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101-501: Live Music is a reggaeton company founded by DJ Giann and Jowell in 1996. This article about a Puerto Rican record label is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Reggaeton Reggaeton ( UK : / ˈ r ɛ ɡ eɪ t oʊ n , ˌ r ɛ ɡ eɪ ˈ t ɒ n / , US : / ˌ r ɛ ɡ eɪ ˈ t oʊ n , ˌ r eɪ ɡ -/ ) is a modern style of popular and electronic music that originated in Panama during

202-404: A hook which is repeated throughout the song. Latino ethnic identity is a common musical, lyrical and visual theme. Unlike hip-hop CDs, reggaeton discs generally do not have parental advisories . An exception is Daddy Yankee's Barrio Fino en Directo ( Barrio Fino Live ), whose live material (and with Snoop Dogg in " Gangsta Zone ") were labeled explicit. Snoop Dogg and Daddy Yankee filmed

303-580: A lingua franca may evolve by itself, the tendency to formally codify and normalize it is widespread in most parts of the world. Foreign language instruction is also considered a form of prescription, since it involves instructing learners how to speak, based on usage documentation laid down by others. Linguistic prescription may also be used to advance a social or political ideology. Throughout history, prescription has been created around high-class language, and therefore it degeneralizes lower-class language. This has led to many justifications of classism , as

404-402: A campaign against underground music by confiscating cassette tapes from music stores under penal obscenity codes, levying fines and demonizing rappers in the media. Bootleg recordings and word of mouth became the primary means of distribution for this music until 1998, when it coalesced into modern reggaeton. The genre's popularity increased when it was discovered by international audiences during

505-548: A certain degree of conceptual overlap as comprehensive descriptive accounts must take into account and record existing speaker preferences, and a prior understanding of how language is actually used is necessary for prescription to be effective. Since the mid-20th century some dictionaries and style guides , which are prescriptive works by nature, have increasingly integrated descriptive material and approaches. Examples of guides updated to add more descriptive material include Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961) and

606-405: A certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the lexicographer be derided, who is able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his dictionary can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and decay, that it

707-556: A distinction between "prescription" and "prescriptivism", defining the former as "a process of codification of a certain variety of language for some sort of official use", and the latter as "an unscientific tendency to mystify linguistic prescription". Linguistic prescription is a part of a language standardization process. The chief aim of linguistic prescription is to specify socially preferred language forms (either generally, as in Standard English , or in style and register ) in

808-686: A few cases, an entire publishing sector complies with a publication that originated as a house style manual, such as The Chicago Manual of Style and New Hart's Rules in non-fiction book publishing in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively, and The Associated Press Stylebook in American news style . Others are by self-appointed advocates whose rules are propagated in the popular press, as in " proper Cantonese pronunciation ". The aforementioned Fowler, and Strunk & White, were among

909-530: A foreign language . Although these have a more democratic base, they still exclude the vast majority of the English-speaking world: speakers of Scottish English , Hiberno-English , Appalachian English , Australian English , Indian English , Nigerian English or African-American English may feel the standard is arbitrarily selected or slanted against them. Therefore, prescription has political consequences; indeed, it can be—and has been—used consciously as

1010-618: A hit single, " Oye Mi Canto ". Daddy Yankee released Barrio Fino and a hit single, " Gasolina ", opening the door for reggaeton globally. Tego Calderón recorded the singles "Pa' Que Retozen" and "Guasa Guasa". Don Omar was popular, particularly in Europe, with " Pobre Diabla " and " Dale Don Dale ". Other popular reggaeton artists include Tony Dize , Angel & Khriz , Nina Sky , Dyland & Lenny , RKM & Ken-Y , Julio Voltio , Calle 13 , Héctor el Father , Wisin & Yandel and Tito El Bambino . In late 2004 and early 2005, inspired by

1111-405: A market dominated by mixing Latin trap and reggaeton followed by a new minimalist dembow rhythm. For example, songs such as "Adictiva" by Daddy Yankee and Anuel AA, "Asesina" by Brytiago and Darell, "Cuando Te Besé" by Becky G and Paulo Londra, "No Te Veo" by Casper Magico and many other songs have been made in this style. The dembow riddim was created by Jamaican dancehall producers during

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1212-503: A mostly-male genre, the number of women artists has been a slowly increasing and include the " Queen of Reggaeton ", Ivy Queen , Mey Vidal , K-Narias , Adassa , La Sista and Glory . Sandungueo , or perreo , is a dance associated with reggaeton which emerged during the early 1990s in Puerto Rico. It focuses on grinding , with one partner facing the back of the other (usually male behind female). Another way of describing this dance

1313-410: A music video for his single "TE CONOCI BAILANDO", which featured several homoerotic images including several shirtless men, locker room interactions and guys twerking in front of urinals. He challenged what is expected from traditional reggaeton music visuals by having gay men be the object of desire rather than women. The music video has amounted 2 million views on YouTube as of October 2023. Despite

