58-504: Lochinvar (or Lan Var) is a loch in the civil parish of Dalry in the historic county of Kirkcudbrightshire, Dumfries and Galloway Scotland. It is located in the Galloway Hills , around 3.5 miles (5.6 km) north-east of St. John's Town of Dalry . The loch formerly had an island on which stood Lochinvar Castle, seat of the Gordon family. In the 20th century the loch was dammed to form
116-464: A continuum . The whole question is made more complex because there is no consensus as to whether any principled distinction can be made between languages and dialects . Below, some of the proposed differences between Cumbric and Old Welsh are discussed. In Welsh, Cornish, and Breton, the Common Brittonic cluster *rk was spirantized to /rx/ (Welsh rch , Cornish rgh , Breton rc'h ) but
174-564: A vigesimal counting system, i.e. numbering up to twenty, with intermediate numbers for ten and fifteen. Therefore, after numbering one to ten, numbers follow the format one-and-ten, two-and-ten etc. to fifteen, then one-and-fifteen, two-and-fifteen to twenty. The dialect words for the numbers themselves show much variation across the region. (see chart) A number of words occurring in the Scots language and Northern English dialects have been proposed as being of possible Brittonic origin. Ascertaining
232-526: A castle, but the date of the ruins on the former island is not known. John Gordon of Lochinvar was a supporter of Mary, Queen of Scots . His son, Sir Robert Gordon of Lochinvar (c.1565–1628) was one of the first to embark in the scheme for the establishment of colonies in North America. He obtained a charter of what was called the barony of Galloway in Nova Scotia on 8 November 1621. In 1625 he published
290-619: A feature of Cumbric. Further evidence is wanting, however. James mentions that devoicing appears to be a feature of many Cumbric place names. Devoicing of word final consonants is a feature of modern Breton and, to an extent, Cornish. Watson notes initial devoicing in Tinnis Castle (in Drumelzier ) (compare Welsh dinas 'fortress, city') as an example of this, which can also be seen in the Cornish Tintagel , din 'fort'. Also notable are
348-538: A number of place names appear to show Cumbric retained the stop in this position. Lanark and Lanercost are thought to contain the equivalent of Welsh llannerch 'clearing'. There is evidence to the contrary, however, including the place names Powmaughan and Maughanby (containing Welsh Meirchion ) and the word kelchyn (related to Welsh cylch ). Jackson concludes that the change of Common Brittonic *rk > /rx/ " may have been somewhat later in Cumbric". There
406-444: A reservoir, raising the water level and submerging the island with the ruins of the castle. The loch is used for trout fishing. The name Lochinvar is from Scots Gaelic Loch a' bharra (older Gaelic Loch an bharra , the genitive of barr = summit) meaning "Loch on the hilltop". Consequently, it is stressed on the last syllable (unlike Lochinver ). The Gordon family arrived at Lochinvar from Berwickshire in 1297. They established
464-431: A separate language, or a dialect of Old Welsh. Koch calls it a dialect but goes on to say that some of the place names in the Cumbric region "clearly reflect a developed medieval language, much like Welsh, Cornish or Breton". Jackson also calls it a dialect but points out that "to call it Pr[imitive] W[elsh] would be inaccurate", so clearly views it as distinct in some meaningful respect. It has been suggested that Cumbric
522-588: A special purpose or significance. In the Cumbric region, the word "Man" frequently occurs in geographical names associated with standing stones (most notably the Old Man of Coniston ) and it is possible, albeit "hard to say" according to Alan G. James, if the Cumbric reflex *main had any influence on these. Among the evidence that Cumbric might have influenced local English dialects are a group of counting systems, or scores, recorded in various parts of northern England. Around 100 of these systems have been collected since
580-512: A tract on the subject entitled Encouragements for such as shall have intention to bee Vndertakers in the new plantation...By mee Lochinvar...Edinburgh, 1625 . Lochinvar was created a baronet in 1626. On 12 July 1626 he was appointed a member of the council of war for Scotland and a Commissioner for the Middle Shires, residing at Greenlaw, Crossmichael Parish, Kirkcudbrightshire. His second son, Robert Gordon of Gelston, joined with his father in
