included Piru, Fillmore , Santa Paula , and San Buenaventura . Mulholland assumed full responsibility for the disaster and retired the following year. The LADWP has been a leading actor in the struggle over access to water from

2015-472: The LADWP for 24 years, starting at the age of 19 as a clerk typist. In August 2016, Marcie L. Edwards announced her retirement. On August 16, 2016, the Los Angeles Board of Water and Power Commissioners appointed David H. Wright Interim General Manager, and requested the City Council to confirm his appointment as permanent General Manager. Wright remained General Manager until 2019, when he resigned following

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2080-431: The LADWP to generate 20% of its energy (excluding Hoover Dam) from clean sources by 2010, a goal which was met and exceeded. The LADWP expected to achieve 25 percent renewables by 2016 and 33 percent by 2020, both which have been met and exceeded. As of 2020, "green power" renewable energy sources accounted for 37% of the LADWP's capacity, including the 120 MW Pine Tree Wind Farm, the largest municipally-owned wind farm in

2145-741: The Mono and Owens basins is causing the LADWP to look into a number of new water sources, including a new direct connection to the California Aqueduct , increased use of recycled water, use of stormwater capture and reuse, and increased conservation. Many of the old pipelines are beginning to wear out, or are at capacity and insufficient to handle future demand. LADWP has undertaken pipeline replacement projects on many L.A. boulevards like Exposition and Olympic . In addition to Los Angeles, LADWP provides services to parts of: Over its service territory, LADWP serves four million residents and businesses. LADWP

2210-753: The Owens Valley. The LADWP operates four natural gas-fired generating stations within city boundaries, which combined with other natural gas sources, account for 24% of capacity. It receives 21% of its electricity from coal-fired plants in Utah and Arizona , but plans to transition away from coal by 2025. A further 14% is generated using nuclear power, which is from the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station in Arizona. It receives about 2% of its electricity from hydropower, most coming from Hoover Dam and

2275-661: The Sierra was valuable, and fought the proposal. The Piute Pass proposal faded out by the early 1930s, with the Forest Service proposing a route over Minaret Summit in 1933. The Minaret Summit route was lobbied against by California's Governor Ronald Reagan in 1972. The expansion of the John Muir and Ansel Adams Wildernesses in the 1980s sealed off the Minaret Summit route. A trans-Sierra route between Porterville and Lone Pine

2340-529: The Timbisha tribe headed by a man whose name was Inyo. Inyo was the name of the headman of one of the Timbisha bands at the time of contact when the first whites, the Bennett-Arcane Party of 1849, wandered, lost, into Death Valley on their expedition to the gold fields of western California. The Owens Valley whites misunderstood the reference and thought that Inyo was the name of the mountains when actually it

2405-517: The United States. LADWP is also investing in photovoltaic solar throughout the Southwest and geothermal sources in the Salton Sea area. In March 2021, LADWP joined with Mayor Eric Garcetti , United States Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm , leading energy scientists, and local elected officials to announce the results of the Los Angeles 100% Renewable Energy Study ("LA100"). The study, which

2470-531: The age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.88. 24.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

2535-401: The agency paid $ 250 million for overtime, a new high for the agency. The most egregious example of this is a security worker who was paid $ 314,000 in overtime, on a listed base pay of $ 25,000, along with three peers who were paid more than $ 200,000 overtime each. (The nationwide median wage for security officers was $ 28,500 in 2018.) One policy which enables these large overtime payouts

2600-455: The capacity to generate 18 megawatts. On January 17, 1994, the city of Los Angeles experienced its one and only total system black-out as a result of the Northridge earthquake . Much of the power was restored within a few hours. In September 2005, a DWP worker accidentally cut power lines that caused over half of Los Angeles to be without power for one and one-half hours. On March 12, 1928,

2665-441: The city council rejected as "excessive" a closed-pipe system that would serve homes directly. As a solution, the city allowed "water carriers with jugs and horse-drawn wagons…to serve the city's domestic [water] needs." By 1857 the council decided that the system needed to be updated, granting William G. Dryden franchise rights to provide homes with water through a system of underground water mains. The initial system served only

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2730-463: The company's principal stockholder, advising him to accept the city's offer of two million dollars for the system. The Los Angeles Bureau of Power and Light was formed in 1911 to administer the electrical system in the city that supplied power generated by private companies. In 1922, it purchased Southern California Edison 's distribution system within the city limits. In 1937, when the Bureau purchased