1414-414: A political tool. A second issue with prescriptivism is that it tends to explicitly devalue non-standard dialects . It has been argued that prescription, apart from formulating standard language norms, often attempts to influence speakers to apply the proposed linguistic devices invariably, without considering the existence of different varieties and registers of language. While some linguists approve

1515-517: A prestige language or dialect over a less prestigious one, even if it is their native tongue. Government bureaucracy tends toward prescriptivism as a means of enforcing functional continuity. Such prescriptivism dates from ancient Egypt , where bureaucrats preserved the spelling of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt into the Ptolemaic period through the standard usage of Egyptian hieroglyphics . From

1616-488: A prestige variety.) A classic example from 18th-century England is Robert Lowth's tentative suggestion that preposition stranding in relative clauses sounds colloquial. This blossomed into a grammatical rule that a sentence should never end with a preposition. For these reasons, some writers argue that linguistic prescription is foolish or futile. Samuel Johnson commented on the tendency of some prescription to resist language change: When we see men grow old and die at

1717-431: A standard language when a society establishes social stratification and a socio-economic hierarchy . The spoken and written language usages of the authorities (state, military, church) is preserved as the standard language. Departures from this standard language may jeopardize social success (see social class ). Sometimes, archaisms and honorific stylizations may be deliberately introduced or preserved to distinguish

1818-417: A way that is easily taught and learned. Prescription may apply to most aspects of language, including spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Prescription is useful for facilitating inter-regional communication, allowing speakers of divergent dialects to understand a standardized idiom used in broadcasting , for example, more readily than each other's dialects. While such

1919-415: Is "back-to-front", where the woman presses her rear into the pelvis of her partner to create sexual stimulation. Since traditional couple dancing is face-to-face (such as square dancing and the waltz), reggaeton dancing initially shocked observers with its sensuality but was featured in several music videos. It is also known as daggering , grinding or juking in the English-speaking areas of the U.S. Over

2020-425: Is a basic building block, a skeletal sketch in percussion. In Reggaeton 'dembow' also incorporates identical Jamaican riddims such as Bam Bam, Hot This Year, Poco Man Jam, Fever Pitch, Red Alert, Trailer Reloaded and Big Up riddims, and several samples are often used. Some reggaeton hits incorporate a lighter, electrified version of the riddim. Examples are " Pa' Que la Pases Bien " and " Quiero Bailar ", which uses

2121-566: Is a fairly widespread genre within Spain . For years it has topped the list as the most listened to musical genre in the Iberian country. Reggaeton arrived in Spain due to the large immigration flows of the 2000s and today it is a genre that is quite integrated into Spanish society, which also has its own exponents of the genre such as Enrique Iglesias , Rosalía , Ana Mena , Lola Índigo and Juan Magán . In

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2222-734: Is imposed by regulation in some places. The French Academy in Paris is the national body in France whose recommendations about the French language are often followed in the French-speaking world (francophonie) , though not legally enforceable. In Germany and the Netherlands , recent spelling and punctuation reforms, such as the German orthographic reform of 1996 , were devised by teams of linguists commissioned by

2323-404: Is in his power to change sublunary nature, and clear the world at once from folly, vanity, and affectation. With this hope, however, academies have been instituted, to guard the avenues of their languages, to retain fugitives, and repulse intruders; but their vigilance and activity have hitherto been vain; sounds remain too volatile and subtle for legal restraints; to enchain syllables, and to lash

2424-634: Is propagated by people with an opposing ideology. Later, during the second half of the 20th century, efforts driven by various advocacy groups had considerable influence on language use under the broad banner of " political correctness ", to promote special rules for anti-sexist , anti-racist , or generically anti- discriminatory language (e.g. " people-first language " as advocated by disability rights organizations). Prescription presupposes authorities whose judgments may come to be followed by many other speakers and writers. For English, these authorities tend to be books. H. W. Fowler 's Modern English Usage

2525-418: Is referred to as her legal name "Villana". Villana has spoken on her experience confronting the barriers for queer and trans people in the reggaeton and urban industry; she says, "all of these cis male artists, who are very close, aren't going to collaborate with a trans woman. There are very few. We can count them on one hand." In 2023 Young Miko, a queer trap and reggaeton artist from Puerto Rico, charted in

2626-405: Is singer Flex , who in 2009 committed himself to singing songs with romance messages, a subgenre he dubbed "romantic style". Linguistic prescription Prescriptive approaches to language are often contrasted with the descriptive approach of academic linguistics , which observes and records how language is actually used (while avoiding passing judgment). The basis of linguistic research

2727-485: Is text ( corpus ) analysis and field study, both of which are descriptive activities. Description may also include researchers' observations of their own language usage. In the Eastern European linguistic tradition, the discipline dealing with standard language cultivation and prescription is known as "language culture" or "speech culture". Despite being apparent opposites, prescriptive and descriptive approaches have