638-501: A usage of the word penn "head" (attached to the names of several animals hunted by the protagonist), that is unique in medieval Welsh literature and may, according to Koch, reflect Cumbric influence ("[r]eferring to a single animal in this way is otherwise found only in Breton, and we have no evidence that the construction ever had any currency in the present-day Wales"). The relevant lines are: Translated as: The form derwennydd however,
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#1733084502201696-728: Is a fjord in Greenland named by Douglas Clavering in 1823. Cumbric Cumbric is an extinct Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup spoken during the Early Middle Ages in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North", in Northern England and the southern Scottish Lowlands . It was closely related to Old Welsh and the other Brittonic languages . Place-name evidence suggests Cumbric may also have been spoken as far south as Pendle and
754-539: Is a common Gaelic word, it is found as the root of several Manx place names. The United States naval port of Pearl Harbor , on the south coast of the main Hawaiian island of Oʻahu , is one of a complex of sea inlets. It contains three subareas called 'lochs' named East, Middle, and West or Kaihuopala‘ai, Wai‘awa, and Komoawa. Loch Raven Reservoir is a reservoir in Baltimore County, Maryland. Brenton Loch in
812-675: Is a village near Carlisle called Cumwhitton (earlier Cumquinton). This appears to contain the Norman name Quinton, affixed to a cognate of the Welsh cwm , meaning valley. There were no Normans in this area until 1069 at the earliest. In the Battle of the Standard in 1138, the Cumbrians are noted as a separate ethnic group. Given that their material culture was very similar to their Gaelic and Anglian neighbours, it
870-455: Is arguable that what set them apart was still their language. Also the castle at Castle Carrock – Castell Caerog – dates from around 1160–1170. Barmulloch , earlier Badermonoc (Cumbric "monk's dwelling" ), was given to the church by Malcolm IV of Scotland between 1153 and 1165. A more controversial point is the surname Wallace. It means "Welshman". It is possible that all the Wallaces in
928-486: Is at odds with the absence of the ending -ydd noted below. It is to be noted, however, that such semantics are probably archaisms, and rather than being features diagnostic of linguistic distinctiveness, are more likely to be legacies of features once common to all Brittonic speech. The modern Brittonic languages have different forms of the definite article : Welsh yr, -'r, y , Cornish an , and Breton an, ar, al . These are all taken to derive from an unstressed form of
986-493: Is called a lochan . Lochs which connect to the sea may be called "sea lochs" or "sea loughs". Some such bodies of water could also be called firths , fjords , estuaries , straits or bays . This name for a body of water is Insular Celtic in origin and is applied to most lakes in Scotland and to many sea inlets in the west and north of Scotland . The word comes from Proto-Indo-European *lókus ( ' lake, pool ' ), and
1044-488: Is defined according to geographical rather than linguistic criteria: that is, it refers to the variety of Brittonic spoken within a particular region of North Britain and implies nothing about that variety except that it was geographically distinct from other varieties. This has led to a discussion about the nature of Cumbric and its relationship with other Brittonic languages, in particular with Old Welsh . Linguists appear undecided as to whether Cumbric should be considered
1102-434: Is difficult to prove. Many Brittonic place-names remain in these regions which should not be described as Cumbric, such as Leeds , Manchester , Wigan and York , because they were coined in a period before Brittonic split into Cumbric and its sister dialects. Some of the principal towns and cities of the region have names of Cumbric origin, including: Several supposed Cumbric elements occur repeatedly in place names of