2795-415: The county derived its name from the Mono tribe's name for the mountains in its former homeland. Actually the name came to be thought of, mistakenly, as the name of the mountains to the east of the Owens Valley when the first whites there asked the local Owens Valley Paiutes for the name of the mountains to the east. They responded that that was the land of Inyo. They meant by this that those lands belonged to

2860-616: The county was typically Democratic before World War II, in the decades since Japanese internment the county has been solidly Republican, only voting for Lyndon Johnson (who signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964) and Joe Biden (who ran on a ticket with Kamala Harris, the first Asian American to be part of a major party ticket). The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense. Stephanie J. Rennie (Jan 3, 2023 - Current) School districts in Inyo County are: Deep Springs College

2925-673: The county. The population density was 2 per square mile (0.77/km ). There were 9,042 housing units at an average density of 1 per square mile (0.39/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 80.1% White , 0.2% Black or African American , 10.0% Native American , 0.9% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 4.6% from other races , and 4.2% from two or more races. 12.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 16.4% were of German , 12.2% English , 10.6% Irish and 5.0% American ancestry according to Census 2000 . 89.2% spoke English and 9.3% Spanish as their first language. There were 7,703 households, of which 27.9% had children under

2990-712: The environmental issues associated with oil-type cable. The 315 megawatt capacity Scattergood Steam Plant (Unit 3) to West Los Angeles (Receiving Station K, "Olympic") 230 kV line is having to be replaced after only 45 years of operations, due to multiple failures within this rather long single-circuit, oil-filled, "pipe type" cable. The LADWP provided about 159 billion gallons (602 million cubic meters) of water in 2019, to 735,600 water service connections, pumping it through 7,340 miles (11,813 km) of pipe . In fiscal years 2016–2020: The use of water from specific sources can vary greatly from year to year. The prospect of increased demand coupled with reduced supply from

3055-433: The following table is based on the 2010 census of Inyo County. † county seat Los Angeles Department of Water and Power It was founded in 1902 to supply water to residents and businesses in the city of Los Angeles and several of its immediately adjacent communities. In 1917, LADWP began to deliver electricity to portions of the city. It has been involved in a number of controversies and media portrayals over

3120-506: The largest component of the power supply was renewable energy at about 37%. The second-largest component was natural gas, at about 24%. Coal-fired power made up a further 21%. By contrast, the California investor-owned utilities SCE, PG&E, and SDG&E, had all eliminated their use of coal. In 2013, LADWP announced it would become coal-free by 2025 by divesting its 21% stake in Navajo Generating Station in 2016 and converting

3185-437: The lease allowed. As the end of the lease drew near in the mid-1890s, popular support began to build for a return to complete municipal control of the local water supply. Fred Eaton proposed that tax revenues would enable Los Angeles to provide water to its residents without charging them for the use of water directly. During Eaton's nine-year term as the superintending engineer of the Los Angeles City Water Company, he headed

3250-423: The lingering effects of a workforce reduction over the last decade. Budget issues are particularly acute in the department's transmission system, where underground transmission costs about 10 to 14 times the cost of overhead transmission, per unit length, and the technical and environmental challenges which confront such installations. Additionally, undergrounding of the three 500 kV transmission lines (five lines, if

3315-554: The lowest place in North America, is in eastern Inyo County. The difference between the two points is about 14,700 feet (4,500 m). They are not visible from each other, but both can be observed from the Panamint Range on the west side of Death Valley, above the Panamint Valley . Thus, Inyo County has the greatest elevation difference among all of the counties and county-equivalents in the contiguous United States. According to

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3380-551: The power system of the Los Angeles Gas and Electric Corporation, it became the dominant power supplier in the city. That year, the bureau merged with the Bureau of Water Works and Supply to become the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP). In 1939, LADWP became the sole electrical service provider for the city of Los Angeles. The Bureau first offered municipal electricity in 1917 when their Power Plant No. 1,

3445-526: The rest coming from the Los Angeles Aqueduct system itself as the water descends from its mountain sources. The LADWP, along with raw water deliveries and lake level management from the California Department of Water Resources , also operates the Castaic Power Plant as a pumped storage facility . Water flows from the upper reservoir to the lower during the day, generating power when demand

