105-549: Ljubljana Zoo ( Slovene : Živalski vrt Ljubljana ) is a 19.6-hectare (48-acre) zoo in Ljubljana , Slovenia . It serves as the national zoo of Slovenia and is open year-round. The zoo has 119 species and (not counting insects) a total of 500 animals. Ljubljana Zoo was established on 10 March 1949 by the city board of Ljubljana. It was at first hosted in the Center District and moved to its current location in 1951. In 2008
210-505: A funicular linked the city centre to the castle. Town Hall ( Mestna hiša , Magistrat ), located at Town Square , is the seat of city government . The original, Gothic building was completed in 1484. Between 1717 and 1719, the building underwent a Baroque renovation with a Venetian inspiration by architect Gregor Maček Sr. Near Town Hall, at Town Square , stands a replica of the Baroque Robba Fountain . The original
315-461: A , an , the ) or German ( der, die, das, ein, eine ). A whole verb or a noun is described without articles and the grammatical gender is found from the word's termination. It is enough to say barka ('a' or 'the barge'), Noetova barka ('Noah's ark'). The gender is known in this case to be feminine. In declensions , endings are normally changed; see below. If one should like to somehow distinguish between definiteness or indefiniteness of
420-424: A complete renovation of the zoo that would be completed by 2016 was announced. In 2009 a new colony of saimiri arrived in their new enclosure. The same year new alpacas and red pandas arrived. In late 2009, construction of a new sealion enclosure began and as of 2013 the zoo hosts three California sea lions . In 2010, both Siberian tigers died of old age. Since 1996, it also hosted two lions ( Panthera leo ),
525-538: A male and a female, from Karlsruhe Zoo . The male died after an orthopedic operation in 2011 and the female died due to cancer in 2013. In 2011 a new enclosure was built to host four raccoons . The zoo also received a new pair of lynxes . In 2012 a pair of Siberian cranes arrived and in the other part of zoo 40 greater flamingo were placed. In 2013 the zoo received the first pair of cheetahs in its history. It came from Borås djurpark in Sweden and has been placed in
630-532: A mere 2.8%. During World War II , Slovenia was divided among the Axis Powers of Fascist Italy , Nazi Germany , and Hungary . Each of the occupying powers tried to either discourage or entirely suppress Slovene. Following World War II, Slovenia became part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Slovene was one of the official languages of the federation. In the territory of Slovenia, it
735-476: A monster. This monster evolved into the dragon that today is present in the city coat of arms and flag. It is historically more believable that the dragon was adopted from Saint George , the patron of the Ljubljana Castle chapel built in the 15th century. In the legend of Saint George, the dragon represents the old ancestral paganism overcome by Christianity . According to another explanation, related to
840-463: A noun, one would say (prav/natanko/ravno) tista barka ('that/precise/exact barge') for 'the barge' and neka/ena barka ('some/a barge') for 'a barge'. Definiteness of a noun phrase can also be discernible through the ending of the accompanying adjective. One should say rdeči šotor ('[exactly that] red tent') or rdeč šotor ('[a] red tent'). This difference is observable only for masculine nouns in nominative or accusative case. Because of
945-622: A predecessor of the present-day Triple Bridge , and the Butchers' Bridge connected the walled areas with wooden buildings. Ljubljana acquired the town privileges at some time between 1220 and 1243. Seven fires erupted during the Middle Ages. Artisans organised themselves into guilds . The Teutonic Knights , the Conventual Franciscans , and the Franciscans settled there. In 1256, when
1050-620: A prominent Slovene linguist, commented that, although Slovene is not an endangered language, its scope has been shrinking, especially in science and higher education. The language is spoken by about 2.5 million people, mainly in Slovenia, but also by Slovene national minorities in Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Italy (around 90,000 in Venetian Slovenia , Resia Valley , Canale Valley , Province of Trieste and in those municipalities of
1155-601: A record of a proto-Slovene that was spoken in a more scattered territory than modern Slovene, which included most of the present-day Austrian states of Carinthia and Styria , as well as East Tyrol , the Val Pusteria in South Tyrol , and some areas of Upper and Lower Austria . By the 15th century, most of the northern areas were gradually Germanized : the northern border of the Slovene-speaking territory stabilized on
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#17330850176551260-748: A relic from the now modern Russian yery character ⟨ы⟩ , which is itself usually transliterated as ⟨y⟩ ; /j/ as ⟨y⟩ ; /l/ as ⟨ll⟩ ; /ʋ/ as ⟨w⟩ ; /ʒ/ as ⟨ʃ⟩ , ⟨ʃʃ⟩ or ⟨ʃz⟩ . The standard Slovene orthography, used in almost all situations, uses only the letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet plus ⟨č⟩ , ⟨š⟩ , and ⟨ž⟩ . The letters ⟨q⟩ , ⟨w⟩ , ⟨x⟩ , and ⟨y⟩ are not included: /uʷ/ The orthography thus underdifferentiates several phonemic distinctions: In
1365-444: A singular participle combined with a plural auxiliary verb (known as polvikanje ) signals a somewhat more friendly and less formal attitude while maintaining politeness: The use of nonstandard forms ( polvikanje ) might be frowned upon by many people and would not likely be used in a formal setting. The use of the 3rd person plural oni ('they') form (known as onikanje in both direct address and indirect reference; this
