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41-684: The district is adjacent to Lake Ladoga , the largest freshwater lake in Europe, and the whole area of the district belongs to the catchment area of Lake Ladoge. The most important river in the district is the Svir , which connects Lake Onega and Lake Ladoga. The Svir is dammed by the Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station . The biggest tributary of the Svir within the district is the Oyat (right). The central part of

82-646: A number of other Salmonidae as well as, albeit rarely, endangered Atlantic sturgeon (formerly confused with European sea sturgeon ). Commercial fishing was once a major industry but has been hurt by overfishing. After the war, between 1945 and 1954, the total annual catch increased and reached a maximum of 4,900 tonnes. However, unbalanced fishery led to the drastic decrease of catch in 1955–1963, sometimes to 1,600 tonnes per year. Trawling has been forbidden in Lake Ladoga since 1956 and some other restrictions were imposed. The situation gradually recovered, and in 1971–1990

123-692: A total area of about 435 km . Ladoga is, on average, 5 m above sea level. Most of the islands, including the famous Valaam archipelago, Kilpola and Konevets , are situated in the northwest of the lake. Separated from the Baltic Sea by the Karelian Isthmus , it drains into the Gulf of Finland via the Neva River . Lake Ladoga is navigable, being a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway connecting

164-714: Is also trout farming. The railroad connecting Saint Petersburg and Murmansk crosses the district from southwest to northeast. The largest railway station within the district is Lodeynoye Pole. The M18 highway , connecting Saint Petersburg and Murmansk , crosses the district as well. In Lodeynoye Pole, it turns north and enters the Republic of Karelia. A paved road branches off east in Lodeynoye Pole and continues to Vytegra in Vologda Oblast via Podporozhye . There are also local roads. The Volga–Baltic Waterway , connecting

205-586: Is known, hosts Jotnian sediments . During the Pleistocene glaciations the depression was partially stripped of its sedimentary rock fill by glacial overdeepening . During the Last Glacial Maximum , about 17,000 years BP , the lake served likely as a channel that concentrated ice of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet into an ice stream that fed glacier lobes further east. Deglaciation following

246-514: Is the largest lake located entirely in Europe, the second largest lake in Russia after Lake Baikal , and the 14th largest freshwater lake by area in the world. It is comparable in size to Lake Ontario . Ladoga Lacus , a methane lake on Saturn 's moon Titan , is named after the lake. In one of Nestor's chronicles from the 12th century a lake called "the Great Nevo" is mentioned, a clear link to

287-541: The Alexander-Svirsky Monastery , founded in 1487 century and located in the village of Staraya Sloboda . The Lodeynoye Pole District Museum, located in the town of Lodeynoye Pole, is the only state museum in the district. Lake Ladoga Lake Ladoga is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia , in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg . It

328-602: The Baltic Sea with the Volga River . The Ladoga Canal bypasses the lake in the south, connecting the Neva to the Svir . The basin of Lake Ladoga includes about 50,000 lakes and 3,500 rivers longer than 10 km. About 85% of the water inflow is due to tributaries, 13% is due to precipitation , and 2% is due to underground waters. Geologically, the Lake Ladoga depression is a graben and syncline structure of Proterozoic age ( Precambrian ). This "Ladoga–Pasha structure", as it

369-713: The Ingrian War , a fraction of the Ladoga coast was occupied by Sweden. In 1617, by the Treaty of Stolbovo , the northern and western coast was ceded by Russia to Sweden. In 1721, after the Great Northern War , it was restitutioned to Russia by the Treaty of Nystad . In the 18th century, the Ladoga Canal was built to bypass the lake which was prone to winds and storms that destroyed hundreds of cargo ships. Later, from around 1812–1940

410-407: The Neva River and possibly further to Finnish nevo 'sea' or neva 'bog, quagmire'. Ancient Norse sagas and Hanseatic treaties both mention a city made of lakes named Old Norse Aldeigja or Aldoga . Since the beginning of the 14th century this hydronym was commonly known as Ladoga . According to T. N. Jackson, it can be taken "almost for granted that the name of Ladoga first referred to

