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126-453: It is not known when Liu Rengong was born—although he was said to be spreading the rumor that he would become a military governor ( jiedushi ) at age 48 when he later served Li Kuangwei , indicating that he was not yet 48 by that point. His family was originally from Leshou (樂壽, in modern Cangzhou , Hebei ), which was not a part of Lulong Circuit, although he would follow his father Liu Sheng ( 劉晟 ) to Lulong Circuit, as Liu Sheng served under

252-487: A campaign against Zhu Quanzhong, but his orders drew no immediate reactions. Meanwhile, Zhu Quanzhong had long wanted to kill Li Yu, outwardly on the account that Li Yu had once improperly taken the throne (albeit under the eunuchs' pressure), but truly because he was apprehensive of Li Yu's status as the emperor's oldest son and his handsome appearance. Emperor Zhaozong resisted Zhu's wishes on this issue. Further, at that time, Li Maozhen, Li Jihui, Li Keyong, Liu Rengong

378-466: A campaign to assist the emperor. He thus requisitioned troops from Lulong, but Liu declined his requisition request, claiming that the soldiers were needed to defend against Khitan incursions. For several months, Li Keyong sent repeated letters, and Liu continued to decline. When Li Keyong sent a harshly worded rebuke, Liu threw the letter onto the ground, put the Hedong emissary under arrest, and tried to kill

504-511: A corps of Fengxiang troops at Chang'an to counteract the eunuchs; Li Maozhen agreed, and left his adoptive son Li Jiyun ( 李繼筠 ) in command of the Fengxiang soldiers at Chang'an. Despite this setback, Cui continued to try to plan to slaughter the eunuchs. The eunuchs headed by Han eventually became aware of this, and, in order to reduce Cui's power, they had the Shence Army soldiers claim that Cui

630-469: A feast, but ambushed them there once they became drunk and captured them. The Khitan were forced to pay Liu Rengong a large ransom to get them released. In 906, when Zhu again put Cang Prefecture under siege, Liu Rengong, after repeated losses against Zhu's army, felt that he needed even more soldiers, so he ordered all men from age 15 to 70 to serve, tattooing their faces. He also sought aid from Hedong. Li Keyong initially refused to help him, but later, under

756-455: A general campaign against him, with Wei in command, assisted by Wang, Gu, and Yang Fugong's adoptive nephew Yang Shouliang the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong , Shaanxi ). While the campaign against Chen was starting, another campaign that had been ongoing during the latter years of Emperor Zhaozong's reign was ending. Qin Zongquan , formerly

882-581: A group of associates, headed by Yan Liude ( 燕留德 ), at Lulong, to accompany Liu. However, the Hedong soldiers soon ran into conflicts with the Lulong officer Gao Siji ( 高思繼 ) and Gao Siji's brothers, as they bullied the Lulong people. The Gao brothers executed a number of them, drawing Li Keyong's displeasure, and Li Keyong rebuked Liu. Liu, blaming all of the executions on the Gao brothers, delivered them to Hedong, where Li Keyong executed them. Liu, however, in order to pacify

1008-470: A major attack on Lulong. You Prefecture fell quickly to him; Li Kuangchou fled to neighboring Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered in modern Cangzhou) and was killed by Yichang's military governor Lu Yanwei . In spring 895, Li Keyong formally entered You Prefecture, and he had Liu and an adoptive son, Li Cunshen , surveil and pacify the region. He left Liu in charge of Lulong as acting military governor, and then returned to Hedong. He left an army detachment and

1134-538: A new Later Liang as its Emperor Taizu) in Liu Rengong's name, seeking retirement. The Later Liang emperor approved of Liu Rengong's retirement, bestowed the title of Taishi ( 太師 ) on Liu Rengong, and subsequently created Liu Shouguang the Prince of Yan. Liu Shouguang, however, was not satisfied with the princely title under Later Liang suzerainty. In 911, he claimed the title of Emperor of Yan . Subsequently, Li Cunxu, who

1260-462: A new Later Liang dynasty. Emperor Zhaozong's reign lasted almost 16 years and he was buried in the He Mausoleum ( 和陵 ). He was 37. Li Jie was born in 867, during the reign of his father Emperor Yizong , in the eastern palace at the imperial capital Chang'an . His mother was Emperor Yizong's concubine Consort Wang, who was said to have come from a humble background and whose rank within the palace

1386-433: A number of officers, including Liu Shouguang's younger brother Liu Shouqi ( 劉守奇 ), nephew Wang Sitong , and the officer Li Chengyue ( 李承約 ), fled to Hedong Circuit. Hearing of what Liu Shougguang did, Liu Shouwen launched his troops to attack Liu Shouguang, with initially inconclusive results. (In this fraternal war, Liu Shouguang received aid from Li Cunxu, who had succeeded Li Keyong as the military governor of Hedong and

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1512-641: A pivotal role in defeating the rebel Pang Xun . Han Huang , another jiedushi of Zhenhai Army, was chief minister in 785. Zhenwu Jiedushi was created in 758 and headquartered in the Chanyu Protectorate (northwest of Horinger ). It controlled the Chanyu Protectorate, Lin Prefecture (麟州), Sheng Prefecture (勝州), East Shouxiang city (東受降城), and held areas in Shenmu ( Shaanxi ), and Baotou in Inner Mongolia . It

1638-455: A surprise attack and captured him. Liu Shouguang put Liu Shouwen under house arrest as well, and then put Cang Prefecture, which was defended by Liu Shouwen's son Liu Yanzuo , under siege. The city fell in 910, so Liu Shouguang took Yichang under his control as well. He then had Liu Shouwen killed, while submitting a petition to Zhu Quanzhong (who had seized the Tang throne by this point and established

1764-587: A vassal, Zhu again had Zhang lead an army, with supplements from Weibo, to attack Liu. Zhang quickly captured Lulong's Ying and Mo (莫州, in modern Cangzhou) Prefectures and Yichang's Jing Prefecture (景州, in modern Cangzhou). (In the latter battle, the prefect Liu Renba ( 劉仁霸 ), who might have been a brother to Liu Rengong, was captured.) Zhang prepared to next attack You Prefecture, but subsequent weather conditions stopped him, and he instead attacked Yiwu and forced that circuit into submission (despite Liu Shouwen's attempts to assist Yiwu). In 901, Emperor Zhaozong bestowed

1890-539: Is it that I have had to make repeated requests and that we still have not received them? Tell them [(i.e., the emperor and the chancellors)] what I said! In any case, it was said that after the victory over Yichang, Liu Rengong, believing in his military strength, began to have ambitions of controlling the entire region north of the Yellow River . In spring 899, he launched a major attack on Weibo. When he captured Weibo's Bei Prefecture (貝州, in modern Xingtai), he slaughtered

2016-613: The Guanzhong region fell one by one to Zhu, while Shannan West and nearby holdings fell to Wang. Still, Fengxiang's defenses were holding, and by fall 902, Zhu, with his attacks hampered by rains and illnesses to the soldiers, was considering a withdrawal. A trap advocated by and set by Zhu's officer Gao Jichang , however, induced Li Maozhen to send his troops outside the city walls to attack Zhu's troops, where they were crushed by Zhu's troops. From this point on, Li Maozhen could not fight back against Zhu any more, and by winter 902, Fengxiang

