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48-452: The party emerged in 2001 as a split from Lega Lombarda – Lega Nord led by Roberto Bernardelli , a long-time member of Lega Nord, at the time a regional deputy for Lombardy. The main reason why Bernardelli left the party was that he considered it to be too similar to Forza Italia , the coalition partner of Lega Nord since 2000. In the 2005 regional elections in Lombardy , the party won 0.9% of

96-401: A commissioner, Stefano Borghesi , to fill the post. Borghesi was later replaced by Grimoldi. In November 2015 Grimoldi was elected national secretary of the party. In May 2017, after Salvini's re-election as LN federal secretary, five LL members (Bordonali, Fabrizio Cecchetti , Giulio De Capitani , Simona Pergreffi and Jacopo Vignati ) were elected to the federal council with Salvini,

144-414: A sixth (Giorgetti) was elected as an independent and a seventh (Gianni Fava) on behalf of the minority. In December Stucchi was elected president of LL, replacing Giorgetti, who whose more and more involved at the federal level as deputy of Salvini. In the 2018 regional election LL's Attilio Fontana was elected President of Lombardy with 49.8% of the vote and the party obtained 29.4%. Contextually, in

192-443: The 2001 general election , three LL members joined Berlusconi's government as ministers: Bossi (who would later have health problems and be replaced by Calderoli), Maroni and Roberto Castelli . In 2002 Calderoli was replaced by Giancarlo Giorgetti , while Castelli became president. In the 2010 regional election the party gained 26.2%, its best result so far. In 2012 Giorgetti decided to step down from national secretary and

240-453: The 2009 European Parliament election . In the provincial election of Brescia , the party won 2.9% of the vote, while its candidate Arrighini scored 3.2%. In February 2010 the party chose not to run its own lists in the 2010 regional election . In a press release, Ferrari explained that the party was only at 1.8–2.3% in the opinion polls (below the 3% threshold needed by parties outside big coalitions to elect any regional councillors) and that

288-576: The 2018 general election the party won 28.0% of the vote and Salvini, as deputy prime minister and minister of the Interior, plus other two LL members would serve in Giuseppe Conte 's first government until September 2019. In 2021 the party would join Mario Draghi 's government with two LL members, Giorgetti as minister of Economic Development and Massimo Garavaglia as minister of Tourism. Following

336-805: The 2018 regional election it won 45.8% in Sondrio , 34.4% in Brescia , 36.7% in Bergamo , 33.4% in Lecco , 32.6% in Como and 30.9% in Varese (the party's cradle and original stronghold). However, the party obtained good results also in southern provinces, notably 33.4% in Lodi and 33.0% in Cremona . The electoral results of Lega Lombarda in the region since 1989 are shown in the tables below. Only

384-477: The 2023 regional election , Fontana was re-elected with 54.6% of the vote, but the party won 22.7% (combined result of party list and Fontana's personal list), coming second to Brothers of Italy (FdI), which thus obtained a large share of the regional government and one of its members at the head of the Regional Council . The party has its heartland in the northern and mountain provinces of Lombardy . In

432-651: The Battle of Custoza (24–25 July 1848), entered Milan (6 August) and Venice (24 August 1849), and once again restored Austrian rule. Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria ruled over the kingdom for the rest of its existence. The office of viceroy was abolished and replaced by a governor-general . The office was initially assumed by Field Marshal Radetzky - upon his retirement in 1857, it passed to Franz Joseph's younger brother Maximilian (who later became emperor of Mexico ), who served as governor-general in Milan from 1857 to 1859. After

480-684: The Five Days of Milan and the federalist thought of Carlo Cattaneo , even though the Lombard sentiment was often intertwined with Italian nationalism , especially during the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia under the Austrian Empire . Anti-Rome and anti-Italian sentiments grew after World War II . In 1947 Giulio Bergmann , who would later serve as senator for the Italian Republican Party , launched

528-583: The Habsburg monarchy since 1714 and together with the adjacent Duchy of Mantua by the Austrian branch of the dynasty from 1708 to 1796, and of the former Republic of Venice , which had been under Austrian rule intermittently upon the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio . The Congress of Vienna combined these lands into a single kingdom, ruled in personal union by the Habsburg Emperor of Austria ; as distinct from

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576-578: The Kingdom of Sardinia . Lombardy-Venetia was finally dissolved in 1866 when its remaining territory was incorporated into the recently proclaimed Kingdom of Italy following the kingdom's victory against Austria in the Third Italian War of Independence . In the Treaty of Paris in 1814, the Austrians had confirmed their claims to the territories of the former Lombard Duchy of Milan , which had been ruled by