3510-683: The valley for water rights and control. In 1941 the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power extended the Los Angeles Aqueduct system farther upriver into the Mono Basin . Inyo County is host to a number of natural superlatives. Among them are: Mount Whitney , the highest peak in the contiguous United States , is on Inyo County's western border (with Tulare County ). The Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park,

3575-524: The water in the Los Angeles River in 1868. The city of Los Angeles could no longer benefit from their municipal water distribution business. John S. Griffen, Solomon Lazard , and Prudent Beaudry , created the Los Angeles City Water Company, which violated many of the provisions of its lease on the Los Angeles River, including secretly tunneling under the river to extract 150 times as much water as

3640-566: The wilderness areas are managed solely by the Bureau of Land Management and lie entirely within Inyo County: Death Valley National Park is a mostly arid United States National Park east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in southern Inyo County and northern San Bernardino County in California , with a small extension into southwestern Nye County and extreme southern Esmeralda County in Nevada . In addition, there

3705-574: The wooden power poles are being replaced with metal poles. Also included in the upgrade of overhead power lines, are the upgrades of the insulators for the lower voltage distribution power lines, which are more modern than the old-fashioned ceramic insulators. The new modern insulators for lower voltage distribution lines look identical to Southern California Edison's distribution insulators. The department recently completed two 230 kV underground projects using an innovative cable technology which does not utilize oil as an insulator. The oilless cable mitigates

3770-416: The years, including the 1928 St. Francis Dam failure and the books Water and Power and Cadillac Desert . By the middle of the 19th century, Los Angeles's rapid population growth magnified problems with the city's water distribution system . At that time, a system of open, often polluted ditches , was supplying water for agricultural production but was not suited to provide water to homes. In 1853,

3835-506: Was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males. The median household income was $ 35,006 and the median family income was $ 44,970. Males had a median income of $ 37,270 versus $ 25,549 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 19,639. About 9.3% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 16.0% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over. Inyo has historically been

3900-416: Was conducted by renewable energy experts at the U.S. Department of Energy 's National Renewable Energy Laboratory , laid out a pathway for LADWP to achieve a 100% renewable energy grid as early as 2035 and by 2045 at the latest. The pathway includes significant deployment of renewable and zero-carbon energy by 2035, including wind and solar resources accounting for 69% to 87% of generated power. As of 2020,

3965-463: Was constructed on Bunker Hill with the purpose of consolidating 11 building offices scattered across Downtown Los Angeles and housing LADWP's 3,200 employees. On September 21, 2012, it was designated as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument . The General Office Building of the Los Angeles Department of Water & Power was renamed the John Ferraro Building on November 16, 2000, after

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4030-428: Was decided that the current senior employees of the Los Angeles City Water Company would keep their jobs in order to ensure that the water system could continue to operate. It was not guaranteed that William Mulholland , who took over as superintending engineer after Eaton, would have a position working with the city-owned water system. Mulholland did not produce records the city officials requested during negotiations. It

4095-406: Was discovered that neither the requested records nor a map of the water system existed. Mulholland, who was in charge of the non-existent records, claimed that he memorized all necessary information, including the size of every inch of pipe and the age and location of every valve. Mulholland secured a job with the city when he demonstrated his ability to recall the information. He then intervened with

4160-857: Was proposed by local businessmen in 1923. Eventually, a circuitous route across the Sierra was built across the only trans-Sierra route south of Yosemite: Sherman Pass by 1976. That route is Forest Route 22S05 to the west, and Kennedy Meadow Road ( County Route J41 ) and 9-Mile Canyon Road to the east. Eastern Sierra Transit Authority operates intercity bus service along US 395, as well as local services in Bishop. Service extends south to Lancaster (Los Angeles County) and north to Reno, Nevada . Bishop Airport , Independence Airport , Lone Pine Airport and Shoshone Airport are general aviation airports located near their respective cities. Stovepipe Wells Airport and Furnace Creek Airport are located in Death Valley National Park . Source: The population ranking of

4225-509: Was the name of the chief, or headman, of the tribe that had those mountains as part of their homeland. In Timbisha, ɨnnɨyun means "it's (or he's) dangerous". To supply the growing City of Los Angeles , water was diverted from the Owens River into the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913. The Owens River Valley cultures and environments changed substantially. From the 1910s to 1930s the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power purchased much of

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