2142-636: The Hai River and parts of Beijing . It was headquartered in Ji county (southwest of Beijing ). An Lushan was promoted to jiedushi of Pinglu, Fanyang (in north Hebei ), and Hedong (central Shanxi ) with an army of 150 000. He rebelled against the Tang dynasty in 755. Li Guangbi was promoted to jiedushi of Fanyang after recovering much territory from the rebels in Hebei, but he died soon after in 764. Li Huaixian , former general of An Lushan, delivered Shi Chaoyi 's head to

2268-596: The Jingyuan mutiny in 783 for denouncing the usurper Zhu Ci . Jingyuan was annexed by Li Maozhen in 899. Shannan West Circuit Jiedushi was created in 780 and headquartered in Liang Prefecture (梁州) (east of Hanzhong , Shaanxi ). It was annexed by Wang Jian in 902. Heyang Sancheng Jiedushi was created in 781 and headquartered in Heyang (河陽) (south of Mengzhou ). It controlled Mengzhou and Mengjin . Yiwu Army Jiedushi

2394-646: The Qinling Mountains with his officials, and the people of Chang'an followed in droves. Meanwhile, Li Keyong engaged and defeated Wang's and Li Maozhen's troops, then put Wang's capital Bin Prefecture ( 邠州 ) under siege. Wang fled and was killed by his own subordinates in flight. Li Maozhen and Han capitulated, sending apologies and tributes to Emperor Zhaozong. Emperor Zhaozong, who returned to Chang'an, bestowed great honors on Li Keyong and his key subordinates, but hesitated when Li Keyong proposed to attack Li Maozhen, believing that if Li Keyong destroyed Li Maozhen,

2520-597: The Da'an mansion. He also retained alchemists to try to achieve immortality. He hoarded the money from the people of the circuit, instead making coins out of clay, and he prohibited purchasing tea leaves from south of the Yangtze River , instead using the leaves of the circuit's trees as tea substitutes. In or sometime before 907, Liu Rengong discovered that Liu Shouguang had been having an affair with Liu Rengong's favorite concubine Lady Luo. He caned Liu Shouguang, threw him out of

2646-612: The Hedong officers stationed at Lulong, who fled and escaped death, according to the Zizhi Tongjian . (The History of the Five Dynasties and the New History of the Five Dynasties indicated that Liu did in fact kill a number of them, including Yan.) In fall 897, angry at Liu Rengong's betrayal, Li Keyong commanded the army himself and attacked Lulong. He engaged the Lulong forces commanded by Liu's son-in-law Dan Keji ( 單可及 ), but

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2772-629: The Jin army and revealed the desperate state the Yan army was in. Li Cunxu then ordered a final attack, and the city fell. Liu Rengong, his wife, and his concubines were taken captive. Liu Shouguang tried to flee to Cang Prefecture (which was then defended by Liu Shouqi, who had become a Later Liang general), but was captured on the way there. (When he was brought back to You Prefecture, Liu Rengong and his wife both spat on him and stated, "Rebellious bandit! Look at what you did to our household!") In spring 914, Li Cunxu took

2898-463: The Khitan lands, as well as to burn the grazing fields to prevent the Khitan horses from grazing properly. In winter 903, when the Khitan leader Yelü Abaoji sent his brother-in-law Shulü Abo ( 述律阿缽 ) to attack Shanhai Pass , Liu Rengong's son Liu Shouguang , who was then defending Ping Prefecture (平州, in modern Qinhuangdao , Hebei ), pretended to be parlaying with the Khitan officers and invited them to

3024-556: The Liu household, including Liu Rengong and Liu Shouguang, on a victory tour through Yiwu and Chengde Circuits, at Wang Chuzhi's and Wang Rong's invitation. When they arrived at Chengde Circuit, at Wang Rong's request (as Wang Rong wanted to finally meet Liu Rengong in person), Li Cunxu temporarily removed the shackles from Liu Rengong and Liu Shouguang, and had them attend a feast that Wang Rong held for him. After they arrived back at Hedong's capital Taiyuan , Li Cunxu first executed Liu Shouguang in

3150-473: The Lulong army's supplies, they delivered the rest to Hedong, contrary to the prior customs during Lulong's independence periods where Lulong kept its own revenues. In 897, by which time Emperor Zhaozong had fled from the imperial capital Chang'an to Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern Weinan , Shaanxi ) due to attacks by the warlord Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji , Shaanxi ), Li Keyong planned

3276-401: The Lulong people, took in the Gao brothers' sons as officers in the Lulong army. In summer 895, then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong formally made Liu the military governor of Lulong. Through the years that Liu served as Li Keyong's vassal, the officers that Li Keyong left at Lulong managed much of the affairs of the circuit. They collected taxes from the circuit, and, except for what was needed for

3402-499: The Prince of Jin after Li Keyong's death in 908, while Liu Shouwen was assisted by the Khitan and the Tuyuhun tribal armies.) In 909, they fought each other at the Battle of Jisu (雞蘇, in modern Tianjin ), where Liu Shouwen initially prevailed. However, Liu Shouwen then stepped out onto the battlefield and stated, "Do not kill my brother!" As he did, Yuan, who knew that it was Liu Shouwen, made

3528-720: The Tang and surrendered in 763, becoming jiedushi of Youzhou and Lulong. Zhang Shougui (張守珪) was a jiedushi of Youzhou. Zhu Tao was a jiedushi of Lulong. Jiannan Jiedushi was created in 719 and headquartered in Yi Prefecture (益州) ( Chengdu ). It was split into Jiannan Dongchuan Jiedushi and Jiannan Xichuan Jiedushi in 757 and then merged again from 763 to 764, and then split again from 766 to 779. It controlled 25 prefectures in Chengdu and areas to its north and south in Sichuan . East River controlled 12 prefectures from Jiange to Luzhou . It

3654-592: The Tang dynasty. Even after the difficult suppression of that rebellion, some jiedushi such as the Three Fanzhen of Hebei were allowed to retain their powers due to the weakened state of the court. The jiedushi were one of the primary factors which contributed to the political division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , a period marked by continuous infighting among rival kingdoms, dynasties, and regional regimes established by jiedushi . Hexi Jiedushi

3780-414: The Tang military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian , Henan ), had declared himself emperor at Fengguo's capital Cai Prefecture ( 蔡州 ) in 885 and had sent out armies to conquer the nearby Tang circuits. By 888, his power had waned under attacks by Tang's military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng , Henan ), Zhu Quanzhong , and in late 888 he

3906-495: The Xichuan campaign) and Li Xi , whom they perceived to be behind Emperor Zhaozong's decision. The actions of Li Maozhen, Wang Xingyu, and Han, in turn, drew a strong reaction from Li Keyong, who launched his army, crossed the Yellow River , and prepared to attack the three of them. Rumors developed that Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu both wanted to seize the emperor and take him to their domains. Emperor Zhaozong, in response, fled into

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4032-464: The Xingming region (which had fallen to Zhu earlier) to try to divert Zhu's forces. When Liu Rengong himself tried to lift the siege by engaging Ge, Ge defeated him. However, when weather turned against the siege army, and mediators were sent by Wang Rong the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ), Ge withdrew. In winter 900, after forcing Wang to become

