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55-565: Littleton is a group of two rocky islets. Littleton and the nearby area are one of the largest breeding grounds in Greenland for the common eider and have been designated an Important Bird Area . In July 1853, during the Second Grinnell Expedition on the brig Advance Kane built a cairn on Littleton Island. Kane named one of the adjacent islets Hans Island after Hans Hendrik , the native Greenlandic helper he had with him on

110-1072: A FAO study. Within Europe, where mussels have been cultivated for centuries, Spain remained the industry leader. Aquaculture of mussels in North America began in the 1970s. In the US, the northeast and northwest have significant mussel aquaculture operations, where Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) is most commonly grown. While the mussel industry in the US has increased, in North America, 80% of cultured mussels are produced in Prince Edward Island in Canada. In Washington state , an estimated 2.9 million pounds of mussels were harvested in 2010, valued at roughly $ 4.3M. In New Zealand, Perna canaliculus (the New Zealand green-lipped mussel), industry produces over 140,000 metric tons (150,000 short tons) annually and in 2009

165-402: A better life position. Freshwater mussels reproduce sexually. Sperm is released by the male directly into the water and enters the female via the incurrent siphon. After fertilization, the eggs develop into a larval stage called a glochidium (plural glochidia), which temporarily parasitizes fish, attaching themselves to the fish's fins or gills. Prior to their release, the glochidia grow in

220-461: A danger along some coastlines. For instance, mussels should be avoided during the warmer months along the west coast of the United States. This poisoning is usually due to a bloom of dinoflagellates (red tides), which contain toxins. The dinoflagellates and their toxin are harmless to mussels, even when concentrated by the mussel's filter feeding, but the concentrated toxins cause serious illness if

275-463: A different subclass of bivalves, despite some very superficial similarities in appearance. Freshwater zebra mussels and their relatives in the family Dreissenidae are not related to previously mentioned groups, even though they resemble many Mytilus species in shape, and live attached to rocks and other hard surfaces in a similar manner, using a byssus. They are classified with the Heterodonta ,

330-454: A favoured food. The eider will eat mussels by swallowing them whole; the shells are then crushed in their gizzard and excreted. When eating a crab, the eider will remove all of its claws and legs, and then eat the body in a similar fashion. It is abundant, with populations of about 1.5–2 million birds in both North America and Europe, and also large but unknown numbers in eastern Siberia ( HBW ). A particularly famous colony of eiders lives on

385-433: A high degree of natal philopatry , where they return to breed on the same island where they were hatched. This can lead to a high degree of relatedness between individuals nesting on the same island, as well as the development of kin -based female social structures. This relatedness has likely played a role in the evolution of co-operative breeding behaviours amongst eiders. Examples of these behaviours include laying eggs in

440-455: A means to mitigate excess nutrients and complement traditional wastewater treatment programs. Out of 511 species assessed globally, 44% of freshwater mussels listed on the IUCN Red List are classified at some level of threatened. There are 297 known freshwater mussel taxa in the United States and Canada, which are home to the most diverse freshwater mussel fauna in the world, especially in

495-512: A shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams, which are often more or less rounded or oval. The word "mussel" is frequently used to mean the bivalves of the marine family Mytilidae , most of which live on exposed shores in the intertidal zone, attached by means of their strong byssal threads ("beard") to a firm substrate. A few species (in the genus Bathymodiolus ) have colonised hydrothermal vents associated with deep ocean ridges. In most marine mussels

550-466: A spicy, favored delicacy. In coastal Karnataka Bearys prepare special rice balls stuffed with spicy fried mussels and steamed, locally known as "pachilede pindi". Mussels can be smoked, boiled, steamed, roasted, barbecued or fried in butter or vegetable oil. They can be used in soups, salads and sauces. As with all shellfish , except shrimp, mussels should be checked to ensure they are still alive just before they are cooked; enzymes quickly break down

605-563: A stock of butter and white wine. Fries and Belgian beer sometimes are accompaniments. A similar style of preparation is commonly found in the Rhineland where mussels are customarily served in restaurants with a side of dark bread in "months containing an R", that is between September and April. In the Netherlands, mussels are sometimes served fried in batter or breadcrumbs , particularly at take-out food outlets or informal settings. In France,