1160-482: Is evidence to suggest that the consonant cluster mb remained distinct in Cumbric later than the time it was assimilated to mm in Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The cluster remains in: Jackson notes that only in the north does the cluster appear in place names borrowed after circa 600AD and concludes that it may have been a later dialectal survival here. Jackson notes the legal term galnys , equivalent to Welsh galanas , may show syncope of internal syllables to be
1218-596: Is no strict size definition, a smaller loch is often known as a lochan (spelled the same also in Scottish Gaelic; in Irish , it is spelled lochán ). Perhaps the most famous Scottish loch is Loch Ness , although there are other famous ones, such as Loch Awe , Loch Lomond and Loch Tay . Examples of sea lochs in Scotland include Loch Long , Loch Fyne , Loch Linnhe , and Loch Eriboll . Elsewhere in Britain, places like
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#17330845022011276-511: Is related to the Latin lacus ( ' lake, pond ' ), English lay ( ' lake ' ) and French lac , as well as the Italian, Portuguese and Spanish word for a lake, lago . Lowland Scots orthography, like Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and Irish, represents / x / with ⟨ch⟩ , so the word was borrowed with identical spelling. English borrowed the word separately from a number of loughs in
1334-401: Is reminiscent of Gaelic names such as Maol Choluim "Malcolm" and Gille Crìosd "Gilchrist", which have Scottish Gaelic maol (Old Irish máel 'bald, tonsured; servant') and gille ('servant, lad', < Old Irish gilla 'a youth'). The most well-known example of this Cumbric naming practice is Gospatric , which occurs as the name of several notable Anglo-Scottish noblemen in
1392-642: Is unusual. Some lochs in Southern Scotland have a Brythonic , rather than Goidelic , etymology, such as Loch Ryan , where the Gaelic loch has replaced a Cumbric equivalent of Welsh llwch . The same is, perhaps, the case for bodies of water in Northern England named with 'Low' or 'Lough', or else represents a borrowing of the Brythonic word into the Northumbrian dialect of Old English. Although there
1450-663: The Afon Dyfi can be considered sea lochs. Some new reservoirs for hydroelectric schemes have been given names faithful to the names for natural bodies of water. For example, the Loch Sloy scheme and Lochs Laggan and Treig (which form part of the Lochaber hydroelectric scheme near Fort William ). Other expanses are simply called reservoirs, e.g. Blackwater Reservoir above Kinlochleven . Scotland has very few bodies of water called lakes. The Lake of Menteith , an Anglicisation of
1508-774: The Falkland Islands is a sea loch, near Lafonia , East Falkland . In the Scottish settlement of Glengarry County in present-day Eastern Ontario , there is a lake called Loch Garry. Loch Garry was named by those who settled in the area, Clan MacDonell of Glengarry , after the well-known loch their clan is from, Loch Garry in Scotland. Similarly, lakes named Loch Broom , Big Loch , Greendale Loch , and Loch Lomond can be found in Nova Scotia , along with Loch Leven in Newfoundland , and Loch Leven in Saskatchewan . Loch Fyne
1566-512: The Humber , although a few more southerly place-names in Cheshire and, to a lesser extent, Derbyshire and Staffordshire were also included. The evidence from Cumbric comes almost entirely through secondary sources, since no known contemporary written records of the language survive. The majority of evidence comes from place names of the north of England and the south of Scotland. Other sources include
1624-478: The Life of St Kentigern ( c. 1200) by Jocelyn of Furness has the following passage: When King Rederech ( Rhydderch Hael ) and his people had heard that Kentigern had arrived from Wallia [i.e. Wales] into Cambria [i.e. Cumbria], from exile into his own country, with great joy and peace both king and people went out to meet him. John T. Koch defined the specifically Cumbric region as "the area approximately between
1682-480: The Medieval Latin genitive case ), Cærleoil 1130) and Derwent ( Deorwentan stream c890 (Old English), Derewent ) suggest derivations from Br * Luguvaljon and *Derwentjō . But the Welsh forms Caerliwelydd and Derwennydd are derived from alternative forms *Luguvalijon, *Derwentijō which gave the -ydd ending. This appears to show a divergence between Cumbric and Welsh at a relatively early date. If this