4158-1021: The Xuanwu forces defeated them, killing Dan and nearly killing Liu Shouwen as well. When Xuanwu generals Ge Congzhou and He Delun ( 賀德倫 ) subsequently arrived as well and again engaged Lulong forces along with Weibo forces, the Lulong forces were again defeated, and the Lulong officers Xue Tujue ( 薛突厥 ) and Wang Guilang ( 王鄶郎 ) were captured. Liu Rengong and Liu Shouwen were forced to flee back to their territory. In 900, Zhu further had Ge command armies of four circuits (Xuanwu, Weibo, and two other circuits under Zhu's control—Taining (泰寧, headquartered in modern Jining , Shandong ) and Tianping (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an , Shandong )) to attack Liu Rengong's territory. Ge quickly captured Yichang's De Prefecture (德州, in modern Dezhou , Shandong ) and put Liu Shouwen under siege at Cang Prefecture. When Liu Rengong sought aid from Li Keyong, Li Keyong responded by sending his officer Zhou Dewei and his nephew Li Sizhao to attack

4284-519: The Yangs fled (and were eventually captured by Han and delivered to Chang'an to be executed). Li Maozhen wanted to add Shannan West to his territory, so he requested to be Shannan West's military governor, fully expecting that Emperor Zhaozong would allow him to retain both Fengxiang and Shannan West. Instead, Emperor Zhaozong issued an edict making him the military governor of Shannan West and Wuding (武定, headquartered in modern Hanzhong) Circuits, while making

4410-768: The Yellow River to Hedong from there; he also sent Li Jiepi to Hedong to prepare for his arrival. However, after he left Chang'an, Han Jian sent emissaries, and then personally arrived to meet with him, to persuade him to go to Zhenguo's capital Hua Prefecture ( 華州 ) instead, promising to do all he could to uphold imperial power. As both Emperor Zhaozong and his officials were fearful of the lengthy trek to Hedong, Emperor Zhaozong agreed and headed for Hua Prefecture instead. Once Emperor Zhaozong arrived at Hua Prefecture, however, he became effectively under Han's control, and Han stopped any real imperial attempt to engage Li Maozhen militarily. Further, he forced Emperor Zhaozong to disband

4536-470: The ability to maintain their own armies, collect taxes and promote and appoint subordinates. Powerful jiedushi eventually became fanzhen rulers ( de facto warlords) and overrode the power of the central government of Tang. An early example of this was An Lushan , who was appointed jiedushi of three regions, which he used to start the An Lushan Rebellion that abruptly ended the golden age of

4662-500: The advice of his son Li Cunxu , relented; as per Li Cunxu's advice, he requested Liu to send an army to attack Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi , Shanxi ) – which had previously been Li Keyong's territory but had fallen to Zhu earlier – with him, to divert Zhu's army. Liu agreed, and the Hedong and Lulong forces attacked Zhaoyi. Ding Hui , the Zhaoyi military governor that Zhu commissioned, surrendered, forcing Zhu to lift

4788-522: The army collapsed. Li Maozhen approached Chang'an, demanding Du's death. Emperor Zhaozong capitulated, ordering Du to commit suicide and allowing Li Maozhen to retain Fengxiang, Shannan West, Wuding, and Tianxiong. It was said that after this point, Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu, in alliance with the chancellor Cui Zhaowei , were heavily influencing imperial governance, such that the emperor would not dare to carry out any measures that they opposed. The next point of contention came in 895, when Wang Chongying

4914-399: The attack of the agrarian rebels led by Huang Chao in 880. While on this flight, Li Jie, who was then 13, ran out of energy and requested a horse from the eunuch Tian Lingzi , who dominated Emperor Xizong's court; Tian refused and whipped Li Jie's attendant for the request. Li Jie thereafter bore a deep resentment for Tian. In 888, by which time Huang's rebellion had been crushed and

5040-448: The balance of power would be lost. He therefore forbade Li Keyong from attacking Li Maozhen. Li Keyong withdrew to Hedong Circuit, and, owing to his eventual defeats at the hands of Zhu Quanzhong, would not be able to return again. With Li Keyong gone from the region, Li Maozhen, who had been intimidated into an apologetic posture to the imperial court, again became arrogant. He became suspicious of Emperor Zhaozong's attempts to rebuild

5166-473: The campaign against Chen in a stalemate—the imperial army had put Xichuan's capital Chengdu under siege and caused a terrible famine within the city, but had not been able to capture it—the imperial treasury was being drained, and Emperor Zhaozong decided to end the Xichuan campaign as well. He pardoned Chen and recalled Wei, while ordering Gu and Wang (for whom he had created a Yongping Circuit ( 永平 ) out of parts of Xichuan territory) back to their circuits. Wang

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5292-489: The campaign. However, as during this time Li Keyong was dealing with the rebellion of his adoptive son Li Cunxiao at Xingming Circuit (邢洺, headquartered in modern Xingtai , Hebei ), he was only able to give Liu several thousand men, and the campaign failed. This caused Li Kuangchou to become arrogant and feel free to harass Hedong's borders. In anger, in winter 894 (after he had defeated and executed Li Cunxiao and reabsorbed Li Cunxiao's territory), Li Keyong personally launched

5418-425: The capital to the eastern capital Luoyang , Han and Li Maozhen became apprehensive that he would launch an army to seize the emperor, and therefore repaired the palaces and governmental offices at Chang'an (which Li Maozhen's army had destroyed). In fall 898, Emperor Zhaozong returned to Chang'an, but with no army around him now other than the eunuch-controlled Shence Armies. Meanwhile, also rising in power at court

5544-492: The capital, along with his wives, and then had his deputy military governor Lu Rubi ( 盧汝弼 ) transport Liu Rengong to Li Keyong's tomb at Dai Prefecture (代州, in modern Xinzhou , Shanxi ). There, his chest was first pierced, with the blood sacrificed to Li Keyong, and then he was decapitated. Jiedushi The jiedushi ( Chinese : 節度使 ; Korean : 절도사 ; romaja : Jeoldosa ; Vietnamese : Tiết độ sứ , Old Turkic : Tarduş) or jiedu ,

5670-496: The chancellor Xu Yanruo the military governor of Fengxiang. Despite the misgivings of the chancellor Du Rangneng , Emperor Zhaozong launched a campaign against Li Maozhen, with Du in charge of the logistics and Li Sizhou ( 李嗣周 ) the Prince of Qin in command of the imperial guards, which Emperor Zhaozong had rebuilt with new recruits. The imperial army had low morale and little battle experience, however, and when Li Sizhou set to engage Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu's experienced armies,

5796-421: The circuit. Liu Rengong commissioned Liu Shouwen as acting military governor, and then made a request to Emperor Zhaozong that Liu Shouwen be given a formal commission as military governor, the imperial government initially refused. In response, Liu Rengong made an irreverent statement to the imperial emissary: I have my own banners and staffs, too. All I want are the authentically-colored ones from Chang'an. Why

5922-406: The commander of the forces against the Yangs. Emperor Zhaozong, while inimical to the Yangs, was hesitant to give Li Maozhen more authority and territory, and therefore initially denied the request. However, Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu launched an attack anyway, forcing Emperor Zhaozong into approving Li Maozhen as the commander against the Yangs. By winter 892, Xingyuan had fallen to Li Maozhen, and