2828-530: Is that prescription has a tendency to favor the language of one particular area or social class over others, and thus militates against linguistic diversity. Frequently, a standard dialect is associated with the upper class , for example the United Kingdom 's Received Pronunciation (RP). RP has now lost much of its status as the Anglophone standard, and other standards are now alternative systems for English as

2929-441: Is that prescriptive rules quickly become entrenched and it is difficult to change them when the language changes. Thus, there is a tendency for prescription to lag behind the vernacular language . In 1834, an anonymous writer advised against the split infinitive , reasoning that the construction was not a frequent feature of English as he knew it. Today the construction is in everyday use and generally considered standard usage, yet

3030-488: Is the first time reggaeton was sung in the Chinese languages of Mandarin and Hakka and accompanied by traditional Chinese instruments like the erhu , pipa and guzheng , creating a fusion of reggaeton and traditional Chinese musical styles. Reggaeton has traditionally been male dominated and heteronormative , known to "reinforce the most unpleasant aspects of machismo ". The genre began to accept queer and trans artists into

3131-512: Is the system of Japanese honorific speech . Most, if not all, widely spoken languages demonstrate some degree of social codification in how they conform to prescriptive rules. Linguistic prestige is a central research topic within sociolinguistics . Notions of linguistic prestige apply to different dialects of the same language and also to separate, distinct languages in multilingual regions. Prestige level disparity often leads to diglossia : speakers in certain social contexts consciously choose

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3232-895: The American Medical Association , the Modern Language Association , and the Modern Humanities Research Association ; there are many others. Scientific Style and Format , by the Council of Science Editors, seeks to normalize style in scientific journal publishing, based where possible on standards issued by bodies like the International Standards Organization . None of these works have any sort of legal or regulatory authority (though some governments produce their own house style books for internal use). They still have authority in

3333-686: The Billboard 200 chart. It peaked at number one on the Top Latin Albums chart, number three on Billboard's Top Soundtracks and number six on the Top Rap Albums chart. In 2009, Wisin & Yandel's La Revolución debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200, number one on the Top Latin Albums and number three on the Top Rap Albums charts. By 2008, Reggaeton was the "biggest-selling genre of Latin music" and one of its artists, Tego Calderon,

3434-465: The Fugees , became "the most popular song in the genre's history", with "the dembow beat in the background, the trumpet sample of Jerry Rivera's "Amores como el nuestro" in the chorus, the obvious salsa influence." In June 2007, Daddy Yankee's El Cartel III: The Big Boss set a first-week sales record for a reggaeton album, with 88,000 copies sold. It topped the Top Latin Albums and Top Rap Albums charts,

3535-720: The Greek and Cyrillic alphabets. Judaism used the Hebrew alphabet , and Islam the Arabic script . Hinduism used the Devanagari script . In certain traditions, strict adherence to prescribed spellings and pronunciations was and remains of great spiritual importance. Islamic naming conventions and greetings are notable examples of the linguistic prescription being a prerequisite to spiritual righteousness. Another commonly cited example of prescriptive language usage closely associated with social propriety

3636-572: The Latin music market from recording labels in the United States. Julyssa Lopez of The Washington Post stated that the successes of "Despacito" and J Balvin's " Mi Gente " is "the beginning of a new Latin crossover era." Stephanie Ho of Genius website wrote that "the successes of 'Despacito' and 'Mi Gente' could point to the beginning of a successful wave for Spanish-language music in the US." Ho also stated that "as 'Despacito' proves, fans don't need to understand

3737-574: The Philippines , reggaeton artists primarily use the Filipino language instead of Spanish or English . One example of a popular local reggaeton act is Zamboangueño duo Dos Fuertes, who had a dance hit in 2007 with "Tarat Tat", and who primarily uses the Chavacano language in their songs. In 2020, Malaysian rapper Namewee released the single and music video "China Reggaeton" featuring Anthony Wong . It

3838-608: The Spanish-speaking Caribbean nations and one of the primary modern genres within the Spanish-language music industry. Seemingly endless artists from the Caribbean have risen to fame ( Puerto Rico , Panamá , Dominican Republic , Cuba , Colombia ). Argentina has seen a modern surge in young artists inspired by the reggaetón style, fusing their music with Spanish rap verses, trapetón and R&B-style vocals (such as

3939-421: The "Los Del Espacio", including LIT killah , Tiago PZK , Duki , Emilia , and María Becerra , as well as Argentine pop star Tini ). Several established, world-famous performers—notably Puerto Rican-American Jennifer Lopez and Shakira from Colombia—have embraced the style, recording numerous duets and collaborations with top reggaetoneros . Several other emerging international artists are seeing success in

4040-476: The 1990s, Ivy Queen 's 1996 album En Mi Imperio , DJ Playero 's Playero 37 (introducing Daddy Yankee) and The Noise: Underground , The Noise 5 and The Noise 6 were popular in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic . Don Chezina , Tempo , Eddie Dee , Baby Rasta & Gringo and Lito & Polaco were also popular. The name "reggaeton" became prominent during the early 2000s, characterized by

