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62-449: Dr. Prakash Amte and his wife Dr. Mandakini Amte, who serve as the medical director and medical officer at the project respectively, were awarded the 2008 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership. Davakhana means clinic in Marathi . In this project, primary health care has been given top priority. Six sub-centres were started in the interior forest area, geographically wide apart from

124-589: A pardhan , a bard, plays a fiddle. Three people are important in Gond religious ceremonies: the baiga (village priest), the bhumka (clan priest), and the kaser-gaita (leader of the village). As Kupar Lingo, the high god of the Gonds is depicted as a clean-shaven young prince wearing a trident-shaped crown, the munshul , which represents the head, heart, and body. There are many shrines to Kupar Lingo in Gondwana, and he

186-457: A Scheduled Caste , but by 2007, they were one of several groups that was redesignated as Scheduled Tribes. As of 2017, that tribal designation applies only to certain districts, not the entire state. The 2011 Census of India for Uttar Pradesh showed the Gond population at 21,992. Gondi people have been portrayed in the 2017 Amit V. Masurkar film Newton and in S.S. Rajamouli 's 2022 blockbuster RRR , in which N. T. Rama Rao Jr. plays

248-630: A Scheduled Tribe for the purpose of India's system of reservation . The Gond have formed many kingdoms of historical significance. Gondwana was the ruling kingdom in the Gondwana region of India. This includes the eastern part of the Vidarbha of Maharashtra. The Garha Kingdom includes the parts of Madhya Pradesh immediately to the north of it and parts of western Chhattisgarh. The wider region extends beyond these, also including parts of northern Telangana, western Odisha, and southern Uttar Pradesh. Gondi

310-419: A saja tree. The Mahua plant , whose flowers produce a liquor considered purifying, is also revered. In many Gond weddings, the bride and groom circle a post made out of a Mahua tree during the ceremony, and the Gonds of Adilabad perform the first ceremonies of the year when Mahua flowers bloom. Gonds also believe in rain gods. One early British anthropologist noted how during the pre-monsoon hunting ceremony,

372-468: A great diversity of wild animals in this relatively undisturbed, thick forest. Amte’s Animal Ark – Orphanage cum Rescue Center at Hemalkasa includes leopards , bears , snakes, deer , wild boars , crocodiles , lions, hyenas , etc. Negal I and Negal II are books based upon real stories of leopards who grew here. Authored by Vilas Balkrishna Manohar, volunteer with the Lok Biradari Prakalp,

434-706: A partly successful armed struggle against colonial forest policy that denied the Madia and Muria Gonds of Bastar, along with other tribes in the region, access to the forest for their livelihoods. In the early 1920s, Komaram Bheem , a Gond leader from Adilabad in Hyderabad state, rebelled against the Nizam and sought a separate Gond raj. It was he who coined the well-known slogan jal, jangal, jameen ("water, forest, land") that has symbolised Adivasi movements since independence. In 1916, Gondi intellectuals from various parts of Gondwana formed

496-451: A residential school, Lok Biradari Prakalp Ashram Shala, and an orphanage for injured wild animals, the Amte's Animal Park . The project provides health care to about 40,000 individuals annually. The Lok Biradari Prakalp Ashram School has over 600 students, residents and day scholars. Work of Amte's for Gond tribals and their philanthropic work in the form of the Lok Biradari Prakalp amongst

558-411: Is a fifth saga , Sarpe saga , which for marriage purposes is linked with Sarwen , although their origin myths are different. According to Gond mythology, all sagas once lived in a single village but soon moved out and established individual villages. The names of these ancestral villages are preserved in culture and sometimes identified with present-day locations. The number of ancestors for each saga

620-514: Is a major festival for Adilabad 's Gond tribes, which they celebrate with the traditional Gussadi dance , donning peacock-feathered turbans, saffron attire, and joining in festive groups. The Gondi people have their own version of the Ramayana , known as the Gond Ramayani , derived from oral folk legends. It consists of seven stories with Lakshmana as the protagonist, set after the main events of