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660-447: Is 1.0% N and 0.1% P. When the mussels are harvested and removed, these nutrients are also removed from the system and recycled in the form of seafood or mussel biomass, which can be used as an organic fertilizer or animal feed-additive. These ecosystem services provided by mussels are of particular interest to those hoping to mitigate excess anthropogenic marine nutrients, particularly in eutrophic marine systems. While mussel aquaculture

715-422: Is 2-3mm. The seed is then typically reared in a nursery environment, where it is transferred to a material with a suitable surface for later relocation to the growing area. After about three months in the nursery, mussel seed is "socked" (placed in a tube-like mesh material) and hung on longlines or rafts for grow-out. Within a few days, the mussels migrate to the outside of the sock for better access food sources in

770-456: Is a large (50–71 cm (20–28 in) in body length) sea-duck that is distributed over the northern coasts of Europe , North America and eastern Siberia . It breeds in Arctic and some northern temperate regions, but winters somewhat farther south in temperate zones, when it can form large flocks on coastal waters. It can fly at speeds up to 113 km/h (70 mph). The eider's nest

825-510: Is actually promoted in some countries such as Sweden as a water management strategy to address coastal eutrophication, mussel farming as a nutrient mitigation tool is still in its infancy in most parts of the world. Ongoing efforts in the Baltic Sea (Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland) and Long Island Sound and Puget Sound in the U.S. are currently examining nutrient uptake, cost-effectiveness, and potential environmental impacts of mussel farming as

880-414: Is built close to the sea and is lined with eiderdown , plucked from the female's breast. This soft and warm lining has long been harvested for filling pillows and quilts, but in more recent years has been largely replaced by down from domestic farm-geese and synthetic alternatives. Although eiderdown pillows or quilts are now a rarity, eiderdown harvesting continues and is sustainable, as it can be done after

935-489: Is exceeded in North America only by smatterings of the Muscovy duck , which only reaches North America in a wild state in southernmost Texas (and arguably south Florida where feral but non-native populations reside). It measures 50 to 71 cm ( 19 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 28 in) in length, weighs 0.81 to 3.04 kg (1 lb 12 + 1 ⁄ 2  oz to 6 lb 11 oz) and spans 80–110 cm (31–43 in) across

990-471: Is to protect the prismatic layer from abrasion and dissolution by acids (especially important in freshwater forms where the decay of leaf materials produces acids). Like most bivalves, mussels have a large organ called a foot . In freshwater mussels, the foot is large, muscular, and generally hatchet-shaped. It is used to pull the animal through the substrate (typically sand, gravel, or silt) in which it lies partially buried. It does this by repeatedly advancing

1045-602: Is very popular among tourists and low classes, probably because of the hot climate that favours mussels reproduction. In India, mussels are popular in Kerala , Maharashtra , Karnataka - Bhatkal , and Goa . They are either prepared with drumsticks , breadfruit or other vegetables, or filled with rice and coconut paste with spices and served hot. Fried mussels ('Kadukka' കടുക്ക in Malayalam ) of north Kerala especially in Thalassery are

1100-461: The Éclade des Moules , or, locally, Terré de Moules , is a mussel bake that can be found along the beaches of the Bay of Biscay . In Italy, mussels are mixed with other seafood; they are most commonly eaten steamed, sometimes with white wine, herbs, and served with the remaining water and some lemon. In Spain, they are consumed mostly steamed, sometimes boiling white wine, onion and herbs, and served with

1155-523: The Farne Islands in Northumberland , England . These birds were the subject of one of the first ever bird protection laws, established by Saint Cuthbert in the year 676. About 1,000 pairs still nest there every year. Because St. Cuthbert is the patron saint of Northumberland, it was natural that the eider should be chosen as the county's emblem bird; the birds are still often called Cuddy's ducks in

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1210-401: The byssus of the mussel is known as the "beard" and is removed during preparation, often after cooking when the mussel has opened. Both marine and freshwater mussels are filter feeders ; they feed on plankton and other microscopic sea creatures which are free-floating in seawater. A mussel draws water in through its incurrent siphon . The water is then brought into the branchial chamber by