4141-643: The Billboard Hot 100 with her single "Classy 101". In the same year, she was featured on Spanish rapper Bad Gyal's "Chulo Pt2", along with Tokischa , a queer Dembow singer; as of October 2023, the song has over 100 million views on YouTube. In the start of her career, Young Miko grew a local following in Puerto Rico releasing music independently on SoundCloud , but gained national visibility after Bad Bunny invited her on stage during his Un Verano Sin Ti tour. In June 2023, reggaeton artist, La Cruz, from Venezuela released

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4242-494: The English-language American Music Awards , Billboard Music Awards , Grammy Awards , and MTV Video Music Awards . There are several versions about the origin of the word reggaeton. El General 's representative Michael Ellis is said to have originated the term, adding the -ton suffix to "make the word big." One of them states that the word reggaeton emerged in 1994 when Daddy Yankee mentioned it for

4343-641: The Liquid riddim. Since 2018 a new variation of the Dembow rhythm has emerged; Starting with Te Bote , a sharper minimalist Dembow has become a stable of Reggaeton production which has allowed for more syncopated rhythmic experiments. Reggaeton lyrical structure resembles that of hip hop . Although most reggaeton artists recite their lyrics rapping (or resembling rapping) rather than singing , many alternate rapping and singing. Reggaeton uses traditional verse-chorus-bridge hip hop structure. Like hip hop, reggaeton songs have

4444-428: The United States . The success of the song and its remix version led Daddy Yankee to become the most listened-to artist worldwide on the streaming service Spotify on 9 July 2017, being the first Latin artist to do so. He later became the fifth most listened-to male artist and the sixth overall of 2017 on Spotify. In June 2017, "Despacito" was cited by Billboard ' s Leila Cobo as the song that renewed interest in

4545-500: The ability of the language to make subtle distinctions are easier to defend. Judgments based on the subjective associations of a word are more problematic. Finally, there is the problem of inappropriate dogmatism. Although competent authorities tend to make careful statements, popular pronouncements on language are apt to condemn. Thus, wise prescriptive advice identifying a form as colloquial or non-standard and suggesting that it be used with caution in some contexts may – when taken up in

4646-523: The belief that non-codified forms of language are innately inferior, creating social stigma and discrimination toward their speakers. In contrast, modern linguists would generally hold that all forms of language, including both vernacular dialects and different realizations of a standardized variety, are scientifically equal as instruments of communication, even if deemed socially inappropriate for certain situational contexts. Resulting in standard language ideology , normative practices might also give rise to

4747-819: The channel in December 2007 from home and car receivers, it can still be streamed from the XM Satellite Radio website. Reggaeton is the foundation of a Latin-American commercial-radio term, hurban , a combination of "Hispanic" and "urban" used to evoke the musical influences of hip hop and Latin American music. Reggaeton, which evolved from dancehall and reggae, and with influences from hip hop has helped Latin-Americans contribute to urban American culture and keep many aspects of their Hispanic heritage. The music relates to American socioeconomic issues, including gender and race, in common with hip hop. As in Latin America, reggaeton

4848-402: The classroom – become converted into a ruling that the dispreferred form is automatically unacceptable in all circumstances, a view academic linguists reject. (Linguists may accept that a construction is ungrammatical or incorrect in relation to a certain lect if it does not conform to its inherent rules, but they would not consider it absolutely wrong simply because it diverges from the norms of

4949-484: The concept where a certain language variety is promoted as linguistically superior to others, thus recognizing the standard language ideology as a constitutive element of prescriptivism or even identifying prescriptivism with this system of views. Others, however, use this term in relation to any attempts to recommend or mandate a particular way of language usage (in a specific context or register ), without, however, implying that these practices must involve propagating

5050-433: The consistent transcription of culturally important transactions (laws, scriptures, contracts, poetry, etc.) allow a large number of discussants to understand written conversations easily, and across multiple generations. Early historical trends in literacy and alphabetization were closely tied to the influence of various religious institutions. Western Christianity propagated the Latin alphabet . Eastern Orthodoxy spread

5151-480: The conviction that explicit formal instruction is an essential prerequisite for acquiring proper command of one's native language, thus creating a massive feeling of linguistic insecurity . Propagating such language attitudes is characteristic of the prescriptivists in Eastern Europe , where normativist ideas of correctness can be found even among professional linguists. Another serious issue with prescription

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5252-546: The creation of dembow. At its heart is the 3+3+2 ( tresillo ) rhythm, complemented by a bass drum in 4/4 time. The riddim was first highlighted by Shabba Ranks in " Dem Bow ", from his 1991 album Just Reality . To this day, elements of the song's accompaniment track are found in over 80% of all reggaeton productions. During the mid-1980s, dancehall music was revolutionized by the electronic keyboard and drum machine; subsequently, many dancehall producers used them to create different dancehall riddims. Dembow's role in reggaeton