451-679: The Valaam Monastery , founded Alexander-Svirsky Monastery not far from the mouth of the Svir. In the 15th century, the area, as a part of Novgorod, was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow . In 1702, Tsar Peter the Great founded the Olonets Shipyard on the Svir River and resettled peasants along the banks of the Svir. The settlement at the shipyard became known as Lodeynoye Pole. In the course of

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492-574: The Weichselian glaciation took place in the Lake Ladoga basin between 12,500 and 11,500 radiocarbon years BP . Lake Ladoga was initially part of the Baltic Ice Lake (70–80 m. above present sea level ), a historical freshwater stage of Baltic Sea . It is possible, though not certain, that Ladoga was isolated from it during regression of the subsequent Yoldia Sea brackish stage (10,200–9,500 BP). The isolation threshold should be at Heinjoki to

533-432: The administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known from 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ). In 1727, it was transferred to the newly established Novgorod Governorate . In 1773, the northern part of the current area of the district was transferred into newly established Olonets Oblast and included into Lodeynopolsky Uyezd . The southern part of

574-409: The 1927, a large-scale construction of the Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station started, predominantly by using prisoners. For this purpose, in 1931 the concentration camp Svirlag was established, with the headquarters in the settlement of Svirstroy . In 1931, Svirstroy was granted urban-type settlement status. Between September 1941 and June 1944, during World War II , the northern part of the district

615-599: The Old East Slavic metathesis ald- → lad- to Old East Slavic : Ладога . The Old Norse intermediary word between Finnish and Old East Slavic word is fully supported by archeology, since the Scandinavians first appeared in Ladoga in the early 750s, that is, a couple of decades before the Slavs . Other hypotheses about the origin of the name derive it from Karelian : aalto 'wave' and Karelian : aaltokas 'wavy', or from

656-507: The Russian dialectal word алодь, meaning 'open lake, extensive water field'. Eugene Helimski by contrast, offers an etymology rooted in German. In his opinion, the primary name of the lake was Old Norse : * Aldauga 'old source', associated to the open sea, in contrast to the name of the Neva River (flowing from Lake Ladoga) which would derive from the German expression for 'the new'. Through

697-594: The Soviet Union. During World War II not only Finnish and Soviet, but also German and Italian vessels operated there (see also Naval Detachment K and Regia Marina ). Under these circumstances, during much of the Siege of Leningrad (1941–44), Lake Ladoga provided the only access to the besieged city as a section of the eastern shore remained in Soviet hands. Supplies were transported into Leningrad with trucks on winter roads over

738-530: The Svir in the south, by Lake Ladoga in the west, and by the Republic of Karelia in the north, is allocated to Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve , a protected natural area. The area was populated by Balto-Finnic peoples , and later, since it was on one of the main waterways connecting Novgorod with the Russian North, it became a part of the Novgorod Republic. In 1478, Alexander Svirsky , a monk formerly at

779-554: The administrative center in Cherepovets . On August 1, 1927, Cherepovets Governorate was abolished and merged into Leningrad Oblast. On August 1, 1927, the uyezds in Leningrad Oblast were abolished, and Lodeynopolsky District with the administrative center in the town of Lodeynoye Pole was established. It was a part of Lodeynoye Pole Okrug of Leningrad Oblast and included areas formerly belonging to Lodeynopolsky Uyezd. In

820-889: The average composition of the camp population as for October 1934 – 694,100 persons, as for October 1935 – 828,800 persons and of these 36,500 were concentrated in SvirLAG – 6th by size along with Bamlag (the biggest with 190,300 inmates in Svobodnyi , Amur Oblast ), Dmitlag (193,300 inmates), Volgolag on Volga , Belbaltlag (82,000 inmates) and Ukhtpechlag in Ukhta , Temlag (21,100 inmates), Dallag (70,200 inmates), Siblag (Siberian concentration camp 74,600 inmates), Sazlag , Karlag (34,100 inmates), Prorvlag , Sarlag , Vetlag , Sevvostlag (47,700 inmates), Vaygach , Norilsklag in Norilsk . Political and church convicts were kept there. Only 1 of 4

861-512: The basins of the Volga and the Neva Rivers, crosses the district from east to west, following the Svir River. There is regular cruise and cargo traffic along the waterway. The district contains forty-two cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally forty-two objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments include the buildings of