624-555: The List for Trieste and finally Liga Veneta (LV), Bossi learned about federalism and autonomism. Consequently, he started a series of publications and organisations, notably the Lombard North-Western Union for Autonomy, along with his brother Franco and Roberto Maroni , an activist of Proletarian Democracy . In the 1983 general election Bossi, along with future regional councillor Roberto Bernardelli , stood as candidate for

672-603: The Second Italian War of Independence and the defeat in the Battle of Solferino in 1859, Austria by the Treaty of Zurich had to cede Lombardy up to the Mincio River, except for the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera , to the French Emperor Napoleon III , who immediately passed it to the Kingdom of Sardinia and the embryonic Italian state. Maximilian retired to Miramare Castle near Trieste , while

720-654: The regional elections . The LL was the most voted among the new regional parties, with 18.9% of the vote in the 1990 Lombard regional election (the LV was riven in internal conflicts at the time and especially suffered the competition of Green lists and the Union of the Venetian People ). In February 1991 the LL finally was merged with the five parties of the LL–AN alliance and newly-formed parties in

768-571: The " Five Days of Milan ", the Austrians fled from Milan , which became the capital city of a Governo Provvisorio della Lombardia (Lombardy Provisional Government). The next day, Venice also rose against the Austrian rule, forming the Governo Provvisorio di Venezia (Venice Provisional Government). The Austrian forces under Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky , after defeating the Sardinian troops at

816-464: The Austrian officials. The Italian-language Gazzetta di Milano was the official newspaper of the kingdom. Civil servants employed in the administration were predominantly Italian, with only about 10% of them being recruited from other regions of the Austrian Empire. Some bilingual Italian-German-speaking civil servants came from the neighbouring County of Tyrol . The German language, however,

864-539: The CN narrowly won in Bergamo and Brescia , while the pro-Salvini wing retained Varese for a handful of votes. In November 2023, Castelli started his own People's Party of the North . In the meantime, the party joined Giorgia Meloni 's government with five LL ministers, including Salvini as deputy prime minister and minister of Infrastructure and Transport and Giorgetti as minister of Economy and Finance. A few months later, in

912-548: The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia comprised two independent governments ( Gubernien ) in its two parts, which officially were declared separate crown lands in 1851. Each part was further subdivided into several provinces, roughly corresponding with the départements of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. Lombardy included the provinces of Milan, Como, Bergamo, Brescia, Pavia, Cremona, Mantua, Lodi-Crema, and Sondrio. Venetia included

960-700: The LN obtained 8.7% of the vote countrywide, of which 23.0% in Lombardy, and dozens of LL members were elected to the Chamber and Senate. In 1993 Luigi Negri took over as secretary, replacing Bossi, who had to choose between national and federal office. After the 1994 general election , in which the LN ran within Silvio Berlusconi 's Pole of Freedoms coalition, three LL members joined Berlusconi's government as ministers: Maroni (the party's recognised number two), Vito Gnutti and Speroni. In December, Bossi chose to leave

1008-636: The List of Trieste, with little success, especially if compared with the LV, which obtained one elect to the Chamber of Deputies and one to the Senate , and would have elects also in the 1985 regional election . On 12 April 1984 the Lega Autonomista Lombarda (Lombard Autonomist League, LAL) was officially established by Bossi, who used the resonance of the name of the historical Lega Lombarda when choosing

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1056-744: The Movement for Local Autonomies in the province of Bergamo . In 1956 Guido Calderoli established the Bergamasque Autonomist Movement , which later evolved in the Autonomist Lombard Regional Movement and the Autonomist Padanian Regional Movement, before re-joining Christian Democracy . Calderoli would later form a short-lived Lega Lombarda and the Union of Autonomists of Italy, which obtained 0.06% of

1104-425: The administration. Von Schönhals further noted that the Austrians mistrusted and refused the local aristocrats from high government offices, as they traditionally had rejected university education and had been able to gain leadership positions because of their family background. Consequently, the aristocrats saw themselves deprived of the possibility of establishing themselves in the management of society and supported

1152-504: The capital was relocated to Venice . However, remaining Venetia and Mantua likewise fell to the Kingdom of Italy in the aftermath of the Third Italian War of Independence , by the 1866 Peace of Prague . The territory of Venetia and Mantua was formally transferred from Austria to France, and then handed over to Italy on 19 October 1866, for diplomatic reasons; a plebiscite marked the Italian annexation on 21–22 October 1866. Administratively

1200-414: The first time since 1428, Lombardy reappeared as an entity, the first time in history that the term " Lombardy " was officially used to call specifically that entity and not for the whole of Northern Italy . The administration used Italian as its language in its internal and external communications and documents, and the language's dominant position in politics, finance or jurisdiction was not questioned by