1265-441: The "bray" or boiling water as a supplementary hot drink. In Cantonese cuisine , mussels are cooked in a broth of garlic and fermented black bean. In New Zealand, they are served in a chilli or garlic-based vinaigrette , processed into fritters and fried, or used as the base for a chowder . In Brazil, it is common to see mussels being cooked and served with olive oil, usually accompanied by onion, garlic and other herbs. The plate

1320-657: The 2011 documentary People of a Feather , which studies the historical relationship between the Sanikiluaq community and eiders, as well as various aspects of their ecology. The common eider is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds ( AEWA ) applies. Eiders are colonial breeders. They nest on coastal islands in colonies ranging in size of less than 100 to upwards of 15,000 individuals. Female eiders frequently exhibit

1375-461: The English zoologist William Leach . The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek σῶμα sōma 'body' (stem somat- ) and ἔριον erion 'wool'. The specific mollissimus is Latin , meaning 'very soft'. Both parts of the name refer to its down feathers . Six subspecies are recognised: The common eider is both the largest of the four eider species and the largest duck found in Europe, and

1430-576: The United States during the Second World War , mussels were commonly served in diners and restaurants across the country. This was due to wartime rationing and shortages of red meat, such as beef and pork. Mussels became a popular substitute for most meats (with the exception of poultry). In Belgium, the Netherlands, and France, mussels are consumed with French fries ( mosselen met friet or moules-frites ) or bread. In Belgium, mussels are sometimes served with fresh herbs and flavorful vegetables in

1485-429: The actions of the cilia located on the gills for ciliary-mucus feeding. The wastewater exits through the excurrent siphon. The labial palps finally funnel the food into the mouth, where digestion begins. Marine mussels are usually found clumping together on wave-washed rocks, each attached to the rock by its byssus. The clumping habit helps hold the mussels firm against the force of the waves. At low tide mussels in

1540-404: The area, "Cuddy" being the familiar form of "Cuthbert". In Canada's Hudson Bay, important eider die-offs were observed in the 1990s by local populations due to quickly changing ice flow patterns. The Canadian Wildlife Service has spent several years gathering up-to-date information on their populations, and preliminary results seem to show a population recovery. The common eider is the object of

1595-529: The basis of size and head shape. The drake's display call is a strange almost human-like "ah-ooo", while the hen utters hoarse quacks. The species is often readily approachable. Drakes of the European, eastern North American and Asia/western North American races can be distinguished by minor differences in plumage and bill colour. Some authorities place the subspecies v-nigra as a separate species. This species dives for crustaceans and molluscs, with mussels being

1650-444: The construction of artificial tendons. Mussels are widely used as bio-indicators to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. They are particularly useful since they are distributed worldwide and they are sessile. These characteristics ensure that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed. Their population status or structure, physiology, behaviour or

1705-610: The decline of freshwater mussels include destruction by dams, increased siltation, channel alteration and the introduction of invasive species such as the zebra mussel . Humans have used mussels as food for thousands of years. About 17 species are edible, of which the most commonly eaten are Mytilus edulis , M. galloprovincialis , M. trossulus and Perna canaliculus . Although freshwater mussels are edible, today they are widely considered unpalatable and are rarely consumed. Freshwater mussels were once eaten extensively by native peoples of North America and some still do today. In

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1760-544: The design of peptide mimics that were well studied for surface bioengineering of medical implants. Self-assembling mussel-inspired peptides were also shown to form functional nanostructures. Also, a peptide derived from mussel foot protein-5, a key protein in mussel adhesion, displayed antibacterial properties and served as inspiration for the design of a new class of peptide-based antibacterial adhesive hydrogels, which are active against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally byssal threads have provided insight into

1815-457: The ducklings leave the nest with no harm to the birds. The common eider was formally named by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae . He placed it with all the other ducks in the genus Anas and coined the binomial name Anas mollissima . It is now placed with two other species in the genus Somateria that was introduced in 1819 by

1870-572: The fish body reacts to cover them with cells forming a cyst , where the glochidia remain for two to five weeks (depending on temperature). They grow, break free from the host, and drop to the bottom of the water to begin an independent life. Marine mussels are eaten by humans, starfish , seabirds, and by numerous species of predatory marine gastropods in the family Muricidae , such as the dog whelk , Nucella lapillus . Freshwater mussels are eaten by muskrats , otters , raccoons , ducks, baboons , humans, and geese. Marine mussels are abundant in

