Nygaardsvold's Cabinet (later becoming the Norwegian government-in-exile ) was appointed on 20 March 1935, the second Labour cabinet in Norway . It brought to an end the non-socialist minority governments that had dominated Norwegian politics since the introduction of the parliamentary system in 1884, and replaced it with stable Labour governments that, with the exception of during World War II , would last until the coalition Lyng cabinet in 1963.
37-481: A London Cabinet can refer to a number of government cabinets: Nygaardsvold's Cabinet , the Norwegian government-in-exile between 7 June 1940 and 31 May 1945 One of the four Dutch governments-in-exile between 13 May 1940 and May 1945: Second De Geer Cabinet First Gerbrandy Cabinet Second Gerbrandy Cabinet Third Gerbrandy Cabinet Topics referred to by
74-408: A curfew from 8:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. and suppressed all newspapers, public assemblies and railroad transportation. On Terboven's orders, ten prominent citizens were executed in reprisal, and their assets were confiscated. In addition, Terboven set up an ad hoc extrajudicial tribunal to try Norwegians considered “hostile to the state”. An additional 24 men were tried and summarily executed over
111-654: A fortress for the Nazi regime's last stand. However, after Adolf Hitler 's suicide, his successor, Großadmiral Karl Dönitz , dismissed Terboven from his post as Reichskommissar on 7 May 1945. On 8 May 1945, the day of Germany's surrender, Terboven committed suicide by detonating 50 kg of dynamite in a bunker on the Skaugum compound in Norway. His family survived in West Germany , and his wife, Ilse (Stahl) Terboven died in 1972. Terboven
148-620: A majority in the 1936 election , but stayed in office thanks to fluctuating support from various opposition parties. The night before 9 April 1940, the Norwegian Government was, like most other authorities in the country, surprised by the German invasion . At first, it chose resistance over capitulation. The Government left Norway on 7 June 1940 after the German conquest and established itself in London
185-680: A member of the Prussian State Council on 10 July 1933. On 28 June 1934, Terboven married Ilse Stahl, Joseph Goebbels 's former secretary and mistress. Adolf Hitler was a witness at the wedding, and while in Essen put into play preparations for the Night of the Long Knives . On 5 February 1935, Terboven was appointed Oberpräsident (High President) of Prussia's Rhine Province which included Gau Essen and three other Gaue. He thus united under his control
222-535: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Nygaardsvold%27s Cabinet Following the brief tenure of the Hornsrud cabinet in the winter of 1928, the Labour Party changed its political stance from revolutionary communism to social democracy . The main reason for the change was the realization that government power could be used for reforms that could lessen
259-614: The Reichskommissar for Norway during the German occupation . Terboven was born in Essen , Germany , and attended Volksschule and Realschule before he volunteered for military service during the First World War . After the war, he studied law and political science at the University of Munich and the University of Freiburg, where he first got involved in politics. Terboven joined
296-508: The Beisfjord massacre took place, the murder of hundreds of Yugoslavian political prisoners and prisoners-of-war by German and Norwegian concentration camp guards. Some 288 prisoners were shot to death, and many others were burned to death when the barracks were set on fire. Terboven had ordered the massacre a few days earlier. In July 1942, at least one German guard assigned to the Korgen prison camp
333-568: The Großgau Ruhr, the Essen district became an independent unit subordinated to the central Party headquarters in Munich. However, on 1 August 1930 the Essen district officially was raised to Gau status and Terboven was named Gauleiter . He would retain this post throughout the Nazi regime. In 1930, Terboven also became a City Councilor in Essen and a member of the Provincial Landtag of
370-521: The Großgau Ruhr. From 1927 to December 1930, Terboven was the editor of the weekly Nazi newspaper The New Front: The Weekly Sheet of the Working People. In 1929, he was sentenced to three months imprisonment for continuing to publish the proscribed paper. In the 20 May 1928 election, Terboven failed in his attempt to be elected to the Prussian Landtag . On 1 October 1928 upon the dissolution of
407-683: The Nazi Party in 1923, participated in the Beer Hall Putsch and eventually rose through the ranks to become the Gauleiter of Essen and the editor of various Nazi newspapers. After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Terboven was promoted to SA-Gruppenführer and was made a member of the Prussian State Council . In 1940, he was appointed Reichskommissar for Norway, a position that granted him significant power and control. Terboven established multiple concentration camps in Norway, ruthlessly persecuted
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#1733085848611444-659: The Nazi Party in November 1923 with membership number 25,247 and participated in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch in Munich . As an early Party member, he later would be awarded the Golden Party Badge . When the Party subsequently was outlawed, he continued to work at the bank until after the ban was lifted in February 1925. In August 1925 Terboven went to work full-time for the Party, becoming