5353-481: The dembow beat. It was coined in Puerto Rico to describe a unique fusion of Puerto Rican music. Reggaeton is currently popular throughout Latin America. It increased in popularity with Latino youth in the United States when DJ Joe and DJ Blass worked with Plan B and Sir Speedy on Reggaeton Sex , Sandunguero and Fatal Fantasy . In 2004, reggaeton became popular throughout the United States and Europe. Tego Calderón

5454-419: The earliest attempts at prescription in classical times grammarians have based their norms on observed prestige use of language. Modern prescriptivist textbooks draw heavily on descriptive linguistic analysis. The prescription may privilege some existing forms over others for the sake of maximizing clarity and precision in language use. Others are subjective judgments of what constitutes good taste. Some reflect

5555-469: The early 2000s. The new genre, simply called "underground" and later " perreo ", had explicit lyrics about drugs, violence, poverty, friendship, love and sex. These themes, depicting the troubles of inner-city life, can still be found in reggaeton. "Underground" music was recorded in marquesinas (or carports ) and at public housing complexes such as Villa Kennedy, and Jurutungo, often by creators using second-hand recording equipment. Despite that,

5656-491: The facet of language, or very compact works insistent upon only a few matters of particular importance to the publisher. Some aim to be comprehensive only for a specific field, deferring to more general-audience guides on matters that are not particular to the discipline in question. There are different types of style guides, by purpose and audience. Because the genres of writing and the audiences of each manual are different, style manuals often conflict with each other, even within

5757-514: The fact that Brazil is a Portuguese-speaking country, which has historically led it to become more isolationist than other Latin American countries in the musical scene. The musical rhythm only became popular in the country when it reached other markets, like the American. The genre is now overcoming the obstacle of language. Some of the biggest names in the Brazilian music market have partnered with artists from other Latin American countries and explored

5858-417: The first globally-successful reggaetón song; Daddy Yankee is credited with bringing the style to western pop music listeners. By the 2010s, the genre had seen increased popularity across Latin America , as well as modern acceptance within mainstream Western music ; during the 2010s, several new award categories (focusing on reggaetón and Latin music) were unveiled at various American music awards shows, notably

5959-483: The first reggaeton album to do so on the latter. The album peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200, the second-highest reggaeton album on the mainstream chart. The third-highest-ranking reggaeton album was Wisin & Yandel 's Wisin vs. Yandel: Los Extraterrestres , which debuted at number 14 on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Top Latin Albums chart later in 2007. In 2008 Daddy Yankee soundtrack to his film, Talento de Barrio , debuted at number 13 on

6060-551: The first reggaeton tracks. As Caribbean and African-American music gained momentum in Puerto Rico, reggae rap in Spanish marked the beginning of the Boricua underground and was a creative outlet for many young people. This created an inconspicuous-yet-prominent underground youth culture which sought to express itself. As a youth culture existing on the fringes of society and the law, it has often been criticized. The Puerto Rican police launched

6161-547: The first time while freestyling on the mixtape "Playero 34." Another version suggests that it appeared the following year when DJ Erick released the album titled "Reggaetón Live Vol.1," abbreviating the words reggae and maratón (marathon). The spellings reggaeton and reggaetón are common, although prescriptivist sources such as the Fundéu BBVA and the Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española recommend

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6262-403: The genre as well, including Catalán - Spanish singer Bad Gyal (from Barcelona ) and trilingual Brazilian star Anitta (from Rio de Janeiro ). Mexican-American singer Becky G (from Los Angeles, California ) has experienced huge success in recent years, as a Latino American artist in the reggaetón genre. In 2004, Daddy Yankee released his smash single “ Gasolina ”, regarded by many as

6363-547: The genre has become part of popular culture, including a 2006 Pepsi commercial with Daddy Yankee and PepsiCo's choice of Ivy Queen as musical spokesperson for Mountain Dew. Other examples of greater acceptance in Puerto Rico are religiously- and educationally-influenced lyrics; Reggae School is a rap album produced to teach math skills to children, similar to School House Rock . Reggaeton expanded when other producers, such as DJ Nelson and DJ Eric, followed DJ Playero . During

6464-523: The government went a step further; they banned the "aggressive, sexually explicit and obscene messages of reggaeton" from radio and television, as well as performances by street musicians. The first name of reggaeton in Brazil was the Señores Cafetões group, who became known in 2007 with the track "Piriguete" - which at the time was mistaken by Brazilians for hip hop and Brazilian funk because reggaeton

6565-489: The hybrid Cubaton . Two bands credited with popularizing Cubaton are Máxima Alerta (founded in 1999) and Cubanito 20.02 . The former is notable for fusing Cubaton with other genres, such as son Cubano , conga , cumbia , salsa , merengue , and Cuban rumba , as well as styles and forms such as rap and ballads , whereas the latter's music is influenced more by Jamaican music. The government of Cuba imposed restrictions on reggaeton in public places in 2012. In March 2019,