1470-583: A span of 33.34 m (109 ft 5 in) and its arch was at the time the third largest in Europe. It is protected as a technical monument. Decorated with mythological bronze sculptures, created by Jakov Brdar , from Ancient Greek mythology and Biblical stories, the Butchers' Bridge connects the Ljubljana Open Market area and the restaurants-filled Petkovšek Embankment ( Petkovškovo nabrežje ). It
1575-563: A violent policy of Fascist Italianization ; the same policy was applied to Slovene speakers in Venetian Slovenia , Gorizia and Trieste . Between 1923 and 1943, all public use of Slovene in these territories was strictly prohibited, and Slovene-language activists were persecuted by the state. After the Carinthian Plebiscite of 1920, a less severe policy of Germanization took place in the Slovene-speaking areas of southern Carinthia which remained under Austrian administration. After
1680-450: A vowel. Before a consonant or word-finally, they are reduced to /l/ , /n/ and /r/ respectively. This is reflected in the spelling in the case of /rj/ , but not for /lj/ and /nj/ . Under certain (somewhat unpredictable) circumstances, /l/ at the end of a syllable may become [w] , merging with the allophone of /ʋ/ in that position. Slovene has an eight-vowel (or, according to Peter Jurgec, nine-vowel) system, in comparison to
1785-490: A year. The city is known for its fog, appearing on average on 64 days per year, mostly in autumn and winter, and can be particularly persistent in conditions of temperature inversion . The city's architecture is a mix of styles. Large buildings have appeared around the city's edges, while Ljubljana's historic centre remains intact. Some of the oldest architecture dates to the Roman period, while Ljubljana's downtown got its outline in
1890-583: Is oceanic ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa), with continental characteristics such as warm summers and moderately cold winters. July and August are the warmest months with daily high temperatures generally between 25 and 30 °C (77 and 86 °F), and January is the coldest month with temperatures mostly around 0 °C (32 °F). The city experiences up to 90 days of frost per year, and 11 days with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) (often even more). Precipitation
1995-710: Is a South Slavic language of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family . Most of its 2.5 million speakers are the inhabitants of Slovenia , majority of them ethnic Slovenes . As Slovenia is part of the European Union , Slovene is also one of its 24 official and working languages . Its syntax is highly fusional , and it has a dual grammatical number , an archaic feature shared with some other Indo-European languages . Two accentual norms (one characterized by pitch accent ) are used. Its flexible word order
2100-409: Is a distinction between animate and inanimate nouns. This is only relevant for masculine nouns and only in the singular, at odds with some other Slavic languages, e.g. Russian, for which it is also relevant in the plural for all genders. Animate nouns have an accusative singular form that is identical to the genitive, while for inanimate nouns the accusative singular is the same as the nominative. Animacy
2205-411: Is a thirteen-story building that rises to a height of 70.35 m (231 ft). It combines elements of Neoclassical and Art-Deco architecture. Predominantly a place of business, Nebotičnik is home to shops on the ground floor and first story, and offices are located on floors two to five. The sixth to ninth floors are private residences. The top three floors host a café, bar and observation deck. It
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#17330850176552310-595: Is also known as the love padlocks -decorated bridge in Ljubljana. The Triple Bridge is decorated with stone balusters and stone lamps on all of the three bridges and leads to the terraces looking on the river and poplar trees. It occupies a central point on the east–west axis, connecting the Tivoli City Park with Rožnik Hill , on one side, and the Ljubljana Castle on the other, and the north–south axis through
2415-667: Is based mostly on semantics and is less rigid than gender. Generally speaking a noun is animate if it refers to something that is generally thought to have free will or the ability to move of its own accord. This includes all nouns for people and animals. All other nouns are inanimate, including plants and other non-moving life forms, and also groups of people or animals. However, there are some nouns for inanimate objects that are generally animate, which mostly include inanimate objects that are named after people or animals. This includes: There are no definite or indefinite articles as in English (
2520-590: Is known about the area during the settlement of Slavs in the period between the downfall of Emona and the Early Middle Ages. The parchment sheet Nomina defunctorum ("Names of the Dead"), most probably written in the second half of 1161, mentions the nobleman Rudolf of Tarcento, a lawyer of the Patriarchate of Aquileia , who had bestowed a canon with 20 farmsteads beside the castle of Ljubljana ( castrum Leibach ) to
2625-557: Is located at Cyril and Methodius Square ( Ciril-Metodov trg , named for Saints Cyril and Methodius ). The Diocese was set up in 1461. Between 1701 and 1706, Jesuit architect Andrea Pozzo designed the Baroque church with two side chapels shaped in the form of a Latin cross . The dome was built in the centre in 1841. The interior is decorated with Baroque frescos painted by Giulio Quaglio between 1703–1706 and 1721–1723. Nebotičnik (pronounced [nɛbɔtiːtʃniːk] , "Skyscraper")
2730-580: Is often adjusted for emphasis or stylistic reasons, although basically it is an SVO language. It has a T–V distinction : the use of the V-form demonstrates a respectful attitude towards superiors and the elderly, while it can be sidestepped through the passive form. Standard Slovene is the national standard language that was formed in the 18th and 19th century, based on Upper and Lower Carniolan dialect groups , more specifically on language of Ljubljana and its adjacent areas. The Lower Carniolan dialect group