1248-509: The formation of Lega per Salvini Premier and the 2019 federal congress of the LN, after which the latter became practically inactive, in February 2020 the LL was re-established as Lega Lombarda per Salvini Premier in order to become the regional section of the new party. The founding members of the new LL were Attilio Fontana, Paolo Grimoldi, Daniele Belotti , Stefano Borghesi, Fabrizio Cecchetti e Gian Marco Centinaio . Grimoldi continued to led

1296-541: The government over pension reform. The break-up of the coalition supporting the government and its replacement by Lamberto Dini 's "technocratic" government , thanks to the LN's support, led Negri and others to defect to the Federalist Italian League or the Federalists and Liberal Democrats , while Maroni, despite disagreements with Bossi, chose to stay in the party and was warmly re-welcomed by Bossi. Negri

1344-522: The last king to be crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy . The crown was subsequently brought to Vienna after the loss of Lombardy in 1859 but was restored to Italy after the loss of Venetia in 1866. Though the local administration was Italian in language and staff, the Austrian authorities had to cope with the Italian unification ( Risorgimento ) movement. After a popular revolution on 22 March 1848, known as

1392-430: The leading member of the coalition named Lega Lombarda – Alleanza Nord (LL–AN), which included other five regional parties: the LV, Autonomist Piedmont , Ligurian Union , Emilia-Romagna League and Tuscan Alliance . In Lombardy the list obtained 8.1% in Lombardy and two MEPs , Francesco Speroni and Luigi Moretti . In 1989–1990 the LL took part in the process of federating the northern regionalist parties, ahead of

1440-536: The name, Giuseppe Leoni , Manuela Marrone (Bossi's future wife), Pierangelo Brivio (Marrone's brother-in-law), Marino Moroni and Emilio Sogliaghi, but not Maroni who had taken a hiatus from politics and would return in 1989. In the 1984 European Parliament election , the LL joined forces with the LV, the Trentino Tyrolean People's Party , the Piedmontese Union and other minor parties, obtaining 0.5% of

1488-707: The neighbouring Grand Duchy of Tuscany , the Duchy of Modena and Reggio as well as the Duchy of Parma , which remained independent entities under Habsburg rule. The Austrian emperor was represented day-to-day by viceroys appointed by the Imperial Court in Vienna and resident in Milan and Venice . The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia was first ruled by Emperor Francis I from 1815 until his death in 1835. His son Ferdinand I ruled from 1835 to 1848. In Milan on 6 September 1838, he became

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1536-420: The northern autonomous regions and provinces (the future Lega Vallée d'Aoste , Lega Alto Adige Südtirol , Lega Trentino , Lega Friuli and Lega Trieste ) into Lega Nord (LN). Since then, the LL has been the "national" section of the LN in Lombardy. Bossi was subsequently elected federal secretary of the LN, while maintaining the role of national secretary of the LL for a while. In the 1992 general election

1584-565: The only result of their standing would have been to damage the like-minded "cousins" in Lega Lombarda–Lega Nord and to help The People of Freedom . The candidate of LPL would have been Giancarlo Pagliarini , a former minister for Lega Nord. In 2011 local elections the party won 2.6% of the vote in the Province of Mantua and 1.5% in the Province of Pavia , while its candidate for mayor of Milan , Giancarlo Pagliarini, gained just 0.6% of

1632-481: The party elected its new leadership at a congress in June. Matteo Salvini ran as candidate of the faction around Roberto Maroni , while Cesarino Monti , a former mayor and senator, was the candidate of the old guard and of Bossi's loyalists. Salvini won the election with 74% of the votes, that is to say the support of 403 delegates out of 532. Soon after, Giorgetti was appointed national president. In July 2012 Maroni

1680-402: The party have included Umberto Bossi , Roberto Maroni , Roberto Calderoli , Giancarlo Giorgetti , Francesco Speroni , Roberto Castelli , Matteo Salvini , who has led the federal party since 2013, Gian Marco Centinaio and Attilio Fontana , who has served as president of Lombardy since 2018. The origins of Lombard identity and Lombard nationalism can be traced in the Duchy of Milan ,

1728-553: The party through 2020. In February 2021 Cecchetti replaced Grimoldi as pro-tempore coordinator. Grimoldi would become a frequent critic of the political line of the federal party, perceived to be too Rome-centric. After the disappointing result 2022 general election , in which the party was reduced to 13.3% of the vote in Lombardy, some leading members of the party's traditional wing, rooted in Padanian nationalism, formed Comitato Nord (English: Northern Committee , CN). The Committee