682-460: Is an affinity between Gonds and Munda peoples , researchers point to a more complex event involving language shift through a Dravidian linguistic expansion, rather than a recent event of Gondi replacing a North Munda language, hence supporting distinct origins for these two groups. R. V. Russell believed the Gonds came into Gondwana from the south : up the Godavari into Vidarbha , from there up

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744-515: Is caused by spirit possession. Many Gonds worship Ravana , whom they consider to be the tenth dharmaguru of their people, the ancestor-king of one of their four lineages and the eightieth lingo (great teacher). On Dussehra , Gondi inhabitants of Paraswadi in Gadchiroli district carry an image of Ravana riding an elephant in a procession to worship him and "protest" the burning of his effigies. Gonds venerate plants and animals, especially

806-502: Is claimed to be related to the Telugu language . The 2011 Census of India recorded about 2.4 million speakers of Gondi as a macrolanguage and 2.91 million speakers of languages within the Gondi subgroup, including languages such as Maria (also known as Maadiya Gond). Many Gonds also speak regionally dominant languages such as Hindi , Marathi , Odia , and Telugu. According to the 1971 census,

868-423: Is divided into several exogamous patrilineal units known as sagas . The number depends on the region, with Gonds in the hills of Madhya Pradesh and the northern Nagpur plain having only two and those in the southern Nagpur plain and Adilabad having four. In Adilabad, these Sagas are called Yerwen , Sarwen , Siwen , and Nalwen , and their names refer to the number of ancestors for that saga . In Adilabad, there

930-484: Is divided into several parallel lineages, called kita . Each of these kita has a specific ritual function within Gond society: for instance, the katora kita is the only kita that presides over the worship of Persa Pen . Kita in some clans use Maratha titles like Deshmukh, bestowed on certain Gond chiefs. The kita functions only in the ritual sphere. Sometimes, the clans are also divided into khandan , or subclans, which are generally organic in nature. Each khandan

992-412: Is its symbol, and on many ceremonial and ritual occasions, the number of involved animals, people, actions, or objects corresponds to that saga 's number. The saga exists mostly in the sphere of ritual and has no real political or organizational significance. The most visible sign of saga consciousness is in the worship of Persa Pen , although this occurs mainly at the clan level. All worshippers of

1054-483: Is like a mini-clan, in that it has its own set of ritual objects for worship of Persa Pen and is formed when a group in a pari including a katora decide to set up a new centre for worship of Persa Pen . Eventually, this group becomes solidified into a khandan . Many astronomical ideas were known to ancient Gonds, who had their own local terms for the Sun, Moon, Milky Way, and constellations. Most of these ideas served as

1116-606: Is now carried over by their sons Digant and Aniket and their respective families who are helping their parents now. Amte has published two autobiographies, Prakashvata (Pathways to Light), originally written in Marathi and now translated into English, Gujarati and Kannada, Sanskrit, Hindi and Raanmitra (Jungle Friends). Amte has received many national and international awards, which include: The biographical film Dr Prakash Baba Amte : The Real Hero starring Nana Patekar as Prakash Amte and Sonali Kulkarni as Mandakini Amte

1178-518: Is revered as an ancestral hero. Per Gond religious beliefs, their ancestor Rupolang Pahandi Pari Kupar Lingo was born as the son of the chief Pulsheev, during the reign of Sambhu-Gaura, several thousand years ago. Kupar Lingo became the ruler of the Koya race and established the Gondi Punem, a code of conduct and philosophy that the Gondi practice. He gathered thirty-three disciples to teach the Gondi Punem to

1240-471: Is shown only to clan and village deities, ancestors, and totems. These village deities include Aki Pen , the village guardian and the anwal , the village mother goddess, a similar paradigm to folk traditions of other Dravidian peoples. Before any festival occurs, these two deities are worshipped. Each clan has their own persa pen , meaning "great god". This god is benign at heart but can display violent tendencies. However, these tendencies are reduced when

1302-655: The Indravati into Bastar , and up the Wardha and Wainganga into the Satpura Range . The first historical reference to the Gonds appears in Muslim writings from the 14th century. Scholars believe the Gonds ruled Gondwana , a region extending from present-day eastern Madhya Pradesh to western Odisha, and from northern Andhra Pradesh to the southeastern corner of Uttar Pradesh, between the 13th and 19th centuries CE. The first kingdom of