2835-613: Is proved by the survival of certain ritual formulas in Slovene (such as the ritual installation of the Dukes of Carinthia). The words Buge waz primi, gralva Venus! ('God be With You, Queen Venus!'), with which Bernhard von Spanheim greeted the poet Ulrich von Liechtenstein , who was travelling around Europe in guise of Venus, upon his arrival in Carinthia in 1227 (or 1238), is another example of some level of Slovene knowledge among high nobility in
2940-413: Is relatively evenly distributed throughout the seasons, although winter and spring tend to be somewhat drier than summer and autumn. Yearly precipitation is about 1,400 mm (55 in), making Ljubljana one of the wettest European capitals. Thunderstorms are common from May to September and can occasionally be heavy. Snow is common from December to February; on average, snow cover is recorded for 48 days
3045-505: Is similar to using Sie in German) as an ultra-polite form is now archaic or dialectal. It is associated with servant-master relationships in older literature, the child-parent relationship in certain conservative rural communities, and parishioner-priest relationships. Foreign words used in Slovene are of various types depending on the assimilation they have undergone. The types are: The loanwords are mostly from German and Italian , while
3150-462: Is the capital and largest city of Slovenia , located along a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, north of the country's largest marsh , inhabited since prehistoric times. It is the country's cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative center and the seat of Urban Municipality of Ljubljana . During antiquity, a Roman city called Emona stood in
3255-570: Is the lowest point of Ljubljana, with an elevation of 261 m (856 ft). Through its history, Ljubljana has been struck by floods. The latest was in August 2023, when the Sava and Gradaščica rivers flooded in their upper reaches. Southern and western parts of the city are more flood-endangered than northern parts. The Gruber Canal has partly diminished the danger of floods in the Ljubljana Marsh ,
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3360-519: The Anschluss of 1938, the use of Slovene was strictly forbidden in Carinthia, as well. This accelerated a process of language shift in Carinthia, which continued throughout the second half of the 20th century: according to the Austro-Hungarian census of 1910, around 21% of inhabitants of Carinthia spoke Slovene in their daily communication; by 1951, this figure dropped to less than 10%, and by 2001 to
3465-732: The Hradecky Bridge ( Slovene : Hradeckega most ), and the Trnovo Bridge ( Trnovski most ). The last mentioned crosses the Gradaščica , whereas all other bridges cross the Ljubljanica River . The 1901 Dragon Bridge , decorated with dragon statues on pedestals at four corners of the bridge has become a symbol of the city and is regarded as one of the most beautiful examples of a bridge made in Vienna Secession style. It has
3570-645: The Parisian Jardins de Tivoli . Between 1921 and 1939, it was renovated by Slovene architect Jože Plečnik , who unveiled his statue of Napoleon in 1929 in Republic Square and designed a broad central promenade, called the Jakopič Promenade ( Jakopičevo sprehajališče ) after the leading Slovene impressionist painter Rihard Jakopič . Within the park, there are trees, flower gardens, several statues, and fountains. Several notable buildings stand in
3675-530: The Protestant Reformation . The most prominent authors from this period are Primož Trubar , who wrote the first books in Slovene; Adam Bohorič , the author of the first Slovene grammar; and Jurij Dalmatin , who translated the entire Bible into Slovene. From the high Middle Ages up to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, in the territory of present-day Slovenia, German
3780-616: The Province of Gorizia bordering with Slovenia), in southern Carinthia , some parts of Styria in Austria (25,000) and in the western part of Croatian Istria bordering with Slovenia. It is also spoken in Rijeka and Zagreb (11,800-13,100), in southwestern Hungary (3-5,000), in Serbia (5,000), and by the Slovene diaspora throughout Europe and the rest of the world (around 300,000), particularly in
3885-800: The Slavic languages , together with Serbo-Croatian . It is close to the Chakavian and especially Kajkavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian, but genealogically more distant from the Shtokavian dialect , the basis for the Bosnian , Croatian , Montenegrin , and Serbian standard languages. Slovene in general, and Prekmurje Slovene in particular, shares the highest level of mutual intelligibility with transitional Kajkavian dialects of Hrvatsko Zagorje and Međimurje . Furthermore, Slovene shares certain linguistic characteristics with all South Slavic languages , including those of
3990-899: The Slovene Lands where compulsory schooling was in languages other than Standard Slovene, as was the case with the Carinthian Slovenes in Austria, and the Slovene minority in Italy . For example, the Resian and Torre (Ter) dialects in the Italian Province of Udine differ most from other Slovene dialects. Slovene is an Indo-European language belonging to the Western subgroup of the South Slavic branch of
4095-914: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It retained this status until Slovene independence in 1991. Ljubljana is the capital of independent Slovenia , which joined the European Union in 2004. The city covers 163.8 km (63.2 sq mi). It is situated in the Ljubljana Basin in Central Slovenia , between the Alps and the Karst . Ljubljana is located some 320 km (200 mi) south of Munich , 477 km (296 mi) east of Zürich , 250 km (160 mi) east of Venice, 350 km (220 mi) southwest of Vienna , 124 km (77 mi) west of Zagreb and 400 km (250 mi) southwest of Budapest . Ljubljana has grown considerably since