6048-473: The emperor. In fall 904, he had his associate Jiang Xuanhui ( 蔣玄暉 ), along with his adoptive son Zhu Yougong ( 朱友恭 ) and officer Shi Shucong ( 氏叔琮 ), take soldiers to the palace and assassinate Emperor Zhaozong. Jiang initially issued a declaration blaming the assassination on Emperor Zhaozong's concubines Pei Zhenyi ( 裴貞一 ) and Li Jianrong ( 李漸榮 ), but Zhu later blamed it on Zhu Yougong and Shi and forced them to commit suicide. Emperor Zhaozong's son Li Zuo

6174-413: The eunuchs. Zhu agreed, and began mobilizing his army. Han and the other eunuchs, hearing of Zhu's impending arrival, believed that Zhu's forces were intending to slaughter them. They, with the cooperation of Li Jiyun, Li Jihui, and Li Yanbi (but not Li Jizhao, who refused to align with them), seized Emperor Zhaozong and his household, and took them to Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality. Cui and

6300-410: The expanding Li Keyong. Emperor Zhaozong, despite his reservations, approved the campaign, which got under way in summer 890, with Zhu's army attacking Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi , Shanxi ), then also under Li Keyong's control, from the southeast; Li Kuangwei and Helian Duo the military governor of Datong Circuit (大同, headquartered in modern Datong , Shanxi ) attacking from

6426-522: The greater honorary chancellor title of Shizhong ( 侍中 ) on Liu Rengong. In 903, after Emperor Zhaozong (who had fallen effectively to Zhu's control by that point) ordered a general massacre of eunuchs , Liu did not execute Zhang Juhan the eunuch monitor of the Lulong army; rather, he hid Zhang, and executed a prisoner in Zhang's stead. Also in 903, Wang Jinghui ( 王敬暉 ), an officer at Li Keyong's Yun Prefecture (雲州, in modern Datong , Shanxi ), assassinated

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6552-510: The honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ( 同中書門下平章事 ) on Liu. However, Liu also wrote a letter to Li Keyong apologizing for what happened. Meanwhile, Liu had a running dispute with Lu Yanwei over the two circuits' control of the salt trade. In 898, Liu sent his son Liu Shouwen to attack Yichang's capital Cang Prefecture ( 滄州 ). Lu, unable to resist, abandoned it and fled to Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan , Hebei ), allowing Liu Shouwen to take

6678-452: The household, and disowned him. In spring 907, Zhu Quanzhong sent Li Si'an to make a surprise attack on You Prefecture. As Li Si'an approached, Liu Rengong was still at the Mount Da'an mansion, and the city was left nearly defenseless. It nearly fell, but Liu Shouguang took troops and entered the city to defend it; he then engaged Li Si'an in battle, forcing Li Si'an to withdraw. He then claimed

6804-408: The imperial army was suffering repeated defeats at the hands of Li Keyong's Hedong army, and the supplemental troops from Jingnan (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang , Shaanxi ) and Fengxiang (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji , Shaanxi ) Circuits abandoned the imperial army and withdrew by themselves, eventually leading to a total collapse of the imperial army, with Zhang and his deputy, Han Jian

6930-402: The imperial court had returned to Chang'an, Emperor Xizong grew gravely ill. It was said that Emperor Xizong's younger brother and Li Jie's older brother Li Bao ( 李保 ) the Prince of Ji was the oldest among Emperor Xizong's surviving brothers and was considered wise, and so the imperial officials wanted him to succeed Emperor Xizong, but the powerful eunuch Yang Fugong (who had succeeded Tian as

7056-586: The imperial guards and putting them under the commands of imperial princes, including Li Sizhou, Li Jiepi ( 李戒丕 ) the Prince of Yan, and Emperor Zhaozong's uncle Li Zi the Prince of Tong. In summer 896, he launched an attack on Chang'an. Emperor Zhaozong immediately sought aid from Li Keyong, but with Li Keyong being unable to launch an army at that time and Li Maozhen's forces having defeated Li Sizhou's, Li Sizhou recommended fleeing to Hedong. Emperor Zhaozong initially agreed and prepared to head for Fu Prefecture (鄜州, in modern Yan'an , Shaanxi ), preparing to cross

7182-464: The imperial guards corps that Cui was trying to rebuild. In spring 904, he acted, writing to Cui and his associates Zheng Yuangui ( 鄭元規 ) the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) and the officer Chen Ban ( 陳班 ), and then sending Xuanwu soldiers to surround Cui's mansion and kill Cui and his associates. Then, citing the possibility that Li Maozhen and his adoptive son Li Jihui (not

7308-400: The imperial guards under the imperial princes' control, and, after Li Jiepi returned from Hedong—thus exposing the fact that Li Keyong was in no shape to launch an army to aid the emperor—slaughtered 11 imperial princes. Emperor Zhaozong made peace with Li Maozhen in spring 898, restoring the titles that he had previously stripped from Li Maozhen. With Zhu Quanzhong urging the emperor to move

7434-527: The imperial officials largely remained at Chang'an, although some followed the emperor and the eunuchs to Fengxiang. After Zhu arrived at Chang'an to confer with Cui, he advanced to Fengxiang and put it under siege. Li Maozhen sought an alliance with Wang Jian. Wang Jian, however, tried to play both sides—outwardly aligning with Zhu, but secretly encouraging Li Maozhen to resist Zhu, while sending an army to head north to attack Li Maozhen's Shannan West Circuit. With Fengxiang under siege, Li Maozhen's holdings in

7560-681: The jiedushi of Shuofang, Guo Ziyi , defeated the rebel Shi Siming in Hebei and recovered Chang'an and Luoyang from the rebels in 757. He was made Commandery Prince of Fenyang in 762 and retook Chang'an from the Tibetan Empire in 763. Shuofang was taken over by the warlord Han Zun (韓遵) in 887. Youzhou Jiedushi , also known as Fanyang Jiedushi, was created in 713. It assumed control of Lulong in 762 and controlled You, Ji, Ping, Tan, Gui, and Yan prefectures. Its territory lay primarily in Tianjin north of

7686-412: The major warlord Zhu Wen seized control of the imperial government and in 904 had Emperor Zhaozong killed as the prelude of taking over the Tang throne. Zhu also killed many of Emperor Zhaozong's ministers, including the chancellor , Cui Yin . Zhu then placed Zhaozong's 13-year-old son as a puppet emperor (as Emperor Ai ). By 907, Zhu himself took over the throne, ending the Tang dynasty and establishing

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7812-491: The military governor Li Keju . It was said that Liu Rengong was already shown to be full of tactics in his youth, and often made military suggestions. When Li Keju sent the officer Li Quanzhong to attack Yi Prefecture (易州, in modern Baoding , Hebei ), which belonged to neighboring Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding) in 885, Liu Rengong served under Li Quanzhong. When Li Quanzhong's subordinate Yu Yan ( 于晏 ) put Yi under siege but could not capture it for months, it

7938-515: The military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng , Shanxi ), died, precipitating a succession struggle between his nephew Wang Ke (the adoptive son of Wang Chongying's brother and predecessor Wang Chongrong and biological son of another brother, Wang Chongjian ( 王重簡 )), whom the Huguo soldiers supported, and his son Wang Gong the military governor of Baoyi Circuit (保義, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia , Henan ), who coveted

8064-425: The military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang , Shaanxi ) and Han Jian, as well as his brother Li Maozhuang ( 李茂莊 ) the military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Tianshui , Gansu ) and Wang Xingyu's brother Wang Xingyue ( 王行約 ) the military governor of Kuangguo Circuit (匡國, headquartered in modern Weinan), submitted a joint petition for Li Maozhen to be made