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902-464: The catch ranged between 4,900 and 6,900 tonnes per year, about the same level as the total catch in 1938. Fish farms and recreational fishing are developing. It has its own endemic ringed seal subspecies known as the Ladoga seal . Since the beginning of the 1960s Ladoga has become considerably eutrophicated . Nizhnesvirsky Natural Reserve is situated along the shore of Lake Ladoga immediately to

943-747: The course of the Swedish–Novgorodian Wars , the area was disputed between the Novgorod Republic and Sweden. In the early 14th century, the fortresses of Korela (Kexholm) and Oreshek (Nöteborg) were established along the banks of the lake. During the Russo-Swedish War of 1656–1658, the Swedes deployed several armed vessels (called Lodja) on lake Ladoga to combat the Russians though no large sea battles were fought. The ancient Valaam Monastery

984-535: The current area of the district remained in Tikhvinsky Uyezd of Novgorod Governorate. A sequence of administrative reforms followed. In 1781, Olonets Oblast was transferred to Saint Petersburg Governorate, and in 1784, it was transformed into an independent administrative unit, Olonets Viceroyalty . In 1785, Lodeynoye Pole was granted town status. In 1799, Olonets Viceroyalty was abolished and divided between Novgorod and Arkhangelsk Governorates. Lodeynopolsky Uyezd

1025-565: The district belongs to the river basin of the Oyat, whereas some areas in the southern part of the district belong to the basin of the Kapsha , a tributary of the Pasha , another major tributary of the Oyat. The largest lake in the district (behind Lake Ladoga) is Lake Savozero , in the basin of the Oyat. Almost the whole area of the district is covered by forests. The northwestern part of the district, limited by

1066-563: The east of Vyborg , where the Baltic Sea and Ladoga were connected by a strait or a river outlet at least until the formation of the River Neva, and possibly even much later, until the 12th century AD or so. At 9,500 BP, Lake Onega , previously draining into the White Sea , started emptying into Ladoga via the River Svir . Between 9,500 and 9,100 BP, during the transgression of Ancylus Lake ,

1107-715: The ice, the " Road of Life ", and by boat in the summer. After World War II, Finland lost the Karelia region again to the USSR, and all Finnish citizens were evacuated from the ceded territory . Ladoga became an internal Soviet basin once again. The northern shore, Ladoga Karelia with the town of Sortavala , is now part of the Republic of Karelia . The western shore, Karelian Isthmus , became part of Leningrad Oblast . Svirlag Svirlag , SvirLAG (Svirskiy Lager' – Svir Concentration-Camp, Russian : Свирлаг , also Свирьлаг / СвирЛАГ – Свирский концентрационно трудовой лагерь )

1148-525: The intermediate form *Aldaugja , Old Norse : Aldeigja came about, referring to the city of Ladoga. The lake has an average surface area of 17,891 km (excluding the islands), slightly larger than Kuwait . Its north-to-south length is 219 km and its average width is 83 km; the average depth is 47 m, although it reaches a maximum of 230 m in the north-western part. Basin area: 276,000 km , volume: 837 km (earlier estimated as 908 km ). There are around 660 islands, with

1189-524: The lake was shared between Finland and Russia. According to the conditions of the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty militarization of the lake was severely restricted. However, both Soviet Russia and Finland had flotillas in Ladoga (see also Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment ). After the Winter War (1939–40) according to the Moscow Peace Treaty , Ladoga, previously shared with Finland, became an internal basin of

1230-569: The lower portions of Izhora River , then a tributary of the Gulf of Finland , between 4,000 and 2,000 BP. Dating of some sediments in the northwestern part of Lake Ladoga suggests it happened at 3,100 radiocarbon years BP (3,410–3,250 calendar years BP). The Ladoga is rich with fish. 48 forms (species and infra specific taxa) of fish have been encountered in the lake, including roach , carp bream , zander , European perch , ruffe , endemic variety of smelt , two varieties of Coregonus albula (vendace), eight varieties of Coregonus lavaretus ,

1271-607: The monastery in 1918 (it finally ceased in 1925). The holy relics were removed, monks partly executed and partly expelled. The chief of the monastery archimandrite Evgeniy Trofimov was executed on October 23, 1918 along with 5 monks behind the monastery walls. The monastery buildings were turned into prisons, barracks, and mental asylum . On September 22, 1998 Ministry of Culture of Russia and Russian Ministry of State Property signed decree about delivery of monastery back to Saint Petersburg parish of Russian Orthodox Church . "The situation review" of GULAG for October 1935 presents