4200-511: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The city retained this status until Slovenia became independent in 1991 and Ljubljana became the capital of the newly formed state. The exact origin of the name Ljubljana is unclear. In medieval times , both the river and the town were also called Laibach ( German: [ˈlaɪbax] ) in German. This name was used within the region until 1918 and continues to be used in German. In Italian,
4305-550: The United States (most notably Ohio , home to an estimated 3,400 speakers), Canada , Argentina , Australia and South Africa . Slovene is sometimes characterized as the most diverse Slavic language in terms of dialects , with different degrees of mutual intelligibility. Accounts of the number of dialects range from as few as seven dialects, often considered dialect groups or dialect bases that are further subdivided into as many as 50 dialects. Other sources characterize
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4410-639: The Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity started. In 1779, St. Christopher's Cemetery replaced the cemetery at St. Peter's Church as Ljubljana's main cemetery. From 1809 to 1813, during the " Napoleonic interlude", Ljubljana (as Laybach ) was the capital of the Illyrian Provinces . In 1813, the city returned to Austria and from 1815 to 1849 was the administrative centre of the Kingdom of Illyria in
4515-516: The conquest of 774 . The connection between the Slovene and German names has posed a puzzle for scholars. In 2007, linguist Tijmen Pronk , an authority in comparative Indo-European linguistics and Slovene dialectology from the University of Leiden , provided strong support for the theory that the Slavic ljub- 'to love, like' was the most likely origin. He argued that the river's name likely stemmed from
4620-473: The 12th century. At around 1200, market rights were granted to Old Square ( Stari trg ), which at the time was one of Ljubljana's three original districts. The other two districts were an area called "Town" ( Mesto ), built around the predecessor of the present-day Ljubljana Cathedral at one side of the Ljubljanica River, and New Square ( Novi trg ) at the other side. The Franciscan Bridge ,
4725-513: The 16th century, and ultimately led to the formation of more standard language. The Upper dialect was also used by most authors during the language revival in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and was also the language spoken by France Prešeren , who, like most of Slovene writers and poets, lived and worked in Ljubljana, where speech was growing closer to the Upper Carniolan dialect group. Unstandardized dialects are more preserved in regions of
4830-466: The 1910s is frequently closer to modern Slovene than a text from the 1920s and 1930s. Between 1920 and 1941, the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was defined as "Serbo-Croato-Slovene", which was in practice merely Serbo-Croatian. In Slovenia however, Slovene remained in use in education and administration. Many state institutions used only Serbo-Croatian, and a Slovene–Serbo-Croatian bilingualism
4935-511: The 1970s, mainly by merging with nearby settlements. The city stretches out on an alluvial plain dating to the Quaternary era . The mountainous regions nearby are older, dating from the Mesozoic ( Triassic ) or Paleozoic . Earthquakes have repeatedly devastated Ljubljana, notably in 1511 and 1895 . Ljubljana has an elevation of 295 m (968 ft). The city centre , located along
5040-404: The 2nd person singular ti form (known as tikanje ) is officially limited to friends and family, talk among children, and addressing animals, it is increasingly used among the middle generation to signal a relaxed attitude or lifestyle instead of its polite or formal counterpart using the 2nd person plural vi form (known as vikanje ). An additional nonstandard but widespread use of
5145-531: The Austrian Empire. In 1821, it hosted the Congress of Laibach , which fixed European political borders for that period. The first train arrived in 1849 from Vienna and in 1857 the line extended to Trieste . In 1895, Ljubljana, then a city of 31,000, suffered a severe earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum EMS intensity of VIII–IX ("heavily damaging – destructive"). 21 people died due to
5250-514: The Carinthian duke Ulrich III of Spanheim became lord of Carniola, the provincial capital was moved from Kamnik to Ljubljana. In the late 1270s, Ljubljana was conquered by King Ottokar II of Bohemia . In 1278, after Ottokar's defeat, it became—together with the rest of Carniola —property of Rudolph of Habsburg . It was administered by the Counts of Gorizia from 1279 until 1335, when it became
5355-550: The Eastern subgroup, namely Bulgarian , Macedonian and Torlakian dialects. Mutual intelligibility with varieties of Serbo-Croatian is hindered by differences in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, Kajkavian being firmly the most mutually intelligible . Slovene has some commonalities with the West Slavic languages that are not found in other South Slavic languages. Like all Slavic languages , Slovene traces its roots to
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#17330850176555460-750: The Italian capitulation, Nazi Germany with SS-general Erwin Rösener and Friedrich Rainer took control in 1943, but formally the city remained the capital of an Italian province until 9 May 1945. In Ljubljana, the Axis forces established strongholds and command centres of Quisling organisations, the Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia under Italy and the Home Guard under German control. Starting in February 1942,