1925-400: The foot through the substrate, expanding the end so it serves as an anchor, and then pulling the rest of the animal with its shell forward. It also serves as a fleshy anchor when the animal is stationary. In marine mussels, the foot is smaller, tongue-like in shape, with a groove on the ventral surface which is continuous with the byssus pit. In this pit, a viscous secretion is exuded, entering

1980-399: The gills of the host fish where they are constantly flushed with oxygen-rich water. In some species, release occurs when a fish attempts to attack the mussel's mantle flaps, which are shaped like minnows or other prey, an example of aggressive mimicry . Glochidia are generally species-specific, and will only live if they find the correct fish host. Once the larval mussels attach to the fish,

2035-437: The groove and hardening gradually upon contact with sea water. This forms extremely tough, strong, elastic, byssal threads that secure the mussel to its substrate allowing it to remain sessile in areas of high flow. The byssal thread is also sometimes used by mussels as a defensive measure, to tether predatory molluscs, such as dog whelks , that invade mussel beds, immobilising them and thus starving them to death. In cooking,

2090-741: The grow-out area and the rearing method being used. Dredges are currently used for on-bottom culture. Mussels grown on wooden poles can be harvested by hand or with a hydraulic powered system. For raft and longline culture, a platform is typically lowered under the mussel lines, which are then cut from the system and brought to the surface and dumped into containers on a nearby vessel. After harvest, mussels are typically placed in seawater tanks to rid them of impurities before marketing. Byssal threads, used to anchor mussels to substrates, are now recognized as superior bonding agents. A number of studies have investigated mussel "glues" for industrial and surgical applications. Further, mussel adhesive proteins inspired

2145-557: The highest species diversity in Southeast Asia), and 33 in Australasia. The species in these areas are not as well researched as in North America and Europe. Approximately 61% of freshwater mussels in Asia had not been assessed and conservation efforts were almost non-existent. No Asian mussels were protected internationally under legislation such as CITES . The main factors contributing to

2200-524: The level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the status of the ecosystem. Transplanted caged mussel were used in a study to monitor heavy metal contamination in coastal waters. Marine nutrient bioextraction is the practice of farming and harvesting marine organisms such as shellfish and seaweed for the purpose of reducing nutrient pollution . Mussels and other bivalve shellfish consume phytoplankton containing nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). On average, one live mussel

2255-532: The low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones. Certain species of marine mussels prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents . The South African white mussel exceptionally does not bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above

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2310-400: The meat and make them unpalatable or poisonous after dying or uncooked. Some mussels might contain toxins. A simple criterion is that live mussels, when in the air, will shut tightly when disturbed. Open, unresponsive mussels are dead, and must be discarded. Unusually heavy, wild-caught, closed mussels may be discarded as they may contain only mud or sand. (They can be tested by slightly opening

2365-472: The middle of a clump will undergo less water loss because of water capture by the other mussels. Both marine and freshwater mussels are gonochoristic , with separate male and female individuals. In marine mussels, fertilization occurs outside the body, with a larval stage that drifts for three weeks to six months, before settling on a hard surface as a young mussel. There, it is capable of moving slowly by means of attaching and detaching byssal threads to attain

2420-443: The nests of related individuals and crèching , where female eiders team up and share the work of rearing ducklings. Mussel Pteriomorphia (marine mussels) Palaeoheterodonta (freshwater mussels) Heterodonta ( zebra mussels ) Mussel ( / ˈ m ʌ s ə l / ) is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve molluscs , from saltwater and freshwater habitats. These groups have in common

2475-409: The pearly mussels there is an inner iridescent layer of nacre (mother-of-pearl) composed of calcium carbonate , which is continuously secreted by the mantle; the prismatic layer, a middle layer of chalky white crystals of calcium carbonate in a protein matrix; and the periostracum , an outer pigmented layer resembling a skin. The periostracum is composed of a protein called conchin , and its function