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1364-834: The Lok Biradari Prakalp amongst the Madia Gonds in the Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra and the neighbouring states of Telangana and Madhya Pradesh . In November 2019 he was awarded with the ICMR Lifetime Achievement Award by Bill Gates . Prakash Amte is the second son of Magsaysay awardee Baba Amte . He obtained a medical degree from Government Medical College (GMC), Nagpur, and he met his wife Mandakini during their post graduation studies at Government Medical College (GMC), Nagpur. Prakash and Mandakini joined Baba Amte and helped her father and others overcome

1426-530: The Mughals incorporated territory to their south into the Berar Subah . The kingdom of Garha was founded in the 14th century by Jadurai, who deposed the previous Kalachuri rulers. Garha-Mandla is known for queen Rani Durgavati , who fought against Mughal emperor Akbar (d. 1564). Mandla was then ruled by her son Bir Narayan, who similarly fought until he died. Afterward, his kingdom was offered to Chanda Shah by

1488-523: The saja tree. In some places, death is associated with a saja ( Terminalia elliptica ) tree. Stones representing souls of the dead, or hanals , are kept in a hanalkot at the foot of a saja tree. When there is no specific shrine for the village mother goddess, the saja tree is her abode. In addition, the Penkara , or holy circle of the clan, is under this tree. Gonds in Seoni believe Baradeo lives in

1550-614: The Gond Mahasabha to protect Gondi culture from increasing outside influence. The organisation held meetings in 1931 and 1934 to discuss ways to preserve Gond culture from manipulation by outsiders, social norms the Gonds should have, and solidarity between the Gonds of different parts of Gondwana. Starting in the 1940s, various Gond leaders agitated for a separate state that would encompass the erstwhile territory of Gondwana, especially tribal areas of eastern Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, Vidharbha, and Adilabad. The demand reached its peak in

1612-456: The Gondi kingdoms worshipped Vishnu as their patron deity. The Gonds worship ancestral deities known as Angadevs , which Brahminical Hindus claim are a representation of the goddess Mahakali . There were seven groups of Angadevs, rescued by Pari Kupar Lingo from the Kachchargardh caves. In one version, there were twenty-eight Angadevs, and in another version, there were thirty-three. In

1674-682: The Gondi population was 5.01 million. By the 1991 census, this had increased to 9.3 million and by 2001, the figure was nearly 11 million. For the past few decades, the group has been witness to the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency , in India. Gondi people, at the behest of the Chhattisgarh government, formed the Salwa Judum , an armed militant group, to fight the Naxalite insurgency. This was disbanded by order of

1736-448: The Gonds as "plunderers" and "thieves" before their takeover, began to view the Gonds as "timid" and "meek" by the mid-19th century. The remaining Gond zamindaris were absorbed into the Indian union upon independence. During colonial rule, the Gonds were marginalised by colonial forest management practices. The Bastar rebellion of 1910, better known in the tribal belt as the bhumkal , was

1798-621: The Gonds was that of Chanda , founded in 1200, although some genealogies trace its founders to the 9th century CE. The Gonds of Chanda originated from Sirpur in what is now northern Telangana and were said to have overthrown the previous rulers of the country, called the Mana dynasty. Another theory states that after the downfall of the Kakatiyas in 1318, the Gonds of Sirpur had the opportunity to throw off outside domination and built their own kingdom. The kingdom of Chanda developed extensive irrigation and

1860-529: The Madia Gonds in Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra and the neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh also won them recognition. Dr Prakash and his family also run a large animal conservation facility in Hemalkasa in Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra where rare, protected, and endangered animals are cared and have freedom to roam. The family's legacy in philanthropy and animal conservation