5565-440: The Middle Ages. After the 1511 earthquake , it was rebuilt in the Baroque style following Italian, particularly Venetian, models. After the earthquake in 1895, it was again rebuilt, this time in the Vienna Secession style, which is juxtaposed against the earlier Baroque style buildings that remain. Large sectors built in the inter-war period often include a personal touch by the architects Jože Plečnik and Ivan Vurnik . In
5670-412: The Patriarchate. According to the historian Peter Štih 's deduction, this happened between 1112 and 1125, the earliest mention of Ljubljana. The property changed hands repeatedly until the first half of the 12th century. The territory south of the Sava where Ljubljana developed, gradually became property of the Carinthian Dukes of the House of Sponheim . Urban settlement started in the second half of
5775-421: The area remained a transit point, for groups including the Illyrians , followed by a mixed nation of the Celts and the Illyrians called the Iapodes , and then in the 3rd century BC a Celtic tribe, the Taurisci . Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona . This entrenched fort was occupied by the Legio XV Apollinaris . In 452, it
5880-406: The area. The city was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century . It was the historical capital of Carniola , one of the Slovene -inhabited parts of the Habsburg monarchy . It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. After World War II , Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia , part of
5985-408: The areas around Trieste . During most of the Middle Ages, Slovene was a vernacular language of the peasantry, although it was also spoken in most of the towns on Slovenian territory, together with German or Italian. Although during this time, German emerged as the spoken language of the nobility, Slovene had some role in the courtly life of the Carinthian, Carniolan and Styrian nobility, as well. This
6090-426: The beginning of the Counter-Reformation . Catholic Bishop Thomas Chrön ordered the public burning of eight cartloads of Protestant books. In 1597, the Jesuits arrived, followed in 1606 by the Capuchins , seeking to eradicate Protestantism . Only 5% of all the residents of Ljubljana at the time were Catholic, but eventually they re-Catholicized the town. The Jesuits staged the first theatre productions, fostered
6195-471: The capital town of Carniola. Renamed Laibach , it was owned by the House of Habsburg until 1797. In 1327, the Ljubljana's " Jewish Quarter "—now only "Jewish Street" ( Židovska ulica ) remains—was established with a synagogue, and lasted until Emperor Maximilian I in 1515 and expelled the Jews from Ljubljana at the request of its citizens, for which he demanded a certain payment from the town. In 1382, in front of St. Bartholomew's Church in Šiška , at
6300-523: The central Slovenian botanical garden and the oldest cultural, scientific, and educational organisation in the country. It started operating under the leadership of Franc Hladnik in 1810. Of over 4,500 plant species and subspecies , roughly a third is endemic to Slovenia, whereas the rest originate from other European places and other continents. The institution is a member of the international network Botanic Gardens Conservation International and cooperates with more than 270 botanical gardens all across
6405-449: The city centre. The area surrounding the castle has been continuously inhabited since 1200 BC. The castle was built in the 12th century and was a residence of the Margraves , later the Dukes of Carniola . Its Viewing Tower dates to 1848; it was manned by a guard whose duty it was to fire cannons announcing fire or important visitors or events, a function the castle still holds. Cultural events and weddings also take place there. In 2006,
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#17330850176556510-427: The city is referred to as Lubiana , and in Latin , it is known as Labacum . The German name was first documented in 1144, and the Slovenian form appeared in records as early as 1146. The 10th-century work "Life of Gregentios" provides the Greek variant Λυπλιανές ( Lyplianes ) and situates it among the Avars in the 6th century. This account is influenced by an earlier northern Italian source written shortly after
6615-560: The city was rebuilt in the Renaissance style and a new wall was built around it. Wooden buildings were forbidden after a large fire at New Square in 1524. In the 16th century, the population of Ljubljana numbered 5,000, 70% of whom spoke Slovene as their first language , with most of the rest using German. The first secondary school , public library and printing house opened in Ljubljana. Ljubljana became an important educational centre. From 1529, Ljubljana had an active Slovene Protestant community . They were expelled in 1598, marking
6720-412: The city was surrounded by barbed wire , later fortified by bunkers , to prevent co-operation between the resistance movements that operated inside and outside the fence. Since 1985, the commemorative trail has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood. Postwar reprisals filled mass graves . After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia , part of
6825-472: The city were led by the mayor Ivan Hribar . In 1918, following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary , the region joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . In 1929, Ljubljana became the capital of the Drava Banovina , a Yugoslav province. In 1941, during World War II , Fascist Italy occupied the city, and then on 3 May 1941 made Lubiana the capital of Italy's Province of Ljubljana with former Yugoslav general Leon Rupnik as mayor. After
6930-406: The city, represented by the river. It was enlarged in order to prevent the historically single bridge from being a bottleneck by adding two side pedestrian bridges to the middle one. The Fish Footbridge offers a view of the neighbouring Triple Bridge to the north and the Cobbler's Bridge to the South. It is a transparent glass-made bridge, illuminated at night by in-built LEDs. From 1991 to 2014