8190-479: The military governor of Jinshang Circuit (金商, headquartered in modern Ankang , Shaanxi ), Yang Shouzhen ( 楊守貞 ) the military governor of Longjian Circuit (龍劍, headquartered in modern Mianyang , Sichuan ), and Yang Shouhou ( 楊守厚 ) the prefect of Mian Prefecture (綿州, also in modern Mianyang). In response to the Yangs' rebellion, Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji , Shaanxi ), along with his allies Wang Xingyu

8316-466: The military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing ), Wang Jian, Yang Xingmi, and Zhao Kuangning the military governor of Zhongyi Circuit (忠義, headquartered in modern Xiangyang , Hubei ) were all issuing declarations calling for the emperor's return to Chang'an. Zhu became apprehensive that, as he battled other warlords in campaigns, Emperor Zhaozong might find a way to rise against him at Luoyang, and therefore resolved to remove

8442-652: The military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu , Sichuan ), be removed from his post. (Wang, who was allied with Gu (the military governor of neighboring Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang , Sichuan ), had been fighting Chen for the control of Xichuan but was unable to prevail against Chen by himself.) Still resenting Tian, who was then sheltered by Chen from edicts that Emperor Xizong had previously entered ordering Tian into exile, Emperor Zhaozong ordered Chen back to Chang'an and commissioned Wei Zhaodu as his replacement. When Chen refused to be replaced, Emperor Zhaozong ordered

8568-431: The military governor of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern Weinan , Shaanxi ) escaping with just a small contingent; the rest of the imperial army was effectively lost. With Li Keyong subsequently threatening an invasion, Emperor Zhaozong was forced to restore Li Keyong to his titles and positions and exile Zhang and Kong, ending the campaign against Li Keyong in disaster. With the defeat against Li Keyong, and

8694-459: The more prosperous Huguo Circuit. Li Keyong supported Wang Ke, while Li Maozhen, Wang Xingyu, and Han supported Wang Gong, and all of them submitted competing petitions on the behalf of the feuding cousins. Emperor Zhaozong approved Li Keyong's petition and made Wang Ke the military governor of Huguo. In response, Li Maozhen, Wang Xingyu, and Han marched on the capital again, killing the chancellors Wei Zhaodu (who had returned to chancellorship after

8820-406: The northeast; and the main imperial army, under Zhang's command and supplemented by the armies of various circuits around Chang'an, attacking from the southwest. Zhu's army was able to seize Zhaoyi quickly, due to the assassination of Zhaoyi's military governor Li Kegong (李克恭, Li Keyong's brother) by his officer An Jushou ( 安居受 ), but the imperial official sent to take over Zhaoyi, Sun Kui ( 孫揆 ),

8946-492: The palace and forced Emperor Zhaozong to yield the throne to his son Li Yu, Prince of De the Crown Prince . Emperor Zhaozong and his wife (Li Yu's mother) Empress He were honored as retired emperor ( Taishang Huang ) and retired empress ( Taishang Huanghou ) but put under house arrest. Li Yu, whose name the eunuchs changed to Li Zhen, was proclaimed emperor, but the eunuchs controlled the court. They wanted to kill Cui, but

9072-409: The people's minds, as he was considered intelligent, handsome, decisive, and talented, with ambitions to restore imperial power that had been lost during Emperor Xizong's reign. Not long after taking the throne, he changed his name further to Li Ye. As soon as Emperor Zhaozong took the throne, he received petitions from Wang Jian and Gu Yanlang , advocating that Tian Lingzi's brother Chen Jingxuan

9198-531: The plans to be too drastic, Cui accused Wang of being in league with the powerful eunuchs Zhu Daobi ( 朱道弼 ) and Jing Wuxiu ( 景務脩 ), who served as the directors of palace communications ( Shumishi ). Upon Cui's accusations, Emperor Zhaozong ordered Wang, Zhu Daobi, and Jing to commit suicide, and it was said that from this point Cui became the leading figure at court, with the eunuchs angry at and fearful of him. The eunuchs also had become fearful of Emperor Zhaozong himself, who, after returning from Hua Prefecture,

9324-441: The population of the entire city and threw the bodies into the river. In response, all of the subsequent Weibo cities he attacked defended themselves to the death. He decided to, instead, directly attack Weibo's capital Wei Prefecture. Weibo's military governor Luo Shaowei sought aid from both Zhu and Li Keyong. When Zhu's generals Li Si'an ( 李思安 ) and Zhang Cunjing ( 張存敬 ) arrived first, Liu had Liu Shouwen and Dan engage them, but

9450-413: The prefect Liu Zaili ( 劉再立 ) and submitted to Liu Rengong. Li Keyong sent Li Sizhao and Li Cunshen to attack Wang. Liu sent forces to aid Wang, forcing Li Sizhao and Li Cunshen to retreat some distance, allowing Wang to abandon Yun and flee to Liu Rengong's territory. Over the years, it was said that Liu Rengong gained great understanding on Khitan's military operations, and he often sent armies to pillage

9576-471: The prefect's death, Liu conscripted a thousand inexperienced soldiers and put down the mutiny. Li Kuangwei was very pleased, made him an army officer again, and gave him command of a garrison at Wei Prefecture (蔚州, in modern Zhangjiakou , Hebei ). It was said that, as the soldiers at Wei were not promptly rotated back to Lulong's capital You Prefecture ( 幽州 ) after a number of years, they became resentful, as they missed their families. In 893, when Li Kuangwei

9702-501: The proposal, and put the eunuchs Han Quanhui and Zhang Yanhong ( 張彥弘 ), both of whom had previously served as eunuch monitors of the Fengxiang army, in command of the Shence Armies, and further wanted the retired eunuch Yan Zunmei ( 嚴遵美 ) to serve as the overseer of both Shence Armies, but Yan declined and remained in retirement. Cui, apprehensive of allowing the eunuchs to command the Shence Armies again, requested Li Maozhen to leave

9828-446: The reign of his older brother, Emperor Xizong, as they erupted throughout the country while the imperial government's authority effectively disappeared. In the midst of all this, Emperor Zhaozong tried to salvage the dying dynasty. However, his efforts to reassert imperial power generally backfired, as his unsuccessful campaigns against Li Keyong , Chen Jingxuan , and Li Maozhen , merely allowed them to re-affirm their power. Eventually,

9954-455: The remaining eunuchs, regardless of whether they supported Han's actions. This would be the effective end of the Shence Armies. After Emperor Zhaozong returned to Chang'an, the capital became under the military control of the Xuanwu contingent; while Zhu Quanzhong himself returned to Xuanwu's capital Daliang , he left his nephew Zhu Youlun ( 朱友倫 ) in command at Chang'an. Cui Yin began to see signs that Zhu Quanzhong might be intending to seize

10080-520: The retirement. Soon thereafter, rumors that Yang was planning a rebellion at Chang'an against the emperor, along with his adoptive nephew Yang Shouxin ( 楊守信 ). Emperor Zhaozong sent the imperial guards to preemptively attack Yang Fugong's mansion, and Yang Fugong and Yang Shouxin fled to Yang Shouliang's Shannan West Circuit. Yang Fugong thereafter started a rebellion against the imperial government, along with Yang Shouliang, Yang Shouxin, and other adoptive sons and nephews, including Yang Shouzhong ( 楊守忠 )