2530-710: The remaining water and some lemon. They can also be eaten as tigres , a sort of croquette using the mussel meat, shrimps and other pieces of fish in a thick bechamel then breaded and fried in the clean mussel shell. They are used in other sort of dishes such as rices or soups or commonly eaten canned in a pickling brine made of oil, vinegar, peppercorns, bay leaves and paprika. In Turkey, mussels are either covered with flour and fried on skewers ( midye tava ), or filled with rice and served cold ( midye dolma ) and are usually consumed after alcohol (mostly raki or beer). They are used in Ireland boiled and seasoned with vinegar, with

2585-423: The sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes. Freshwater mussels inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells. In 2005, China accounted for 40% of the global mussel catch according to

2640-742: The shell halves.) A thorough rinse in water and removal of "the beard" is suggested. Mussel shells usually open when cooked, revealing the cooked soft parts. Historically, it has been believed that after cooking all the mussels should have opened and those that have not are not safe to eat and should be discarded. However, according to marine biologist Nick Ruello, this advice may have arisen from an old, poorly researched cookbook's advice, which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish. Ruello found 11.5% of all mussels failed to open during cooking, but when forced open, 100% were "both adequately cooked and safe to eat." Although mussels are valued as food, mussel poisoning due to toxic planktonic organisms can be

2695-411: The shell is longer than it is wide, being wedge-shaped or asymmetrical. The external colour of the shell is often dark blue, blackish, or brown, while the interior is silvery and somewhat nacreous . The common name "mussel" is also used for many freshwater bivalves, including the freshwater pearl mussels . Freshwater mussel species inhabit lakes, ponds, rivers, creeks, canals, and they are classified in

2750-815: The southeastern United States. Of the 297 known species, 213 (71.7%) taxa are listed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern. Approximately 37 North American species were considered extinct in 2004. Out of 16 recognized freshwater mussel species in Europe, 12 are considered threatened, with varying statuses from Near Threatened to Critically Endangered. 8 species are protected by the European Union Habitats Directive across all annexes. There are approximately 85 known species in Africa, 102 in Central America, 74 in South America, 228 in Asia (with

2805-495: The taxonomic group which includes most of the bivalves commonly referred to as "clams". The mussel's external shell is composed of two hinged halves or "valves". The valves are joined on the outside by a ligament, and are closed when necessary by strong internal muscles (anterior and posterior adductor muscles). Mussel shells carry out a variety of functions, including support for soft tissues, protection from predators and protection against desiccation. The shell has three layers. In

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2860-694: The trip. The islet lies about 300 km (190 mi) south of the island today called Hans Island —that this is part of the Littleton Island cluster is testified by Kane mentioning Edward Augustus Inglefield , who named Littleton Island. Later in the expedition Christian Ohlsen died on the Littleton Island on 12 June 1855. This Greenland location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Common eider Anas mollissima Linnaeus, 1758 The common eider (pronounced / ˈ aɪ . d ər / ) ( Somateria mollissima ), also called St. Cuthbert's duck or Cuddy's duck ,

2915-443: The water column. Mussels grow quickly and are usually ready for harvest in less than two years. Unlike other cultured bivalves, mussels use byssus threads (beard) to attach themselves to any firm substrate, which makes them suitable for a number of culture methods. There are a variety of techniques for growing mussels. In roughly 12–15 months, mussels reach marketable size (40mm) and are ready for harvest. Harvesting methods depend on

2970-518: The wings. The average weight of 22 males in the North Atlantic was 2.21 kg (4 lb 14 oz) while 32 females weighed an average of 1.92 kg (4 lb 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  oz). It is characterized by its bulky shape and large, wedge-shaped bill. The male is unmistakable, with its black and white plumage and green nape. The female is a brown bird, but can still be readily distinguished from all ducks, except other eider species, on

3025-722: Was valued in excess of NZ$ 250 million. Freshwater mussels are used as host animals for the cultivation of freshwater pearls . Some species of marine mussel, including the blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis ) and the New Zealand green-lipped mussel ( Perna canaliculus ), are also cultivated as a source of food. In some areas of the world, mussel farmers collect naturally occurring marine mussel seed for transfer to more appropriate growing areas, however, most North American mussel farmers rely on hatchery-produced seed. Growers typically purchase seed after it has set (about 1mm in size) or after it has been nursed in upwellers for 3-6 additional weeks and

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