7035-414: The development of Baroque music , and established Catholic schools. In the middle and the second half of the 17th century, foreign architects built and renovated monasteries, churches, and palaces and introduced Baroque architecture . In 1702, the Ursulines settled in the town, and the following year they opened the first public school for girls in the Slovene Lands . Some years later, the construction of
7140-476: The earthquake and some 10% of the city's 1,400 buildings were destroyed. During the subsequent reconstruction, some districts were rebuilt in the Vienna Secession style. Public electric lighting arrived in 1898. The rebuilding period between 1896 and 1910 is referred to as the "revival of Ljubljana" because of architectural changes that defined the city and for reform of urban administration, health, education and tourism. The rebuilding and quick modernisation of
7245-542: The end of words unless immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel or a voiced consonant. In consonant clusters, voicing distinction is neutralized and all consonants assimilate the voicing of the rightmost segment, i.e. the final consonant in the cluster. In this context, [v] , [ɣ] and [d͡z] may occur as voiced allophones of /f/ , /x/ and /t͡s/ , respectively (e.g. vŕh drevésa [ʋrɣ dreˈʋesa] ). /ʋ/ has several allophones depending on context. The sequences /lj/ , /nj/ and /rj/ occur only before
7350-424: The excessive usage of regionalisms. Regionalisms are mostly limited to culinary and agricultural expressions, although there are many exceptions. Some loanwords have become so deeply rooted in the local language that people have considerable difficulties in finding a standard expression for the dialect term (for instance, kremšnita meaning a type of custard cake is kremna rezina in Standard Slovene, but
7455-411: The first novel in Slovene in 1866. This tendency was reversed in the Fin de siècle period by the first generation of modernist Slovene authors (most notably the writer Ivan Cankar ), who resorted to a more "pure" and simple language without excessive Serbo-Croatian borrowings. During the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the 1920s and 1930s, the influence of Serbo-Croatian increased again. This was opposed by
7560-415: The five-vowel system of Serbo-Croatian. Slovene nouns retain six of the seven Slavic noun cases: nominative , accusative , genitive , dative , locative and instrumental . There is no distinct vocative ; the nominative is used in that role. Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have three numbers: singular, dual and plural. Nouns in Slovene are either masculine, feminine or neuter gender. In addition, there
7665-473: The former Siberian tiger enclosure, which has been redesigned. It has also been announced that a new pair of Siberian tigers would arrive in the end of August 2017. Slovene language Slovene ( / ˈ s l oʊ v iː n / SLOH -veen or / s l oʊ ˈ v iː n , s l ə -/ sloh- VEEN , slə- ) or Slovenian ( / s l oʊ ˈ v iː n i ə n , s l ə -/ sloh- VEE -nee-ən, slə- ; slovenščina )
7770-433: The lack of article in Slovene and audibly insignificant difference between the masculine adjective forms, most dialects do not distinguish between definite and indefinite variants of the adjective, leading to hypercorrection when speakers try to use Standard Slovene. Slovene, like most other European languages, has a T–V distinction , or two forms of 'you' for formal and informal situations. Although informal address using
7875-433: The largest marsh in Slovenia, south of the city. The two major ponds in Ljubljana are Koseze Pond in the Šiška District and Tivoli Pond in the southern part of Tivoli City Park . Koseze Pond has rare plant and animal species and is a place of meeting and recreation. Tivoli Pond is a shallow pond with a small volume that was originally used for boating and ice skating, but is now used for fishing. Ljubljana's climate
7980-549: The latter term is very rarely used in speech being considered inappropriate for non-literary registers ). Southwestern dialects incorporate many calques and loanwords from Italian, whereas eastern and northwestern dialects are replete with lexemes of German origin. Usage of such words hinders intelligibility between dialects and is greatly discouraged in formal situations. Slovene has a phoneme set consisting of 21 consonants and 8 vowels . Slovene has 21 distinctive consonant phonemes. All voiced obstruents are devoiced at
8085-476: The line going from north of Klagenfurt to south of Villach and east of Hermagor in Carinthia, while in Styria it was more or less identical with the current Austrian-Slovenian border. This linguistic border remained almost unchanged until the late 19th century, when a second process of Germanization took place, mostly in Carinthia. Between the 9th and 12th century, proto-Slovene spread into northern Istria and in
8190-752: The more recently borrowed and less assimilated words are typically from English . This alphabet ( abeceda ) was derived in the mid-1840s from the system created by the Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj . Intended for the Serbo-Croatian language (in all its varieties), it was patterned on the Czech alphabet of the 1830s. Before that /s/ was, for example, written as ⟨ ʃ ⟩ , ⟨ʃʃ⟩ or ⟨ſ⟩ ; /tʃ/ as ⟨tʃch⟩ , ⟨cz⟩ , ⟨tʃcz⟩ or ⟨tcz⟩ ; /i/ sometimes as ⟨y⟩ as
8295-498: The most notable archeological findings from the marshland. These lake-dwelling people survived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around the marshes, they used dugout canoes made by cutting out the inside of tree trunks. Their archaeological remains, nowadays in the Municipality of Ig , have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2011, in the common nomination of six Alpine states . Later,