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1312-502: The next brackish-water stage of the Baltic, occasionally invaded Ladoga between 7,000 and 5,000 BP. Around 5,000 BP the waters of the Saimaa Lake penetrated Salpausselkä and formed a new outlet, River Vuoksi , entering Lake Ladoga in the northwestern corner and raising its level by 1–2 m. The River Neva originated when the Ladoga waters at last broke through the threshold at Porogi into

1353-564: The next freshwater stage of the Baltic, Ladoga certainly became part of it, even if they hadn't been connected immediately before. During the Ancylus Lake subsequent regression, around 8,800 BP Ladoga became isolated. Ladoga slowly transgressed in its southern part due to uplift of the Baltic Shield in the north. It has been hypothesized, but not proven, that waters of the Litorina Sea ,

1394-681: The north of the mouth of the River Svir . The Ladoga has a population of Arctic char that is genetically close to the chars of Lake Sommen and Lake Vättern in southern Sweden. In the Middle Ages , the lake formed a vital part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Eastern Roman Empire , with the Norse emporium at Staraya Ladoga defending the mouth of the Volkhov since the 8th century. In

1435-526: The river, then the city, and only then the lake". Therefore, he considers the primary hydronym Ladoga to originate in the eponymous inflow to the lower reaches of the Volkhov River whose early Finnic name was Alodejoki (corresponding to modern Finnish : Alojen joki ) 'river of the lowlands'. The Germanic toponym ( Aldeigja ~ Aldoga ) was soon borrowed by the Slavic population and transformed by means of

1476-441: The same year, the district was renamed Oyatsky, and its administrative center was transferred to the village of Alyokhovshchina . On December 14, 1955 Oyatsky District was abolished and merged into Lodeynopolsky District. The economy of the district is based on timber industry. There are also food industry enterprises. The agriculture of Lodeynopolsky District specializes in cattle breeding with milk and meat production. There

1517-596: Was a Soviet forced labour camp run by NKVD 's GULAG Directorate. It was located on the river Svir (hence the name Svirskiy in Russian ) in the forests by the town Lodeynoye Pole , 244 km north-east of Saint Petersburg , in Leningrad oblast , Vepsland – the land of the Vepses , operated in the 1930s ( Joseph Stalin 's time) and onwards. SvirLAG concentration camp was supplier of wood to Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The camp

1558-486: Was established on November 17, 1931. The number of those who died or were killed in Svirlag in 1930s (the times of the most numerous and heavy executions that took place in SvirLAG seem to be 1931–1937 ) is measured in thousands of victims. In 1935, 36.500 inmates were kept in this camp. The camp was located in the medieval buildings of what was formerly the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery . Bolsheviks closed and vandalized

1599-624: Was founded on the island of Valaam , the largest in Lake Ladoga, abandoned between 1611 and 1715, restored in the 18th century, and evacuated to Finland during the Winter War in 1940. In 1989 the monastic activities in the Valaam were resumed. Other historic cloisters in the vicinity are the Konevets Monastery , which sits on the Konevets island, and the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery , which preserves samples of medieval Muscovite architecture . During

1640-490: Was merged into Olonetsky Uyezd . In 1801, Olonets Governorate was established, and in 1802, Lodeynopolsky Uyezd was restored. The northern part of the district belonged to Lodeynopolsky Uyezd of Olonets Governorate. In 1922, Olonets Governorate was abolished, and Lodeynopolsky Uyezd was transferred to Petrograd Governorate (later Leningrad Oblast). In June 1918, five uyezds of Novgorod Governorate, including Tikhvinsky Uyezd, were split off to form Cherepovets Governorate , with

1681-456: Was occupied by Finnish troops. Due to the damage cause by the war two of the selsoviets (Kanomsky and Mandrogsky Selsoviets) were abolished in 1950. On August 1, 1927, Shapshinsky District District with the administrative center in the village of Gonginichi was established as well. It was a part of Lodeynoye Pole Okrug of Leningrad Oblast and included areas formerly belonging to Lodeynopolsky and Tikhvinsky Uyezds. On November 14, of

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