10206-411: The same person as the one killed in 903) the military governor of Jingnan Circuit may attack Chang'an, he forced Emperor Zhaozong to abandon Chang'an and move the capital to Luoyang. While on the journey to Luoyang, Emperor Zhaozong sent secret orders to Wang Jian, Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou , Huainan ), and Li Keyong, asking them to start

10332-465: The siege on Cang Prefecture and withdraw. it was said that over the years, as Liu Rengong became more entrenched in his rule of Lulong, he became even more arrogant, wasteful, and violent. Believing the headquarters in You Prefecture to be insecure, he built a grand mansion at Mount Da'an (大安山, in modern Beijing), which was built like an imperial palace. He selected many beautiful women and put them in

10458-417: The surveyor of the eunuch-controlled Shence Armies ) wanted Li Jie to succeed Emperor Xizong, so Emperor Xizong issued an edict creating Li Jie crown prince . Shortly after, Emperor Xizong died, and Li Jie, changing his name to Li Min, took the throne as Emperor Zhaozong. During the mourning period, the chancellor Wei Zhaodu served as regent . Emperor Zhaozong's ascension created great anticipation in

10584-433: The throne and became fearful, and therefore began to rebuild the imperial guards with himself in command, and a rift began to develop between Zhu and Cui. The rift became deeper after Zhu Youlun died in an accident while playing polo late in 903, which Zhu Quanzhong believed to be a murderous plot set up by Cui. He sent another nephew, Zhu Youliang ( 朱友諒 ), to succeed Zhu Youlun, and further sent Xuanwu soldiers to infiltrate

10710-422: The title of military governor and had his generals Li Xiaoxi ( 李小喜 ) and Yuan Xingqin attack Liu Rengong's mansion at Mount Da'an. Li Xiaoxi defeated the troops that Liu Rengong sent to defend against the attack, and then captured Liu Rengong and returned with him to You Prefecture, where Liu Shouguang put him under arrest. Liu Shouguang killed many of Liu Rengong's close associates whom he did not like. Therefore,

10836-415: Was Liu who came up with the idea of digging a tunnel into the city to capture it. For this act, he became known under the nickname of Liu Kutou (劉窟頭, i.e., "Liu who headed into the tunnel"). Later that year, when Yiwu forces recaptured Yi, Li Quanzhong, in fear of punishment by Li Keju, overthrew Li Keju and took over the circuit; Li Quanzhong then died in 886 and passed the circuit to his son Li Kuangwei. It

10962-787: Was a jiedushi of Hedong. Lingwu Jiedushi was created in 733 and headquartered in Huile (回樂) (southwest of Lingwu , Ningxia ). It controlled Ling, Hui, and Yan prefectures. Huainan West Circuit Jiedushi, also known as Huaixi Jiedushi, was created in 756 and lasted until 818. It was headquartered in Yingchuan Prefecture (潁川郡) ( Xuchang , Henan ), Zhengzhou (in Henan ), Shou Prefecture ( Shou County , Anhui ), An Prefecture ( Anlu northwest of Wuhan , Hubei ), Cai Prefecture ( Runan County , southeast Henan ) from 773 to 776, and Bian Prefecture ( Kaifeng , Henan ) from 776 to 779. In 757 Gao Shi

11088-552: Was a regional military governor in China; the title was established in the Tang dynasty and abolished in the Yuan dynasty . The post of jiedushi has been translated as "military commissioner", " legate ", or "regional commander". Originally introduced in 711 to counter external threats, the jiedushi were posts authorized with the supervision of a defense command often encompassing several prefectures,

11214-640: Was appointed jiedushi of Shannan East Circuit. He committed suicide in 781. Yu Di was a jiedushi of Shannan East Circuit. Zhenhai Army Jiedushi, also known as Zhejiang West Circuit Jiedushi (浙江西道) was created in 758 and lay in parts of Jiangsu , Zhejiang, Anhui , and Jiangxi. It was headquartered in Sheng Prefecture (昇州) ( Nanjing , Jiangsu ) and Suzhou ( Jiangsu ). In 761 it moved to Xuanzhou ( Xuancheng , southeast Anhui ), 787 to Runzhou ( Zhenjiang , Jiangsu ), and 808 to Hangzhou ( Zhejiang ). The jiedushi of Zhenhai Army, Du Shenquan , played

11340-473: Was appointed jiedushi of Huainan. Li Zhongchen was jiedushi until he was expelled by his nephew Li Xilie . Wu Yuanji and Wang Bo were jiedushi of Huainan. Jiangxi Jiedushi was created in 756 and headquartered in Hong Prefecture ( Nanchang , Jiangxi ). It was renamed Zhennan Jiedushi in 865. It controlled Hong, Jiang, Xin, Yuan, Fu, Rao, Qian, and Ji prefectures, covering mostly Jiangxi . Li Gao

11466-464: Was briefly deposed by the eunuch Liu Jishu in 900 and restored in 901). Emperor Zhaozong was the seventh son of Emperor Yizong and younger brother of Emperor Xizong . Later, Li Jie was murdered by Zhu Wen , who would later become the founding emperor of the Later Liang dynasty . During Emperor Zhaozong's reign, the Tang dynasty fell into total disarray and rebellions, which had been ongoing since

11592-501: Was by that time allied with Wang Rong and Wang Chuzhi the military governor of Yiwu, had Zhou Dewei command a major operation against the new Yan state. By late 913, nearly all Yan cities had fallen to the Jin army, except for You Prefecture. Liu Shouguang claimed that he would surrender to Li Cunxu if Li Cunxu personally arrived to accept his surrender, but when Li Cunxu arrived, Liu Shouguang again refused to surrender, under Li Xiaoxi's advice. However, Li Xiaoxi then himself surrendered to

11718-763: Was created in 711 and headquartered in Liang Prefecture . It was lost to the Tibetan Empire in 766. Wang Junchuo (王君㚟), Xiao Song , Niu Xianke , Geshu Han , and Cui Xiyi (崔希逸) were jiedushi of Hexi. Longyou Jiedushi was created in 713 and headquartered in Shan Prefecture ( Ledu , Qinghai ). In 747, Geshu Han was appointed jiedushi of Longyou. Shuofang Jiedushi was created in 713 and headquartered in Ling Prefecture (southwest of Lingwu , Ningxia ). It controlled Ordos , Ningxia , and north Shanxi . In 756

11844-449: Was created in 730 and headquartered in Taiyuan , controlling Shi, Lan, Fen, Xin, and Dai prefectures in central and north Shanxi. Liu Gongchuo (柳公綽) was a jiedushi of Hedong. In 883 Li Keyong was appointed jiedushi of Hedong after recovering Chang'an from Huang Chao . In 885 Li Keyong captured Chang'an and laid waste to it. He was defeated by Zhu Wen in 902 and died in 908. Liu Zhiyuan

11970-650: Was created in 757 and headquartered in Hedong (southwest of Yongji, Shanxi ). It controlled Jin, Jiang, Ci, and Xi prefectures. Jingli Jiedushi was created in 757 and headquartered in Jingzhou ( Jingzhou District , south central Hubei ). It controlled 17 prefectures in Jingzhou , Hubei , Changde , and Hunan . It was annexed by Zhu Wen in 905. Shannan East Circuit Jiedushi was created in 757 and headquartered in Xiangzhou . Its territory encompassed areas of Suizhou , Shiyan , Hubei, Nanyang , and Henan. In 763 Liang Chongyi