8400-903: The northern part of the city. The main watercourses in Ljubljana are the Ljubljanica , the Sava , the Gradaščica , the Mali Graben , the Iška and the Iščica rivers. From the Trnovo District to the Moste District , around Castle Hill, the Ljubljanica partly flows through the Gruber Canal , built according to plans by Gabriel Gruber from 1772 until 1780. Next to the eastern border, the rivers Ljubljanica, Sava, and Kamnik Bistrica flow together. The confluence
8505-585: The number of dialects as nine or eight. The Slovene proverb "Every village has its own voice" ( Vsaka vas ima svoj glas ) depicts the differences in dialects. The Prekmurje dialect used to have a written norm of its own at one point. The Resian dialects have an independent written norm that is used by their regional state institutions. Speakers of those two dialects have considerable difficulties with being understood by speakers of other varieties of Slovene, needing code-switching to Standard Slovene. Other dialects are mutually intelligible when speakers avoid
8610-569: The park, among them Tivoli Castle , the National Museum of Contemporary History and the Tivoli Sports Hall . Tivoli–Rožnik Hill–Šiška Hill Landscape Park is located in the western part of the city. The Ljubljana Botanical Garden ( Ljubljanski botanični vrt ) covers 2.40 ha (5.9 acres) next to the junction of the Gruber Canal and the Ljubljanica, south of the Old Town. It is
8715-415: The post-breakup influence of Serbo-Croatian on Slovene continued to a lesser extent, most prominently in slang in colloquial language . Joža Mahnič , a literary historian and president of the publishing house Slovenska matica , said in February 2008 that Slovene is a language rich enough to express everything, including the most sophisticated and specialised texts. In February 2010, Janez Dular ,
8820-462: The region. The first printed Slovene words, stara pravda (meaning 'old justice' or 'old laws'), appeared in 1515 in Vienna in a poem of the German mercenaries who suppressed the Slovene peasant revolt : the term was presented as the peasants' motto and battle cry. Standard Slovene emerged in the second half of the 16th century, thanks to the works of Slovene Lutheran authors, who were active during
8925-533: The rise of Romantic nationalism in the 19th century, the cultural movements of Illyrism and Pan-Slavism brought words from Serbo-Croatian , specifically Croatian dialects, and Czech into standard Slovene, mostly to replace words previously borrowed from German. Most of these innovations have remained, although some were dropped in later development. In the second half of the 19th century, many nationalist authors made an abundant use of Serbo-Croatian words: among them were Fran Levstik and Josip Jurčič , who wrote
9030-412: The river, sits at 298 m (978 ft). Ljubljana Castle , which sits atop Castle Hill ( Grajski grič ) south of the city centre, has an elevation of 366 m (1,201 ft). The highest point of the city, called Grmada , reaches 676 m (2,218 ft), 3 m (9.8 ft) more than the nearby Mount Saint Mary ( Šmarna gora ) peak, a popular hiking destination. These are located in
9135-603: The same personal name. The city's symbol is the Ljubljana Dragon . It is depicted on the top of the tower of Ljubljana Castle in the Ljubljana coat of arms and on the Ljubljanica-crossing Dragon Bridge ( Zmajski most ). It represents power, courage, and greatness. Several explanations describe the origin of the Ljubljana Dragon. According to a Slavic myth, the slaying of a dragon releases
9240-514: The same proto-Slavic group of languages that produced Old Church Slavonic . The earliest known examples of a distinct, written dialect connected to Slovene are from the Freising manuscripts , known in Slovene as Brižinski spomeniki . The consensus estimate of their date of origin is between 972 and 1039 (most likely before 1000). These religious writings are among the oldest surviving manuscripts in any Slavic language. The Freising manuscripts are
9345-563: The second half of the 20th century, parts of Ljubljana were redesigned by Edvard Ravnikar . The central square in Ljubljana is Prešeren Square ( Prešernov trg ) home to the Franciscan Church of the Annunciation ( Frančiškanska cerkev ). Built between 1646 and 1660 (the bell towers followed), it replaced an older Gothic church. It offers an early-Baroque basilica with one nave and two rows of lateral chapels. The Baroque main altar
9450-522: The second, the dragon was at first only a decoration above the city coat of arms. In the Baroque , it became part of the coat of arms and, in the 19th and especially the 20th century, it outstripped the tower and other elements in importance. Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marsh was settled by people living in pile dwellings . Prehistoric pile dwellings and the oldest wooden wheel in the world are among
9555-529: The settlement's name. Silvo Torkar, a linguist with expertise in Slovene names, put forth the idea that Ljubljana's name has its roots in Ljubija , the original name of the Ljubljanica River . This can be traced back to the Old Slavic male name Ljubovid , which translates to 'the one with a lovely appearance'. Torkar also asserted that the name Laibach is a combination of German and Slovene, sharing its origins with
9660-1291: The standard orthography, Slovene also uses standardized diacritics or accent marks to denote stress , vowel length and pitch accent , much like the closely related Serbo-Croatian . However, as in Serbo-Croatian, use of such accent marks is restricted to dictionaries, language textbooks and linguistic publications. In normal writing, the diacritics are almost never used, except in a few minimal pairs where real ambiguity could arise. Ljubljana [REDACTED] Archbishop of Salzburg (1112–1555) [REDACTED] Habsburg Monarchy (1555–1804) [REDACTED] Austrian Empire (1804–1809) [REDACTED] Illyrian Provinces (1809–1814; capital ) [REDACTED] Austrian Empire (1814–1867) [REDACTED] Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) [REDACTED] State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Italy (1941–1945; annexed ) [REDACTED] Nazi Germany (1943–1945; de facto ) [REDACTED] SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1991) [REDACTED] Slovenia (1991–present; capital ) Ljubljana (also known by other historical names )