481-764: The Norwegian Parliament building . Nothing in Terboven's background and training particularly qualified him for that post, but he had Hitler's full confidence. He was responsible to no one but Hitler, and within the Nazi governmental hierarchy, his office stood on the same level as the Reich Ministries. Terboven regarded himself as virtually an autonomous viceroy with what he termed "limitless power of command". His conception of his role resulted in his attempting to ignore any directives not issued by Hitler himself. Reichskommissar Terboven had supervisory authority over only
518-503: The Red Army advance in to the Finnmark region of northern Norway, Terboven instituted a scorched earth policy that resulted in the forced evacuation of 50,000 Norwegians and widespread destruction, including the burning of 10,000 homes; 4700 farms; and hundreds of schools, churches, shops and industrial buildings. As the tide of the war turned against Germany, Terboven's personal aspiration
555-647: The Rhine Province until it was dissolved in 1933. On 14 September 1930, Terboven was elected to the Reichstag from electoral constituency 23, Dusseldorf-West; he would serve as a Reichstag deputy until the end of the Nazi regime. From 15 December 1930, Terboven was also the editor of the National-Zeiting in Essen . After the Nazi seizure of power , Terboven was promoted to SA- Gruppenführer on 1 March 1933 and made
592-708: The Sachsenhausen concentration camp , in Germany. Of the 72 who were deported from Telavåg, 31 were murdered in captivity. The women and the children were imprisoned for two years. Another 18 Norwegian prisoners unrelated to Telavåg, who were held at the Trandum internment camp, were also executed as reprisals. In another incident, the shooting of two German police officials on 6 September 1942 led to Terboven personally declaring martial law in Trondheim from 5 to 12 October 1942. He imposed
629-582: The German civilian administration, which was very small and did not rule Norway directly. Day-to-day governmental affairs were managed by the existing seven-member Norwegian Administrative Council , which had been set up by the Norwegian Supreme Court after the king and cabinet fled into exile. On 25 September 1940, Terboven dismissed the Administrative Council and appointed a thirteen-member Provisional State Council to administer affairs. All
666-521: The Jewish population and focused on crushing the Norwegian resistance movement. His actions led to numerous atrocities, such as the Beisfjord massacre in which hundreds of Yugoslavian political prisoners and prisoners-of-war were murdered. As the tide of the war turned against Germany, Terboven implemented a scorched earth policy in northern Norway that resulted in the forced evacuation of 50,000 Norwegians and widespread destruction. He hoped to turn Norway into
703-734: The Norwegians, as they alienated the population against the Germans. Terboven's relations with the army commander were strained, but his relations with the Higher SS and Police Leader , Wilhelm Rediess , were very good, and he co-operated in providing Rediess's staff a free hand with their policies of repression. Terboven established multiple concentration camps in Norway, including Falstad concentration camp near Levanger and Bredtvet concentration camp in Oslo in late 1941. At one of those camps on 18 July 1942
740-456: The accused provided no adequate defense. The trials were not open to the public, and the proceedings were not published. Sentences were carried out shortly after they were pronounced with no right of appeal. It is estimated that some 150 individuals were sentenced to death by these tribunals. Many more were sentenced to long terms of hard labour. On 26 April 1942, the Nazis learned that two members of
777-413: The formation of a Norwegian puppet regime on 1 February 1942 under Quisling as minister-president , the so-called Quisling government . Terboven also did not have authority over the 400,000 regular German Army forces that were stationed in Norway which were under the command of Generaloberst Nikolaus von Falkenhorst , but he commanded a personal force of around 6,000 men of whom 800 were part of
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#1733085848611814-566: The head of a small Nazi newspaper and book distributorship in Essen. At this time he also founded the Ortsgruppe (Local Group) in Essen, becoming its first Ortsgruppenleiter . He also joined the Sturmabteilung (SA) becoming the SA- Führer in Essen. He formally re-enrolled in the Party on 15 December 1925. By 1927, he had advanced to Bezirksleiter (District Leader) of the Essen district in
851-517: The highest party and governmental offices within his jurisdiction. On 27 April 1935 Terboven received the Golden Party Badge . He was promoted to the rank of SA- Obergruppenführer on 9 November 1936. On the outbreak of war on 1 September 1939, he was named Reich Defense Commissioner for Wehrkreis (Military District) VI, which included his Gau together with Gau Dusseldorf , Gau Cologne-Aachen , most of Gau Westphalia-North and Gau Westphalia-South and part of Gau Weser-Ems . On 16 November 1942,
888-551: The impact of the economic crisis . In the 1933 election the party used the slogans "Work for everyone" and "Country and city, hand in hand". The last time the party portrayed itself as "revolutionary" was the 1930 election . The Labour Party advanced in the 1933 election, but did not get a majority. Instead they made a compromise with the Farmer Party , allowing Nygaardsvold to enter the Council of State . The party also failed to gain