1922-842: The Ramayana, where he finds a bride. According to the 2011 census , there were 1,026,344 followers of the "Gondi" religion in India, with the majority residing in Madhya Pradesh (584,884), followed by Chhattisgarh (368,438), Maharashtra (66,857), Uttar Pradesh (3,419), and Jharkhand (2,419). The majority of Gond people still follow their own traditions of nature worship , but like many other tribes in India, their religion has been influenced by Brahminical Hinduism . Many Gond people practice their own indigenous religion, Koyapunem , while some follow Sarnaism . Pola , Phag, and Dassera are some of their major festivals. A small number of Gonds are Christian or Muslim . In medieval times,

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1984-687: The Supreme Court of India on 5 July 2011, however. The origin of the name Gond, used by outsiders, is still uncertain. Some believe the word to derive from the Dravidian kond , meaning hill, similar to the Khonds of Odisha. Another theory, according to Vol. 3 of the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life , is that the name was given to them by the Mughal dynasty of the 16th–18th centuries. It

2046-528: The amount of blood spilled by the animals was indicative of the amount of rain to follow. The gods are known as pen in the singular and pennoo in the plural. Other gods worshipped by the Gonds include: Gondi people are designated as a Scheduled Tribe in Andhra Pradesh, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Odisha, and West Bengal. The Government of Uttar Pradesh had classified them as

2108-450: The basis for their timekeeping and calendrical activities. The Gondi language is spoken by almost 3 million people, mainly in the southern area of the Gond range. This area encompasses the southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra, northern Telganana, and southern Chhattisgarh (mainly in the Bastar division). The language is related to Telugu. In the early 20th century, it

2170-506: The beliefs related to Phratrial society are the need to defend the community from enemies, working together and being in harmony with nature, and being allowed to eat animals (but not those representing a totem). Like village deity worship in South India, Gonds believe their clan and village deities have the capability of possession. A person possessed by the spirit ceases to have any responsibility for their actions. Gonds also believe disease

2232-461: The books describe his experience living with wild animals including big cats . He wrote two more books, Eka Nakshalwadya Cha Janma and Nari Bhakshak . Prakash Amte Prakash Baba Amte is a social worker from Maharashtra , India. Amte and his wife, Mandakini Amte , were awarded the Magsaysay Award for 'Community Leadership' in 2008 for their philanthropic work in the form of

2294-403: The bride's parents are not present, a couple from the same saga as the bride can stand in for the bride's parents in the ritual. This applies also to the relations between Gonds and Pardhans: if a Pardhan of the same clan is not found, then a Pardhan belonging to a different clan in the same saga can be brought in as a suitable replacement. Subdivided within the saga is the pari , or clan,

2356-403: The cave in their origin story. However, all sagas have equal status in Gond society. Members of each saga work cooperatively on issues affecting their relationship with other sagas , such as negotiations about bride price in marriage. In addition, for ritual purposes, any person can be replaced by someone of the same age, generation, and saga . As an example, in a marriage where, for instance,

2418-632: The caves from the outside world. Patalir was then crushed by the boulder. Ever since, the Kachchargardh caves became a site of pilgrimage , and Kali Kankali became one of the dharmagurus of the Gondi people. A typical Gond reaction to death has been described as one of anger, because they believe death is caused by demons. Gonds usually bury their dead, together with their worldly possessions, but due to partial Hinduization , their kings were occasionally cremated, as per Vedic practices. Hinduization has led to cremation becoming more common. The native Gond religion, Koyapunem (meaning "the way of nature"),

2480-410: The children relied on a pond and a mythical bird who provided them food to survive. Kali Kankali pleaded to Shambu to release her children, but he rejected her pleas. Raitad Jungo then asked Pari Kupar Lingo to help him free the children, and Pari Kupar Lingo approached the bard Hirasuka Patalir. Patalir played music on his kingri , and the children were filled with strength to push the boulder blocking

2542-472: The distant lands of the koyamooree . A principle in the Gond religion is munjok , which is non-violence, cooperation, and self-defense. Another part of Gond belief is salla and gangra , which represent action and reaction, superficially similar to the concept of karma in Hinduism. To prevent people from destroying themselves in conflict and discord, they are supposed to live under Phratrial society. Among