9765-577: The time a nearby village, now part of Ljubljana, a peace treaty was signed between the Republic of Venice and Leopold III of Habsburg . In the 15th century, Ljubljana became recognised for its art, particularly painting and sculpture. The Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana was established in 1461 and the Church of St. Nicholas became the diocesan cathedral. After the 1511 Idrija earthquake ,
9870-414: The tonemic varieties of Slovene, the ambiguity is even greater: ⟨e⟩ in a final syllable can stand for any of /éː/ /èː/ /ɛ́ː/ /ɛ̀ː/ /ɛ/ /ə/ (although /ɛ̀ː/ is rare; and Slovene, except in some dialects, does not distinguished tonemic accentuation). The reader is expected to gather the interpretation of the word from the context, as in these examples: To compensate for the shortcomings of
9975-532: The waters and ensures the fertility of the earth, and it is thought that the myth is tied to the Ljubljana Marsh , the expansive marshy area that periodically threatens Ljubljana with flooding. According to Greek legend , the Argonauts on their return home after having taken the Golden Fleece found a large lake surrounded by a marsh between the present-day towns of Vrhnika and Ljubljana. There Jason struck down
10080-719: The world. In 2014, Ljubljana won the European Green Capital Award for 2016 for their environmental achievements. Ljubljana's best-known bridges, listed from northern to southern ones, include the Dragon Bridge ( Zmajski most ), the Butchers' Bridge ( Mesarski most ), the Triple Bridge ( Tromostovje ), the Fish Footbridge ( Slovene : Ribja brv ), the Cobblers' Bridge ( Slovene : Šuštarski most ),
10185-414: The younger generations of Slovene authors and intellectuals; among the most fierce opponents of an excessive Serbo-Croatian influence on Slovene were the intellectuals associated with the leftist journal Sodobnost , as well as some younger Catholic activists and authors. After 1945, numerous Serbo-Croatian words that had been used in the previous decades were dropped. The result was that a Slovene text from
10290-476: Was applied in many spheres of public life in Slovenia. For example, at the post offices, railways and in administrative offices, Serbo-Croatian was used alongside Slovene. However, state employees were expected to be able to speak Slovene in Slovenia. During the same time, western Slovenia (the Slovenian Littoral and the western districts of Inner Carniola ) was under Italian administration and subjected to
10395-566: Was commonly used in almost all areas of public life. One important exception was the Yugoslav army , where Serbo-Croatian was used exclusively, even in Slovenia. National independence has further fortified the language: since 1991, when Slovenia gained independence, Slovene has been used as an official language in all areas of public life. In 2004 it became one of the official languages of the European Union upon Slovenia's admission. Nonetheless,
10500-494: Was designed by Slovenian architect Vladimir Šubic . The building opened on 21 February 1933. It was once the tallest residential building in Europe. Tivoli City Park ( Mestni park Tivoli ) is the largest park. It was designed in 1813 by French engineer Jean Blanchard and now covers approximately 5 km (1.9 sq mi). The park was laid out during the French imperial administration of Ljubljana in 1813 and named after
10605-662: Was destroyed by the Huns under Attila 's orders, and later by the Ostrogoths and the Lombards . Emona housed 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants and played an important role during battles. Its plastered brick houses, painted in different colours, were connected to a drainage system . In the 6th century, the ancestors of the Slovenes moved in. In the 9th century, they fell under Frankish domination, while experiencing frequent Magyar raids. Not much
10710-429: Was executed by sculptor Italian Francesco Robba . Much of the original frescos were ruined by ceiling cracks caused by the Ljubljana earthquake in 1895 . The new frescos were painted by the Slovene impressionist painter Matej Sternen . Ljubljana Castle ( Ljubljanski grad ) is a medieval castle with Romanesque , Gothic , and Renaissance architectural elements, located on the summit of Castle Hill, which dominates
10815-580: Was moved into the National Gallery in 2006. The fountain is decorated with an obelisk; at the foot are three figures in white marble symbolising the three chief rivers of Carniola. It is work of Francesco Robba, who designed other Baroque statues there. Ljubljana Cathedral ( ljubljanska stolnica ), or St. Nicholas's Cathedral ( stolnica sv. Nikolaja ), serves the Archdiocese of Ljubljana . Easily identifiable due to its green dome and twin towers, it
10920-434: Was the dialect used in the 16th century by Primož Trubar for his writings, while he also used Slovene as spoken in Ljubljana, since he lived in the city for more than 20 years. It was the speech of Ljubljana that Trubar took as a foundation of what later became standard Slovene, with small addition of his native speech, that is Lower Carniolan dialect . Trubar's choice was later adopted also by other Protestant writers in
11025-399: Was the language of the elite, and Slovene was the language of the common people. During this period, German had a strong influence on Slovene, and many Germanisms are preserved in contemporary colloquial Slovene. Many Slovene scientists before the 1920s also wrote in foreign languages, mostly German, which was the lingua franca of science throughout Central Europe at the time. During
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