12096-764: Was created in 760 and included Fengxiang and Long Prefecture (隴州) ( Long County, Shaanxi and Huating County, Gansu ). It was headquartered in Fengxiang. Li Maozhen and Zheng Zhu were jiedushi of Fengxiang. Chengde Army Jiedushi was one of the Three Fanzhen of Hebei after the An Lushan Rebellion. From 762 it was headquartered in Heng Prefecture (恆州)/Zhen Prefecture (鎮州) ( Zhengding , Hebei ), and controlled Heng, Ji, Shen, Zhao, De, and Di prefectures. Its territory were primarily located in Shijiazhuang , Zanhuang , and Hebei. Li Baochen , adopted son of An Lushan,

12222-627: Was created in 763 and headquartered in Wei Prefecture (northeast of Daming County and southeast of Handan , south Hebei ). It controlled Wei, Bo, Bei, Wei, Chan, and Xiang prefectures in Shandong, north Henan, and south Hebei. It was renamed Tianxiong Army in 904. Tian Chengsi , Tian Hongzheng , Tian Xu were jiedushi of Weibo. Zhaoyi Army Jiedushi was created in 766 and headquartered in Xiang Prefecture ( Anyang , Henan ). Jingyuan Jiedushi

12348-512: Was created in 768 and lasted until 894 when it was renamed Zhangyi Army. Jingyuan's territory was located in Jingchuan , Zhenyuan , Gansu, and Ningxia . Its headquarter was in Jing Prefecture (north of Jingchuan , northeast Gansu . Surviving the Battle of Talas in 751, Duan Xiushi went on to become the jiedushi of Jingyuan until he was dismissed in 780 by Yang Yan . He was killed during

12474-544: Was created in 782 and headquartered in Dingzhou (in Hebei ). Sun Fangjian (孫方諫) was a jiedushi of Yiwu Army. Henghai Army Jiedushi was created in 785 and lasted until 829. It was headquartered in Cangzhou (southeast Hebei ) and controlled Cang, Jing, De, and Di prefectures. Xiasui Jiedushi was created in 787 and controlled Xia, Sui, Yin, and You prefectures in Shenmu and south Ih Ju League, Inner Mongolia . Wuning Jiedushi

12600-609: Was created in 795 and headquartered in Xuzhou . Shi Pu was a jiedushi of Wuning. Wang Shi was appointed jiedushi of Wuning in 862. Caizhou Jiedushi controlled Cai, Shen, and Guang prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in Runan , southeast Henan. Chenxu Jiedushi was in charge of Chen and Xu prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in Xuchang . Eyue Jiedushi was in charge of E, Mian, An, Huang, Qi, and Yue prefectures around 813. It

12726-543: Was defeated when his army was ambushed by the Lulong officer Yang Shikan ( 楊師侃 ) at Mugua Creek (木瓜澗, in modern Baoding), at great losses; it was only the inclement weather at the time that prevented the Lulong forces from inflicting greater damage. Li Keyong was forced to abandon this attempt to retake Lulong. Thereafter, Liu formed a relationship with Li Keyong's archrival Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng , Henan ), and under Zhu's recommendation, Emperor Zhaozong bestowed

12852-480: Was described to be depressed, alcoholic, and unpredictable in his temperament. The four top-ranked eunuchs— Liu Jishu and Wang Zhongxian ( 王仲先 ) the commanders of the Shence Armies, and Wang Yanfan ( 王彥範 ) and Xue Qiwo ( 薛齊偓 ) the new directors of palace communications—began plotting to remove him. After an incident in winter 900 in which Emperor Zhaozong, in a drunken rage, killed several attending eunuchs and ladies in waiting , Liu Jishu led Shence Army troops into

12978-503: Was disrespecting the emperor. Nothing further came of the dispute publicly at this point, however. Nevertheless, at the suggestion of Kong's colleague Zhang Jun , who advocated that a strong imperial army directly under the emperor was essential for the restoration of imperial power to counteract the warlords and the eunuch-commanded Shence Armies, Emperor Zhaozong began recruiting an imperial army that eventually numbered 100,000 by spring 890. At that point, Kong and Zhang believed that it

13104-643: Was fearful that Cui's ally Zhu Quanzhong might react violently, so they only relieved Cui from his secondary posts as the director of finances and the director of salt and iron monopolies. Cui, in turn, was in communications with Zhu, plotting to restore the emperor. He also persuaded the Shence Army officer Sun Dezhao ( 孫德昭 ) to join his cause, and Sun in turn persuaded his fellow officers Dong Yanbi ( 董彥弼 ) and Zhou Chenghui ( 周承誨 ) to join. In spring 901, they acted. They first ambushed and killed Wang Zhongxian, and captured Liu and Wang Yanfan, who were then killed by caning. Xue tried to commit suicide by drowning, but

13230-452: Was given the honorary titles of Kaifu Yitong Sansi ( 開府儀同三司 ), commandant at You Prefecture (幽州, in modern Beijing ), and military governor ( Jiedushi ) of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered at Beijing). (At that time, Lulong Circuit was actually governed by the warlord Li Keju . ) It was said that Li Jie was particularly close to Emperor Xizong since they shared the same mother, and he followed Emperor Xizong in flight from Chang'an from

13356-680: Was headquartered in Baima . In 851 the Guiyi Army Jiedushi was created from territories reclaimed by Zhang Yichao from the Tibetan Empire. It was situated east Xinjiang and Gansu, and was headquartered in Sha Prefecture (west of Dunhuang , Gansu ). Qingyuan Army Jiedushi was created in 949 and headquartered in Quanzhou . It controlled Zhangzhou , Xiamen , and other areas in Fujian . Liu Congxiao

13482-504: Was headquartered in Jiangxia ( Wuchang , Hubei ). Xiangyang Jiedushi controlled Xiang, Deng, Fu, Ying, Tang, Sui, Jun, and Fang prefectures in north Hubei and southwest Henan around 813. It was headquartered in Xiangyang. Xusi Jiedushi controlled Xu, Su, and Hao prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in Xuzhou . Zhenghua Jiedushi controlled Zheng and Hua prefectures around 813. It

13608-588: Was headquartered in Zi Prefecture (梓州) ( Santai , Sichuan ). West River controlled the Chengdu area and surrounding prefectures. Wei Gao and Xianyu Zhongtong were jiedushi of Jiannan. Pinglu Jiedushi was created in 719 and headquartered in Ying Prefecture (營州) ( Chaoyang , Liaoning ). It controlled Pinglu, Lulong and other prefectures in Liaoyang , Jinzhou , Liaoning , and northeast Hebei. Hedong Jiedushi

13734-563: Was himself overthrown in a coup by his brother Li Kuangchou , Liu decided to take advantage of the confusion by leading his army to attack You Prefecture. However, when he reached Juyong Pass , the headquarter's army defeated his. He thereafter fled to Hedong Circuit, where he was treated well by Hedong's military governor Li Keyong . Liu Rengong was said to carefully serve both Li Keyong and Li Keyong's chief strategist Gai Yu , and through Gai, he made repeated suggestions to Li Keyong that Lulong could be conquered, and he asked for 10,000 men for