1740-611: The Scots Laich o Menteith meaning a "low-lying bit of land in Menteith", is applied to the loch there because of the similarity of the sounds of the words laich and lake . Until the 19th century the body of water was known as the Loch of Menteith . The Lake of the Hirsel , Pressmennan Lake , Lake Louise and Raith Lake are man-made bodies of water in Scotland, referred to as lakes. As "loch"
1798-645: The Yorkshire Dales . The prevailing view is that it became extinct in the 12th century, after the incorporation of the semi-independent Kingdom of Strathclyde into the Kingdom of Scotland . Dauvit Broun sets out the problems with the various terms used to describe the Cumbric language and its speakers. The people seem to have called themselves * Cumbri the same way that the Welsh called themselves Cymry (most likely from reconstructed Brittonic * kom-brogī meaning "fellow countrymen"). The Welsh and
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1856-619: The 11th and 12th centuries. Other examples, standardised from original sources, include Gosmungo ( Saint Mungo ), Gososwald ( Oswald of Northumbria ) and Goscuthbert ( Cuthbert ). It is impossible to give an exact date of the extinction of Cumbric. However, there are some pointers which may give a reasonably accurate estimate. In the mid-11th century, some landowners still bore what appear to be Cumbric names. Examples of such landowners are Dunegal (Dyfnwal), lord of Strathnith or Nithsdale ; Moryn (Morien), lord of Cardew and Cumdivock near Carlisle; and Eilifr (Eliffer), lord of Penrith. There
1914-411: The 18th century; the scholarly consensus is that these derive from a Brittonic language closely related to Welsh. Though they are often referred to as "sheep-counting numerals", most recorded scores were not used to count sheep, but in knitting or for children's games or nursery rhymes . These scores are often suggested to represent a survival from medieval Cumbric, a theory first popularized in
1972-419: The 19th century. However, later scholars came to reject this idea, suggesting instead that the scores were later imports from either Wales or Scotland , but in light of the dearth of evidence one way or another, Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Heli Paulasto posit that it remains plausible that the counting systems are indeed of Cumbric origin. Cumbric, in common with other Brythonic languages, used
2030-587: The Brythonic speech of the Hen Ogledd; Jackson suggested the name "Primitive Cumbric" for the dialect spoken at the time. However, scholars date the poem to between the 7th and the early 11th centuries, and the earliest surviving manuscript of it dates to the 13th, written in Old Welsh and Middle Welsh . Cumbric place-names occur in Scotland south of the firths of Forth and Clyde. Brittonic names north of this line are Pictish . Cumbric names are also found commonly in
2088-572: The Common Brittonic demonstrative *sindos , altered by assimilation (compare the Gaelic articles ). Throughout Old Welsh the article is ir (or -r after a vowel), but there is evidence in Cumbric for an article in -n alongside one in -r . Note the following: Of all the names of possible Cumbric derivation, few are more certain than Carlisle and Derwent which can be directly traced back to their Romano-British recorded forms Luguvalium and Derventio . The modern and medieval forms of Carlisle ( Luel c1050, Cardeol 1092, Karlioli c1100 (in
2146-541: The Cumbric-speaking people of what are now southern Scotland and northern England probably felt they were actually one ethnic group. Old Irish speakers called them "Britons", Bretnach , or Bretain . The Norse called them Brettar . In Latin, the terms Cymry and Cumbri were Latinised as Cambria and Cumbria respectively. In Medieval Latin, the English term Welsh became Wallenses ("of Wales"), while
2204-570: The Galloway dialect word gossock 'short, dark haired inhabitant of Wigtownshire' (W. gwasog 'a servant' ) apparently show that the Cumbric equivalent of Welsh and Cornish gwas & B gwaz 'servant' was *gos . Jackson suggests that it may be a survival of the original Proto-Celtic form of the word in –o- (i.e. *uɸo-sto ). This idea is disputed by the Dictionary of the Scots Language ; and
2262-409: The ancestor of Cornish and Breton. Kenneth Jackson concludes that the majority of changes that transformed British into Primitive Welsh belong to the period from the middle of the fifth to the end of the sixth century. This involved syncope and the loss of final syllables. If the poem ultimately dates to this time, it would have originally been written in an early form of Cumbric, the usual name for