6666-498: The language in order to enjoy the music", referring to the worldwide success of the song, including various non-Spanish-speaking countries. In April 2018, "Te Boté" was released by Nio Garcia, Casper Magico, Darell , Ozuna , Bad Bunny and Nicky Jam . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. It currently has over 1.8 billion views on YouTube. Many artists began to mark strong commercial trends in

6767-457: The late 1980s and early 1990s. Dembow consists of a kick drum, kickdown drum, palito, snare drum, timbal, timballroll and (sometimes) a high-hat cymbal. Dembow's percussion pattern was influenced by dancehall and other West Indian music ( soca , calypso and cadence ); this gives dembow a pan-Caribbean flavor. Steely & Clevie , creators of the Poco Man Jam riddim, are usually credited with

6868-420: The late 1980s, and which rose to prominence in the late 1990s and early 2000s through a plethora of Puerto Rican musicians. It has evolved from dancehall , with elements of hip hop , Latin American , and Caribbean music . Vocals include toasting / rapping and singing , typically in Spanish. Reggaetón, today, is regarded as one of the most popular music genres worldwide; it is the top music genre among

6969-474: The lower-class can easily be portrayed to be incoherent and improper if they do not speak the standard language. This also corresponds to the use of prescription for racism , as dialects spoken by what is seen as the superior race are usually standardized in countries with prominent racism. A good example of this is the demeaning of AAVE in the United States , as the idea that the "lower race" speaks improperly

7070-405: The mainstream after Bad Bunny publicly voiced his allyship to the queer community through challenging gender norms and homophobic notions. New generation artists like Villano Antillano , Young Miko , La Cruz and others have been challenging the stereotypes and values traditionally associated with the genre. In 2022 Villano Antillano, a trans-femme rap/reggaeton artist from Puerto Rico, broke

7171-821: The most notable. Bobby "Digital" Dixon 's " Dem Bow " production was played in clubs. Underground music was not originally intended to be club music. In South Florida, DJ Laz and Hugo Diaz of the Diaz Brothers were popularizing the genre from Palm Beach to Miami. Underground music in Puerto Rico was harshly criticized. In February 1995, there was a government-sponsored campaign against underground music and its cultural influence. Puerto Rican police raided six record stores in San Juan, hundreds of cassettes were confiscated and fines imposed in accordance with Laws 112 and 117 against obscenity. The Department of Education banned baggy clothing and underground music from schools. For months after

7272-524: The movement as a social nuisance. During the mid-1990s, the Puerto Rican police and National Guard confiscated reggaeton tapes and CDs to get "obscene" lyrics out of the hands of consumers. Schools banned hip hop clothing and music to quell reggaeton's influence. In 2002, Senator González led public hearings to regulate the sexual "slackness" of reggaeton lyrics. Although the effort did not seem to negatively affect public opinion about reggaeton, it reflected

7373-460: The old prohibition can still be heard. A further problem is a challenge of specifying understandable criteria. Although prescribing authorizations may have clear ideas about why they make a particular choice, and their choices are seldom entirely arbitrary, there exists no linguistically sustainable metric for ascertaining which forms of language should be considered standard or otherwise preferable. Judgments that seek to resolve ambiguity or increase

7474-727: The past decade, reggaeton has received mainstream recognition in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, where the genre originated from, including Puerto Rico , Cuba , Panama , the Dominican Republic , Colombia and Venezuela , where it is now regarded as one of the most popular music genres. Reggaeton has also seen increased popularity in the wider Latin America region, including in Mexico , Honduras , Guatemala , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Argentina , Chile , Uruguay , Ecuador and Peru . In Cuba, reggaeton came to incorporate elements of traditional Cuban music , leading to

7575-692: The popularity of the genre, reggaeton has also attracted criticism due to its constant references to sexual and violent themes, similar to those of hip-hop. Mexican singer-songwriter Aleks Syntek made a public post on social media complaining that such music was played at Mexico City's airport in the morning with children present. By 2019, other singers who expressed dismay over the genre included vallenato singer Carlos Vives and Heroes Del Silencio singer Enrique Bunbury . That same year, some activists stated that reggaeton music gives way to misogynistic and sadistic messages. Some reggaeton singers have decided to counteract such accusations. One notable example

7676-456: The practical role of language standardization in modern nation states, certain models of prescriptive codification have been criticized for going far beyond mere norm-setting, i.e. by promoting the sanctioned language variety as the only legitimate means of communication and presenting it as the only valid baseline of correctness, while stigmatizing non-standard usages as " mistakes ". Such practices have been said to contribute to perpetuating

7777-402: The prestige form of the language from contemporary colloquial language . Likewise, the style of language used in ritual also differs from everyday speech. Special ceremonial languages known only to a select few spiritual leaders are found throughout the world; Liturgical Latin has served a similar function for centuries. When a culture develops a writing system, orthographic rules for