13860-522: Was in charge of Heng Prefecture under An Qingxu . He surrendered to Tang and retained control over central Hebei east of the Taihang Mountains . Li Weiyue requested succession of Chengde Army in 781 and was denied, so he rebelled, and was killed a year later by his subordinate general Wang Wujun . Han Lingkun , Wang Chengzong , Wang Tingcou were jiedushi of the Chengde Army. Henan Jiedushi

13986-406: Was in such a desperate shape such that the residents were resorting to cannibalism. In spring 903, Li Maozhen sued for peace with Zhu, surrendering Emperor Zhaozong and the imperial household to him while killing Han and the other leading eunuchs, as well as Li Jiyun, Li Jihui, and Li Yanbi. Zhu took the emperor back to Chang'an, where one of the first actions Zhu and Cui carried out was to slaughter

14112-474: Was intercepted and captured by Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Cunxiao (and subsequently executed when he would not submit to Li Keyong), badly affecting the imperial army's morale. Li Cunxiao subsequently put Zhaoyi's capital Lu Prefecture ( 潞州 ) under siege, forcing Zhu's army to withdraw. Li Kuangwei and Helian's armies were also repelled by Li Keyong's adoptive sons Li Cunxin and Li Siyuan , leaving Zhang's imperial army to face Li Keyong himself. By late 890,

14238-498: Was made jiedushi of Qingyuan Army in 949 after Wang Yanzheng 's fall. In 951 Bian Hao crushed Chu and was promoted to jiedushi of Wu'an Army (in Hunan ). Notable jiedushi : Emperor Zhaozong of Tang Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (March 31, 867 – September 22, 904), né Li Jie , name later changed to Li Min and again to Li Ye , was the penultimate emperor of China's Tang dynasty . He reigned from 888 to 904 (although he

14364-538: Was merged into Shuofang Jiedushi in 764. Zhuye Chixin was a jiedushi of Zhenwu. Binning Jiedushi existed from 759 until 885, when it was renamed Jingnan Army. It was headquartered in Bin Prefecture (Shaanxi) and governed Changwu and parts of Gansu. Shanguo Jiedushi was created in 759 and headquartered in Shanzhou . It controlled Shan, Guo, and Hua prefectures. It was renamed Baoyi Army in 889. Fengxiang Jiedushi

14490-415: Was not giving them the proper winter uniforms. Emperor Zhaozong was forced to again remove Cui from his post as the director of salt and iron monopolies. Moreover, by this point they had persuaded Li Jiyun and his Fengxiang soldiers to be on their side. Cui, realizing that the eunuchs were intending to destroy him, became fearful, and wrote Zhu Quanzhong, urging him to bring troops to Chang'an to act against

14616-438: Was not recorded. She appeared to have died shortly after giving birth to Li Jie. (As Li Jie was also said to have been from the same mother as his older brother Li Yan , whose mother was a different Consort Wang, it might have been that he was raised by Li Yan's mother. ) In 872, Emperor Yizong created Li Jie the Prince of Shou. In 877, by which time Li Yan (named Li Xuan by this point) was emperor (as Emperor Xizong), Li Jie

14742-429: Was overthrown in a coup by his officer Shen Cong ( 申叢 ); he was subsequently delivered to Zhu, who then delivered him to Chang'an to be executed. Even though Yang Fugong had been instrumental in having Emperor Zhaozong made emperor, by 889 conflicts had begun between the emperor and the chief eunuch, leading to a public argument between Yang and the chancellors Kong Wei on one occasion over Kong's accusation that Yang

14868-528: Was revived in 762 and was sometimes known as the Biansong Jiedushi from then onward. It officially became the Biansong Jiedushi in 776 until 781 when it was renamed Xuanwu Army. The Biansong Jiedushi was headquartered in Bian Prefecture ( Kaifeng ), and governed Shangqiu as well as east Henan. In 781 its seat was moved to Song Prefecture (宋州) (south of Shangqiu , east central Henan ). Biansong Jiedushi

14994-478: Was said that Liu was ambitious, and he spread rumors that he dreamed of a giant Buddha banner coming out of his fingers, and that he was told in the dreams that he would be a military governor at age 48. When Li Kuangwei heard this, he disliked Liu; he stripped Liu of his military position and made him the magistrate of Jingcheng County (景城, in modern Cangzhou). At one point, when a mutiny at the prefectural capital of Ying Prefecture (瀛州, in modern Cangzhou) resulted in

15120-522: Was still at Chang'an, Cui Yin made a proposal intending to eliminate the control that the eunuchs had over the Shence Armies—that he and fellow chancellor Lu Yi be put in command of the Shence Armies. This proposal was opposed by Li Jizhao, Li Jihui, and Li Yanbi, however, and as Cui cited, as a rationale, the possibility that the Shence Armies could thus counteract the warlords, Li Maozhen was also suspicious of it. Emperor Zhaozong therefore rejected

15246-468: Was taken out of the water and decapitated. Emperor Zhaozong was restored to the throne. In gratitude to the three officers, he bestowed the imperial clan name of Li on them, renaming them Li Jizhao ( 李繼昭 ), Li Yanbi ( 李彥弼 ), and Li Jihui ( 李繼誨 ) respectively. Shortly after Emperor Zhaozong's restoration, Li Maozhen showed an intent of reestablishing his relationship with the emperor by visiting Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Zhaozong. While Li Maozhen

15372-657: Was the jiedushi of Jiangxi during the Li Xilie rebellion. Lingnan Jiedushi was created in 756 and headquartered in Guangzhou . It ended in 862 when its territory was split into West and East circuits. Lingnan West Circuit covered Guangxi and northern Vietnam . It was headquartered in Yong Prefecture (邕州) (south of Nanning , Guangxi ). Lingnan East Circuit covered Guangdong and was headquartered in Guangzhou. Hezhong Jiedushi

15498-410: Was the chancellor Cui Yin , who hated the eunuchs ardently and who was allied with Zhu Quanzhong. By 900, Emperor Zhaozong, who had come to trust Cui and who would later describe him as "faithful but trickier" (than Han Wo , the official the emperor was making the comment to) was planning with Cui to slaughter the eunuchs. When Cui's fellow chancellor Wang Tuan urged against such action, believing

15624-475: Was the home territory of Zhu Wen . Ziqing-Pinglu Jiedushi was created in 762 and headquartered in Qingzhou , Shandong . It controlled 15 prefectures encompassing most of Shandong and parts of Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu. Li Zhengji became the jiedushi of Ziqing-Pinglu after the An Lushan Rebellion and worked together with Tian Yue to curtail the imperial court's attempt to weaken local powers. Weibo Jiedushi

15750-471: Was time to test this army, to show its strengths in the struggle against Yang at court. Zhang, therefore, advocated a campaign against the warlord Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan , Shanxi )—one of the most powerful warlords of the realm and archrival to the also powerful Zhu Quanzhong—as both Zhu and Li Kuangwei the military governor of Lulong were at that time also requesting an imperial campaign against

15876-458: Was unwilling to accept this result, however, and he intimidated Wei into returning to Chang'an by himself, while Wang continued the siege of Chengdu. In fall 891, Chen and Tian surrendered to Wang, and Wang took over Xichuan Circuit. The end of the campaign against Li Keyong, which Yang Fugong had opposed, did not end the tension between Emperor Zhaozong and Yang, but intensified it. In fall 891, Yang sought to retire, and Emperor Zhaozong approved

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