2320-920: The different English names of two Welsh towns named Dinbych ('little fort'); Denbigh and Tenby . There is also a significant number of place names which do not support this theory. Devoke Water and Cumdivock (< Dyfoc , according to Ekwall) and Derwent (< Common Brittonic Derwentiō ) all have initial /d/ . The name Calder (< Brit. *Caletodubro- ) in fact appears to show a voiced Cumbric consonant where Welsh has Calettwr by provection , which Jackson believes reflects an earlier stage of pronunciation. Jackson also notes that Old English had no internal or final /ɡ/ , so would be borrowed with /k/ by sound substitution. This can be seen in names with c, k, ck (e.g. Cocker < Brittonic * kukro- , Eccles < Brittonic eglēsia ). The Cumbric personal names Gospatrick, Gososwald and Gosmungo meaning 'servant of St...' (Welsh, Cornish, Breton gwas 'servant, boy') and
2378-400: The ending were absent. Of additional relevance is that Guto Rhys demonstrated "some robust proof" of the presence of the -ydd ending in the closely aligned Pictish language . One particularly distinctive element of Cumbric is the repeated use of the element Gos- or Cos- (W. gwas 'boy, lad; servant, attendant') in personal names, followed by the name of a saint. The practice
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2436-517: The historic county of Cumberland and in bordering areas of Northumberland. They are less common in Westmorland, east Northumberland, and Durham, with some in Lancashire and the adjoining areas of North and West Yorkshire. Approaching Cheshire, late Brittonic placenames are probably better characterised as Welsh rather than as Cumbric. As noted below, however, any clear distinction between Cumbric and Welsh
2494-693: The line of the River Mersey and the Forth-Clyde Isthmus", but went on to include evidence from the Wirral Peninsula in his discussion and did not define its easterly extent. Kenneth H. Jackson described Cumbric as "the Brittonic dialect of Cumberland , Westmorland , northern Lancashire , and south-west Scotland" and went on to define the region further as being bound in the north by the Firth of Clyde, in
2552-619: The loughs in Northern England have also previously been called "meres" (a Northern English-dialect word for "lake", and an archaic Standard English word meaning "a lake that is broad in relation to its depth"), similar to the Dutch meer , such as the Black Lough in Northumberland . However, reference to the latter as loughs (lower case initial), rather than as lakes , inlets and so on,
2610-506: The modern Scottish English loch . In Welsh , what corresponds to lo is lu in Old Welsh and llw in Middle Welsh (such as in today's Welsh placenames Llanllwchaiarn , Llwchwr , Llyn Cwm Llwch , Amlwch , Maesllwch ), the Goidelic lo being taken into Scottish Gaelic by the gradual replacement of much Brittonic orthography with Goidelic orthography in Scotland. Many of
2668-527: The occurrence in Gospatrick's Writ of the word wassenas 'dependants', thought to be from the same word gwas , is evidence against Jackson's theory. Koch notes that the alternation between gwa- and go- is common among the Brittonic languages and does not amount to a systematic sound change in any of them. Thomas Clancy opined that the royal feminine personal name in Life of Kentigern, Languoreth , demonstrates
2726-481: The personal names of Strathclyde Britons in Scottish, Irish, and Anglo-Saxon sources, and a few Cumbric words surviving into the High Middle Ages in southwest Scotland as legal terms. Although the language is long extinct, traces of its vocabulary arguably have persisted into the modern era in the form of " counting scores " and in a handful of dialectal words. From this scanty evidence, little can be deduced about
2784-438: The plantation of America in the grant of the barony of Galloway in Nova Scotia in 1621. His eldest son, Sir John Gordon of Lochinvar, 2nd baronet, was a supporter of Charles I and a notable Protestant. He was created Viscount of Kenmure by Charles at his Scottish coronation in 1633. "Young Lochinvar" is a ballad by Walter Scott , which is sung by Lady Heron in the fifth canto of Scott's epic poem Marmion (1808). Although