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2604-481: The early 1950s, when Heera Singh founded the Bharatiya Gondwana Sangh to agitate for statehood. Singh held many meetings throughout Gondwana and could mobilise 100,000 people between 1962 and 1963, but his movement had died down by the late 1960s and was never taken seriously by the Indian authorities. Other methods of agitation, including petitions and demands by various Gond organisations, were ignored by

2666-422: The first defined revenue system of the Gond kingdoms. It also began to build forts, which later became highly sophisticated. Khandakhya Ballal Shah founded the town of Chandrapur and shifted the capital there from Sirpur. The Ain-i-Akbari records the kingdom as being fully independent, and it even conquered some territory from nearby sultanates. However, during Akbar's rule, Babji Shah began paying tribute after

2728-666: The hospital traversing long and difficult terrain sometimes on foot. An ashram shala or a residential school was started in 1976 for the tribal children now having classes from 1st to 12th Standard, giving free education to over 600 students. They are provided with free lodging and boarding facilities. All education material is also provided free of cost to them. Apart from formal education, they are provided vocational training and guidance, which will be useful in their day-to-day life, e.g., practical training in farming, seed production, dairy, bamboo craft, ceramic art, greeting cards, tailoring, health education, etc. These programmes are aimed at

2790-549: The kingdom covered the southeastern Satpura range from Betul to Rajnandgaon in the east, and parts of the northern Berar plains. Under his son Chand Sultan , Nagpur gained even more importance. These kingdoms were briefly conquered by the Mughals, but eventually, the Gond rajas were restored and were simply under Mughal suzerainty . In the 1740s, the Marathas began to attack the Gond rajas , causing both rajas and subjects to flee from

2852-539: The main hospital; three are still functional. The early years of the project entailed a massive struggle in the difficult conditions of a thick and remote forest. The centre, started in 1973, has recently developed into a full-fledged hospital of 40 beds and caters to over 45,000 patients annually. At Hemalkasa the hospital is ensconced in the surrounding dense forest, where the Madia Gond tribal patients feel most comfortable in recuperating. Hundreds of patients come daily to

2914-473: The main unit of organisation of Gond society. In each saga , the number of clans is determined by the number of ancestors of that saga . The clans of a saga are arranged by precedence based on when they emerged from the cave in the Gond creation story. This precedence regulates behaviour during some rituals. For instance, during the First Fruit festival, all members of a saga eat with the seniormost member of

2976-531: The plains to the forests and hills. Raghoji Bhonsle forced the Gond rajas of Garha-Mandla to pay tribute to him. Marathi caste groups quickly replaced the displaced original population. Maratha occupation of the Gond rajas' territory continued until the Third Anglo-Maratha War , when the British took control over the remaining Gond zamindaris and took over revenue collection. The British, who regarded

3038-417: The same Persa pen see themselves as agnatically related, and so any intermarriage or sexual relations between them is forbidden. Gonds use the term soira to refer to sagas whose members they can marry. Each saga is regarded as performing actions essential to society as a whole. During ceremonies and ritual events, the saga becomes important for determining roles in the proceedings. For instance, in

3100-521: The second version, the Angadevs, or Saga Deva, were the children of the goddess Mata Kali Kankali after she ate a flower given to her by a sage. They were raised in Raitad Jungo's ashram, and while they were playing, they met the gods Shambu and Gaura. Gaura offered them food, but because they were annoyed by the children's mischief, Shambu and Gaura imprisoned them in the Kachchargardh caves. For twelve years,

3162-493: The seniormost pari of the saga represented in the village. Group relations between senior and junior pari are based on relations between older and younger brothers. For instance, members of a senior pari cannot marry a widow from a junior pari , since it is seen as analogous to the marriage between an elder brother and a younger brother's wife. Clans generally have names relating to specific plants. Some common pari include Tekam, Uikey, Markam, Dhurwe, and Atram. Each clan

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3224-581: The state. In the 1990s, Heera Singh Markam and Kausalya Porte founded the Gondwana Ganatantra Party to fight for statehood. The Gond rajas used Singh or Shah as titles, influenced by the Rajputs and Mughals. The Gond are also known as the Raj Gond . The term was widely used in the 1950s but has now become almost obsolete, probably because of the political eclipse of the Gond rajas. Gond society