7878-401: The promotion of one class or region within a language community over another, which can become politically controversial. Prescription can also reflect ethical considerations, as in prohibiting swear words . Words referring to elements of sexuality or toilet hygiene may be regarded as obscene. Blasphemies against religion may be forbidden. In the 21st century, political correctness objects to

7979-405: The quality of advice given in many usage guides, including highly regarded books like Strunk and White's The Elements of Style . In particular, linguists point out that popular books on English usage written by journalists or novelists (e.g. Simon Heffer 's Strictly English: The Correct Way to Write ... and Why It Matters ) often make basic errors in linguistic analysis. A frequent criticism

8080-528: The quality of the cassettes was good enough to help increase their popularity among Puerto Rican youth. The cassettes were sold or distributed on the streets from the trunks of cars. The availability and quality of the cassettes led to reggaeton's popularity, which crossed socioeconomic barriers in the Puerto Rican music scene. The most popular cassettes in the early 1990s were DJ Negro's The Noise I and II and DJ Playero's 37 and 38. Gerardo Cruet, who created

8181-477: The raids local media demonized rappers, calling them "irresponsible corrupters of the public order." In 1995, DJ Negro released The Noise 3 with a mockup label reading, "Non-explicit lyrics". The album had no cursing until the last song. It was a hit, and underground music continued to seep into the mainstream. Senator Velda González of the Popular Democratic Party and the media continued to view

8282-405: The record as "the first transwoman to hit number 50 on Spotify" with Villano Antillano: Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 51 in collaboration with producer Bizarrap . She began her music career as a male-presenting person under the artist name "Villano Antillano" and later decided to "step into [her] femininity" and transition. She has since kept her original artist name, but identifies as non-binary and

8383-537: The recordings, spread the genre from the marginalized residential areas into other sectors of society, particularly private schools. By the mid-1990s, "underground" cassettes were being sold in music stores. The genre caught on with middle-class youth, then found its way into the media. By this time, Puerto Rico had several clubs dedicated to the underground scene; Club Rappers in Carolina and PlayMakers in Puerto Nuevo were

8484-467: The respective governments and then implemented by statutes, some met with widespread dissent. Examples of national prescriptive bodies and initiatives are: Other kinds of authorities exist in specific settings, most commonly in the form of style guidebooks (also called style guides, manuals of style, style books, or style sheets). Style guides vary in form, and may be alphabetical usage dictionaries, comprehensive manuals divided into numerous subsection by

8585-450: The rest of Europe , Reggaeton is less popular in Europe than in Latin America, however it attracts Latin American immigrants. A Spanish media custom, "La Canción del Verano" ("The Song of the Summer"), in which one or two songs define the season's mood, was the basis of the popularity of reggaeton songs such as "Baila Morena" by Héctor & Tito and Daddy Yankee 's "Gasolina" in 2005. In

8686-405: The rhythm. The New York–based rapper N.O.R.E. , also known as Noreaga, produced Nina Sky 's 2004 hit " Oye Mi Canto ", which featured Tego Calderón and Daddy Yankee, and reggaeton became popular in the U.S. Daddy Yankee then caught the attention of many hip-hop artists with his song " Gasolina ", and that year XM Radio introduced its reggaeton channel, Fuego (XM) . Although XM Radio removed

8787-557: The same vernacular of English. Many publishers have established an internal house style specifying preferred spellings and grammatical forms, such as serial commas , how to write acronyms , and various awkward expressions to avoid. Most of these are internal documentation for the publisher's staff, though various newspapers, universities, and other organizations have made theirs available for public inspection, and sometimes even sell them as books, e.g. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage and The Economist Style Guide . In

8888-432: The self-appointed, as are some modern authors of style works, like Bryan A. Garner and his Modern English Usage (formerly Modern American Usage ). Various style guides are used for academic papers and professional journals and have become de facto standards in particular fields, though the bulk of their material pertains to formatting of source citations (in mutually conflicting ways). Some examples are those issued by

8989-512: The sense that a student may be marked down for failure to follow a specified style manual; a professional publisher may enforce compliance; a publication may require its employees to use house style as a matter of on-the-job competence. A well-respected style guide, and usually one intended for a general audience, may also have the kind of authority that a dictionary does consult as a reference work to satisfy personal curiosity or settle an argument. Historically, linguistic prescriptivism originates in

9090-584: The spelling reguetón , as it conforms more closely with traditional Spanish spelling rules . Often mistaken for reggae or reggae en Español , reggaeton is a younger genre that originated in the late 1980s in Panama and was later popularized in Puerto Rico. It had its origins in what was known as rap y reggae "underground" music, due to its circulation through informal networks and performances at unofficial venues. DJ Playero and DJ Nelson were inspired by hip hop and dancehall to produce " riddims ",