925-634: The jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the Wehrkreis to the Gau level and Terboven remained Commissioner for only his Gau of Essen. Terboven was named Reichskommissar for Norway on 24 April 1940 even before the military invasion 's completion on 10 June. He moved into Skaugum , the official residence of Crown Prince Olav , in September 1940 and made his headquarters in
962-462: The members were Terboven's hand-picked appointees and worked under his control and supervision. A proclamation was issued deposing King Haakon VII , outlawing the government-in-exile, disbanding the Storting and banning all political parties except Vidkun Quisling ’s Nasjonal Samling . Terboven therefore remained in ultimate charge of Norway until the end of the war in 1945, even after he had permitted
999-549: The next three days. Despite the small number of Jews in Norway's population (around 1,800), Terboven persecuted them relentlessly. Some 930 managed to escape to neighboring Sweden , but some 770 were rounded up and deported to Germany. The main deportation occurred on 26 November 1942, when 532 Jews were shipped to Stettin aboard the SS Donau . From there, they were transported to the Auschwitz concentration camp , and only 9 survived
1036-468: The pan-political Gerhardsen cabinet took over. Below are the four de facto governments in Oslo during the war, either sympathising with or appointed by German forces. The Reichskommissar in Oslo was Josef Terboven . Josef Terboven Josef Antonius Heinrich Terboven (23 May 1898 – 8 May 1945) was a German Nazi Party official and politician who was the long-serving Gauleiter of Gau Essen and
1073-485: The resistance were being sheltered by the inhabitants of Telavåg , a small fishing village. When the Gestapo arrived, shots were exchanged, and two Gestapo agents were killed. Terboven was outraged and personally led a reprisal raid on 30 April that was quick and brutal. All buildings were burned to the ground, all boats were sunk or confiscated and all livestock taken away. All men in the village were either executed or sent to
1110-520: The same day, along with King Haakon VII and Crown Prince Olav . Back in Norway, over the course of the war, four de facto governments were led by Vidkun Quisling and Josef Terboven . The Government-in-exile is sometimes referred to as the London Cabinet . It returned to Norway on 31 May 1945 aboard the UK troop ship RMS Andes . On 12 June, Nygaardsvold announced his resignation, and on 25 June,
1147-424: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title London Cabinet . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Cabinet&oldid=848990172 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
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1184-537: The secret police. In contrast to the military forces commanded by Falkenhorst, which aimed to reach an understanding with the Norwegian people and were under orders by Falkenhorst to treat Norwegians with courtesy, Terboven behaved in a petty and ruthless way and was widely disliked not only by the Norwegians but also by many Germans. Goebbels , the Reich Minister of Propaganda , expressed annoyance in his diaries about what he called Terboven's "bullying tactics" against
1221-517: The war. On 25 February 1943, another 158 were similarly deported aboard the M S Gotenland , and only six survived. On 25 September 1944, Terboven, in his capacity as Gauleiter of Essen, was named commander of the Volkssturm units in the Gau. In reality, it was his Deputy Gauleiter , Fritz Schlessmann , who executed those duties as he had been Acting Gauleiter in Essen during Terboven's absence in Norway since 1940. In October 1944, in response to
1258-546: Was awarded the Iron Cross , 1st and 2nd class, and attained the rank of Leutnant before being discharged on 22 December 1918. He studied law and political science at the University of Munich and the University of Freiburg , where he first got involved in politics. He dropped out of the university in 1922 without earning a degree and trained as a bank official in Essen, working as a bank clerk through June 1925. Terboven joined
1295-461: Was born in Essen , the son of minor landed gentry of Dutch descent. The family name comes from the Low German daar boven ("up there"), referring to a farmstead on a hill. Josef Terboven attended Volksschule and Realschule in Essen until 1915 and then volunteered for military service in the First World War . He served with Feldartillerie Regiment 9 and then with the nascent air force . He
1332-638: Was killed. The commandant ordered retribution: execution by gunfire for "39 prisoners at Korgen and 20 at Osen ";. In the days that followed, Terboven also ordered retribution, and around 400 prisoners shot and killed in various camps. From 1941, Terboven increasingly focused on crushing the Norwegian resistance movement , which engaged in acts of sabotage and assassination against the Germans. On 17 September, Terboven decreed that special SS and Police Tribunals would have jurisdiction over Norwegian citizens who violated his decrees. They were summary proceedings with
1369-562: Was to organise Festung Norwegen (Fortress Norway) for the Nazi regime's last stand. However, after Hitler's suicide, his successor, Großadmiral Karl Dönitz , summoned Terboven to his headquarters in Flensburg on 3 May 1945 and ordered him to cooperate with winding down hostilities. Terboven expressed his desire to continue fighting. Consequently, Dönitz dismissed Terboven from his post as Reichskommissar on 7 May and transferred his powers to General der Gebirgstruppe Franz Böhme . With
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