3286-466: The survival of the tribals to bring about awareness of social rights and duties through continued dialogue and social exposure. 43 students of the school appeared for the 2007-2008 Secondary School Certificate Examination, held by the Maharashtra State Board for Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. 36 students passed, a pass percentage of 83.72%. In comparison, the state passing percentage

3348-469: The taboo and fear of leprosy. In 1973, Amte moved to Hemalkasa to start the Lok Biradari Prakalp, a project for the development of tribal people, most of whom were the Madia Gond in the forests of Gadchiroli district. He lived and worked there for almost twenty years performing emergency surgical procedures without electricity. The project transformed into a hospital, Lok Biradari Prakalp Davakhana,

3410-579: The victorious Mughals. During Shah Jahan's reign, his successor Hirde Shah was attacked by the Bundelas and shifted the capital to Mandla. His successors fought against themselves and invited the aid of Aurangzeb and the Marathas to their cause. Deogarh was founded in the early 13th century. It is said that its founder, Jatba, slew the previous Gauli rulers during a temple festival. In the Ain-i-Akbari , Deogarh

3472-416: The worship of a clan's Persa pen , the clan priest is involved in sacrifice while two members of a soira saga to the celebrating clan dress the idol and cook the sacrificial food. During certain parts of Gond festivals, participants divide into saga or soira . For serving the sacrificial meal at Persa Pen , members of each saga sit separately and are served in order of which their ancestors emerged from

3534-503: Was 86.33%. 40 students of the school appeared for the 2007-2008 Higher Secondary School Certificate Examination, held by the Maharashtra State Board for Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. 37 students passed a pass percentage of 92.50%. The state passing percentage was 87.39%. A small sheltered enclosure has been formed at Hemalkasa to keep orphaned babies of wild animals, thereby protecting them from being killed for food. The Hemalkasa community of workers live in complete harmony with

3596-424: Was founded by Pari Kupar Lingo. It is also known as Gondi Punem, or "the way of the Gondi people". In Gond folk tradition, adherents worship a high god known as Baradeo , whose alternate names are Bhagavan , Kupar Lingo , Badadeo , and Persa Pen . Baradeo oversees activities of lesser gods such as clan and village deities as well as ancestors. Baradeo is respected but he does not receive fervent devotion, which

3658-567: Was released on 10 October 2014. The film has been released in three languages, Hindi, Marathi and English. Gondi people The Gondi ( Gōṇḍī ) or Gond people, who refer to themselves as " Kōītōr " ( Kōī, Kōītōr ), are an ethnolinguistic group in India. Their native language, Gondi , belongs to the Dravidian family . They are spread over the states of Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Chhattisgarh , Uttar Pradesh , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , and Odisha . They are listed as

3720-522: Was said to have 2,000 cavalry, 50,000 footmen, and 100 elephants and was ruled by a monarch named Jatba. Jatba built outposts in the Berar plains, including a fort near modern Nagpur . It was his grandson Bakr Shah who, in order to enlist Aurangzeb's help, converted to Islam and became Bakht Buland Shah . Shah founded the city of Nagpur and brought a revival of the fortunes of the Deogarh kingdom . During his reign,

3782-444: Was spoken by 1.5 million people, nearly all of whom were bilingual. At present, the language is only spoken by one fifth of Gonds and is dying out, even in its traditional linguistic range. In Chhattisgarh, women perform the sua dance, which was named after the word for "parrot". It is performed after Diwali to honour Shiva and Parvati , representing the belief that the parrot will bring their sadness to their lovers. Diwali

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3844-459: Was the Mughals who first used the term "Gond", meaning "hill people", to refer to the group. The Gonds call themselves Koitur (Kōītōr) or Koi (Kōī), which also has no definitive origin. The origins of the Gonds is unclear. Some researchers have claimed that the Gonds were a collection of disparate tribes that adopted a proto-Gondi language as a mother tongue from a class of rulers, originally speaking various pre- Dravidian languages . While there

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