9191-406: The standard language ideology. According to another understanding, the prescriptive attitude is an approach to norm-formulating and codification that involves imposing arbitrary rulings upon a speech community , as opposed to more liberal approaches that draw heavily from descriptive surveys; in a wider sense, however, the latter also constitute a form of prescriptivism. Mate Kapović makes

9292-923: The success of "Gasolina", Shakira collaborated with Alejandro Sanz to record " La Tortura " and "La Tortura – Shaketon Remix" for her album, Fijación Oral Vol. 1 , further popularizing reggaeton. Four reggaeton songs were sung at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards : by Don Omar (" Dile "), Tego Calderón, Daddy Yankee, and Shakira with Sanz – the first time any reggaeton song was performed on that stage. Musicians began to incorporate bachata into reggaeton, with Ivy Queen releasing singles (" Te He Querido, Te He Llorado " and "La Mala") featuring bachata's signature guitar sound, slower, romantic rhythms and emotive singing style. Daddy Yankee's " Lo Que Paso, Paso " and Don Omar's "Dile" are also bachata-influenced. In 2005 producers began to remix existing reggaeton music with bachata, marketing it as bachaton : "bachata, Puerto Rican style". In May 2006, Don Omar's King of Kings

9393-660: The third edition Garner's Modern English Usage (2009) in English, or the Nouveau Petit Robert (1993) in French. A partially descriptive approach can be especially useful when approaching topics of ongoing conflict between authorities, or in different dialects , disciplines, styles , or registers . Other guides, such as The Chicago Manual of Style , are designed to impose a single style and thus remain primarily prescriptive (as of 2017 ). Some authors define "prescriptivism" as

9494-635: The unease of the government and the upper social classes with what the music represented. Because of its often sexually-charged content and its roots in poor, urban communities, many middle- and upper-class Puerto Ricans found reggaeton threatening, "immoral, as well as artistically deficient, a threat to the social order, apolitical". Despite the controversy, reggaeton slowly gained acceptance as part of Puerto Rican culture — helped, in part, by politicians including González who began to use reggaeton in election campaigns to appeal to younger voters in 2003. Puerto Rican mainstream acceptance of reggaeton has grown and

9595-462: The use of words perceived as offensive. Some elements of prescription in English are sometimes thought to have been based on the norms of Latin grammar . Robert Lowth is frequently cited as having done so, but he specifically objected to "forcing the English under the rules of a foreign Language". Prescriptivism is often subject to criticism. Many linguists, such as Geoffrey Pullum and other posters to Language Log , are highly skeptical of

9696-489: The video for "Gangsta Zone" in Torres Sabana housing projects in Carolina, Puerto Rico on January 27, 2006. Shot in grayscale , Daddy Yankee said the video depicts "the real way we live on the island". Artists such as Alexis & Fido circumvent radio and television censorship by sexual innuendo and lyrics with double meanings . Some songs have raised concerns about their depiction of women. Although reggaeton began as

9797-495: Was receiving airplay in the U.S., and the music was popular among youth. Daddy Yankee's El Cangri.com became popular that year in the country, as did Héctor & Tito . Luny Tunes and Noriega 's Mas Flow , Yaga & Mackie 's Sonando Diferente , Tego Calderón's El Abayarde , Ivy Queen's Diva , Zion & Lennox 's Motivando a la Yal and the Desafío compilation were also well received. Rapper N.O.R.E. released

9898-400: Was still a genre almost unknown in the country. In Brazil, this musical genre only reached a reasonable popularity around the middle of the decade of 2010. The first great success of the genre in the country was the song "Yes or no" by Anitta with Maluma . One of the explanations for reggaeton has not reached the same level of popularity that exists in other Latin American countries is due to

9999-549: Was the highest-ranking reggaeton LP to date on the U.S. charts, debuting atop the Top Latin Albums chart and peaking at number seven on the Billboard 200 chart. Omar's single, "Angelito", topped the Billboard Latin Rhythm Radio Chart. He broke Britney Spears ' in-store-appearance sales record at Downtown Disney's Virgin music store. That same year, Shakira 's " Hips Don't Lie ", featuring Wyclef Jean of

10100-421: Was using it to describe and encourage black pride . In 2017, the music video for " Despacito " by Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee reached one billion views in less than three months. From January 2018 to November 2020, the music video was the most viewed YouTube video of all-time. With its 3.3 million certified sales plus track-equivalent streams, "Despacito" became one of the best-selling Latin singles in

10201-589: Was widely taken as an authority for British English for much of the 20th century; Strunk and White 's The Elements of Style has done similarly for American English . The Duden grammar (first edition 1880) has a similar status for German. Although lexicographers often see their work as purely descriptive, dictionaries are widely regarded as prescriptive authorities. Books such as Lynne Truss 's Eats, Shoots & Leaves (2003), which argues for stricter adherence to prescriptive punctuation rules, also seek to exert an influence. Linguistic prescription

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