1776-649: The provinces of Venice, Verona, Padua, Vicenza, Treviso, Rovigo, Belluno, and Udine. According to the Ethnographic map of Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen, issued by the Imperial and Royal Administration of Statistics in 1855, the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia then had a population of 5,024,117 people, consisting of the following ethnic groups: 4,625,746 Italians (Lombard-Venetians); 351,805 Friulians ; 12,084 Germans ( Cimbrians in Venetia); 26,676 Slovenians ; and 7,806 Jews . For

1824-411: The results before Lega Nord 's founding are reported here. Kingdom of Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia ( Latin : Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae ), commonly called the " Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom " ( Italian : Regno Lombardo-Veneto ; German: Königreich Lombardo-Venetien ), was a constituent land ( crown land ) of the Austrian Empire from 1815 to 1866. It

1872-481: The vote countrywide and 0.7% in the province of Varese (the LV was stronger than the LL at the time). In the 1985 regional election the LL won 0.5% of the vote. In 1986 the party took the current name. In the 1987 general election , the LL gained 2.6% of the vote in Lombardy : Bossi was elected to the Senate and Leoni to the Chamber of Deputies . The party participated in the 1989 European Parliament election as

1920-581: The vote in the 1970 regional election . In the late 1970s Umberto Bossi , a former activist of the Italian Communist Party , emerged as the leading figure of Lombard nationalism. Through contacts with regional nationalist movements and parties, like the Valdostan Union (party leader Bruno Salvadori , who died in a car accident in 1980, was a close friend), the Ossolan Union for Autonomy ,

1968-407: The vote, despite not having candidates in all provinces. In 2008 the party joined Independentist Front Lombardy (led by Max Ferrari ) and Lombardy Project (led by Giulio Arrighini ) in order to form Lombardia Autonoma , a coalition of parties offering an alternative to Lega Lombarda. In 2009 the party returned to the name of Lega Padana Lombardia . Max Ferrari was a candidate for Autonomy in

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2016-470: The vote. All of these results fell short of the electoral thresholds. In November 2011 the party was merged into the Padanian Union . Lega Lombarda Lega Lombarda (English: Lombard League ; abbr. LL ), whose complete name is Lega Lombarda per Salvini Premier (English: Lombard League for Salvini Premier ), is a regionalist political party active in Lombardy . Established in 1984, it

2064-623: Was created in 1815 by resolution of the Congress of Vienna in recognition of the Austrian House of Habsburg-Lorraine 's rights to the former Duchy of Milan and the former Republic of Venice after the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy , proclaimed in 1805, had collapsed. The kingdom only survived for fifty years—the region of Lombardy was ceded to France in 1859 after the Second Italian War of Independence , which then immediately ceded it to

2112-568: Was elected federal secretary of the LN by its federal congress. The Lombard delegates elected six members to the federal council: Giacomo Stucchi , Paolo Grimoldi , Andrea Mascetti , Gianni Fava , Simona Bordonali , and, on behalf of the minority, Marco Desiderati . In the 2013 regional election Maroni was elected President of Lombardy with 42.8% of the vote and the party won 23.2% (combined result of party list and Maroni's personal list). In November 2013 Salvini succeeded to Maroni as Lega Nord's federal secretary and, later on, he appointed

2160-495: Was inspired by Umberto Bossi and, under the leadership of Grimoldi and Angelo Ciocca , it attracted more than one thousand members in a couple of months. The inaugural event of the Committee, held in early December, was attended by some 600 people, including former ministers Roberto Castelli and Francesco Speroni . Contextually, provincial congresses were held in some of the party's strongholds: critics of Salvini affiliated with

2208-399: Was one of the founding "national" sections of Lega Nord (LN) in 1991 and has been the regional section of Lega per Salvini Premier (LSP) in Lombardy since 2020. Along with Liga Veneta , the LL has formed the bulk of the federal party (LN/LSP), which has been led by Lombards since its foundation. The LL is currently led by a pro-tempore coordinator, Federico Cecchetti . Leading members of

2256-425: Was replaced as secretary by Roberto Calderoli , grandnewphew of Guido Calderoli, who, as president, had evicted him from the party, despite being his brother-in-law. Calderoli led the party to its best result up to that point in the 1996 general election , when it gained 25.5%. After the 2000 regional election , the party joined the regional government and has since been a member of it, with no exceptions. After

2304-448: Was the command language of the military, and top police officials were native German-speakers from other parts of the empire. The highest governorships were also reserved for Austrian aristocrats. Austrian General Karl von Schönhals wrote in his memoirs that the Austrian administration enjoyed the support of the rural population and the middle class educated at the universities of Pavia and Padua , who were able to pursue careers in

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