2842-574: The presence of /gw/ Cumbric. It is noteworthy that the toponym Brenkibeth in Cumberland (now Burntippet; possibly bryn , "hill" + gwyped , "gnats") may display this syllable anglicized as -k- . The name, however, may not be Brittonic at all, and instead be of Scandinavian origin. In the Book of Aneirin , a poem entitled " Peis Dinogat " (possibly set in the Lake District of Cumbria ), contains
2900-436: The previous Cumbric language areas of Northumbria and Cumbria . Earlier forms of English included the sound /x/ as ⟨gh⟩ (compare Scots bricht with English bright ). However, by the time Scotland and England joined under a single parliament, English had lost the /x/ sound. This form was therefore used when the English settled Ireland . The Scots convention of using ⟨ch⟩ remained, hence
2958-507: The real derivation of these words is far from simple, due in part to the similarities between some cognates in the Brittonic and Goidelic languages and the fact that borrowing took place in both directions between these languages. Another difficulty lies with other words which were taken into Old English , as in many cases it is impossible to tell whether the borrowing is directly from Brittonic or not (e.g. Brogat , Crag , below). The following are possibilities: The linguistic term Cumbric
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#17330845022013016-399: The region. The following table lists some of them according to the modern Welsh equivalent: Some Cumbric names have historically been replaced by Scottish Gaelic , Middle English , or Scots equivalents, and in some cases the different forms occur in the historical record. Derivatives of Common Brittonic *magno , such as Welsh maen and Cornish men , mean "stone", particularly one with
3074-606: The singular characteristics of Cumbric, not even the name by which its speakers referred to it. However, linguists generally agree that Cumbric was a Western Brittonic language closely related to Welsh and, more distantly, to Cornish and Breton . Around the time of the battle described in the poem Y Gododdin , c. 600, Common Brittonic is believed to have been transitioning into its daughter languages: Cumbric in North Britain , Old Welsh in Wales , and Southwestern Brittonic ,
3132-658: The south by the River Ribble and in the east by the Southern Scottish Uplands and the Pennine Ridge. The study Brittonic Language in the Old North by Alan G. James, concerned with documenting place- and river-names as evidence for Cumbric and the pre-Cumbric Brittonic dialects of the region Yr Hen Ogledd , considered Loch Lomond the northernmost limit of the study with the southernmost limits being Liverpool Bay and
3190-473: The tale is associated with the historical Sir William Gordon of Lochinvar, 15th-century laird of Lochinvar, there is no evidence for the events described in the poem. Loch Loch ( / l ɒ x / LOKH ) is a word meaning " lake " or " sea inlet " in Scottish and Irish Gaelic , subsequently borrowed into English. In Irish contexts, it often appears in the anglicized form " lough ". A small loch
3248-562: The term Cumbrenses referred to Cumbrians ("of Cumbria"). However, in Scots, a Cumbric speaker seems to have been called Wallace – from the Scots Wallis/Wellis "Welsh". In Cumbria itaque: regione quadam inter Angliam et Scotiam sita – "And so in Cumbria: a region situated between England and Scotland". The Latinate term Cambria is often used for Wales; nevertheless,
3306-439: Was an early dialectal variation, it can't be applied as a universal sound law, as the equivalent of W mynydd 'mountain' occurs in a number of Cumbric names with the spirant intact: E.g. Mindrum ( Minethrum 1050) from 'mountain ridge' (Welsh mynydd trum ). It might also be noted that Medieval Welsh forms of Caerliwelydd and Derwennydd both occur in poems of supposed Cumbrian origin whose rhyme and metre would be disrupted if
3364-590: Was more closely aligned to the Pictish language than to Welsh, though there is considerable debate regarding the classification of that language. On the basis of place name evidence it has also been proposed that all three languages were very similar. In all probability, the "Cumbric" of Lothian more nearly resembled the "Pictish" of adjacent Fife than the Welsh dialects spoken over 300 miles away in Dyfed and accordingly, Alan G. James has argued that all 3 languages may have formed
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