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41-647: Little Africa was one of a number of independent African American communities formed across the South after the Civil War. Founded c.  1880 by former slave Simpson Foster and a Cherokee Indian, Emanuel Waddell, it was originally 500 acres set aside for their relatives. The early residents were descendants of Simpson Foster and Emanuel Waddell who maintained the tradition of farming and agricultural life in Little Africa for decades. By 1910, family community leaders had built

82-494: A Black man can have in America." In November 2008, he announced that he would not seek another term as chairman. Bond agreed to stay on in the position through 2009, as the organization celebrated its 100th anniversary. Roslyn Brock was chosen as Bond's successor on February 20, 2010. Bond was an outspoken supporter of the rights of gays and lesbians. He publicly stated his support for same-sex marriage . Most notably, he boycotted

123-795: A Rosenwald fellowship, has called the list of grantees a "Who's Who of black America in the 1930s and 1940s." Hundreds of grants were disbursed to artists, writers and other cultural figures, many of whom became prominent or already were, including photographers Gordon Parks , Elizabeth Catlett , Marion Palfi , poets Claude McKay , Dr. Charles Drew , Augusta Savage , anthropologist and dancer Katherine Dunham , singer Marian Anderson , silversmith Winifred Mason , writers Ralph Ellison , W.E.B. Du Bois , James Weldon Johnson , psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark , dermatologist Theodore K. Lawless , and poets Langston Hughes and Rita Dove . Fellowships of around $ 1,000 to $ 2,000 were given out yearly to applicants and were usually designed to be open-ended;

164-496: A write-in candidate, a factor which led to the impasse. Bond would not support either Maddox or Callaway, although he was ordered to vote by lame duck Lieutenant Governor Peter Zack Geer . Throughout his House career, Bond had to deal with repeated redistricting of his district by the state legislature: Bond was elected in 1974 for the first of six terms in the Georgia Senate , where he served from 1975 to 1987. During

205-622: The 1968 presidential election , Bond led an alternate delegation from Georgia to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago . There he was the first African American to have his name entered into nomination as a major-party candidate for Vice President of the United States . The 28-year-old Bond quickly declined, citing the constitutional requirement that one must be at least 35 years of age to serve in that office. Bond ran for

246-591: The Freedom Summer registration drive in 1964) and to Georgia , Alabama , and Arkansas . By the mid-1960s, and without embracing a black-separatist agenda, Bond was concluding that the continued presence of white organizers in SNCC was undermining black self-confidence. He later reflected: "The successes Freedom Summer achieved resulted from its embrace of a paradox — it tried to fight bigotry by appealing to people more concerned about whites, not blacks. Appealing to

287-664: The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), a public-interest law firm based in Montgomery, Alabama . He served as its president until 1979, and was an emeritus member of its board of directors at the time of his death in 2015. Bond also advocated for Africans in Europe. In 1998, Bond was selected as chairman of the NAACP . Bond once referred to leading the NAACP as "the most powerful job

328-632: The Supreme Court of the United States in 1966, which ruled 9–0 in the case of Bond v. Floyd (385 U.S. 116) that the Georgia House of Representatives had denied Bond his freedom of speech and was required to seat him. From 1967 to 1975, Bond was elected to four terms in the Georgia House , where he organized the Georgia Legislative Black Caucus. In January 1967, Bond was among eleven Georgia House members who refused to vote when

369-541: The United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 5th congressional district (encompassing Atlanta) in 1986. He lost the Democratic nomination in a primary runoff to rival civil rights leader John Lewis in a bitter contest. During it Bond was accused of using cocaine and other drugs. During the campaign, Lewis challenged Bond to take a drug test (Lewis had said he took one and passed). Bond refused, saying

410-788: The Civil Rights Movement who oppose gay marriage. Most resistance came from within the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which was partially blamed for the success of the gay marriage ban amendment in California . On October 11, 2009, Bond appeared at the National Equality March in Washington, D.C. , and spoke about the rights of the LGBT community, a speech that was aired live on C-SPAN . Bond

451-720: The Foundation requested but did not require grantees to report back on what they accomplished with the support. In 1929, the Rosenwald Fund funded a syphilis treatment pilot program in five Southern states. The Rosenwald project emphasized locating people with syphilis and treating them, during a time when syphilis was widespread in poor African-American communities. The Fund ended its involvement in 1932, due to lack of matching state funds (the Fund required jurisdictions to contribute to efforts to increase collaboration on solving problems). After

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492-446: The Fund ceased its involvement, the federal government decided to take over the funding and changed its mission to being a non-therapeutic study. The infamous Tuskegee syphilis study began later that year, tracking the progress of untreated disease, and took advantage of poor participants by not informing them fully of its constraints. Even after penicillin became recognized as approved treatment for this disease, researchers did not treat

533-561: The NAACP board and then in July when he spoke at that organization's national convention, he attacked the administration for selecting Cabinet secretaries "from the Taliban wing of American politics". Bond specifically criticized Attorney General John Ashcroft , who had opposed affirmative action , and Interior Secretary Gale Norton , who defended the Confederacy in a 1996 speech on states' rights. In

574-588: The North and South, including American University , Drexel , and Harvard . Bond taught the history of the civil rights movement at the University of Virginia from 1990 to 2012. While there he shared his experiences of the movement with thousands of students through stories, newsreels, music, and film. Bond was on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service . With Morris Dees , in 1971 Bond helped found

615-514: The Prize in 1987 and 1990. Bond hosted Saturday Night Live on April 9, 1977, becoming the first black political figure to do so. In the same year, he also appeared in the Richard Pryor vehicle Greased Lightning . In 1978, Bond played himself in the miniseries King . He also had a small appearance playing State Representative John E. White in the movie Ray (2004), and played himself in

656-433: The Rosenwald Fund was designed to expend all of its funds for philanthropic purposes before a predetermined "sunset date." It donated over $ 70 million to public schools , colleges and universities , museums , Jewish charities , and African American institutions before funds were completely depleted in 1948. The rural school building program for African-American children was one of the largest programs administered by

697-402: The Rosenwald Fund. Over $ 4.4 million in matching funds stimulated construction of more than 5,000 one-room schools (and larger ones), as well as shops and teachers' homes, mostly in the South , where public schools were segregated and black schools had been chronically underfunded. This was particularly so after disenfranchisement of most blacks from the political system in southern states at

738-660: The Vietnam War . Five of the representatives who did vote to seat Bond were white, including Republican Rodney Cook . They disliked his stated sympathy for persons who were "unwilling to respond to a military draft". Bond took the legislature to court. A three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled in a 2–1 decision that the Georgia House had not violated any of Bond's constitutional rights. The case reached

779-560: The ability to vote and entered the political process. Although initially undecided about his party affiliation, Bond ultimately ran and was elected as a Democrat , the party of President Lyndon B. Johnson , who had supported civil rights, and signed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act into law. On January 10, 1966, Georgia representatives voted 184–12 not to seat Bond after the election, because he had publicly endorsed SNCC's policy of opposition to United States involvement in

820-466: The drug test was akin to McCarthyism and trivialized the issue of drugs. While Bond had raised twice as much money as Lewis and had a larger national reputation, Lewis cast himself as the man on the front lines of the Civil Rights Movement and ran up large margins over Bond among white liberals in Atlanta. As the district had a very large Democratic majority, winning the Democratic primary meant that Lewis

861-617: The early 1960s, he helped establish the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In 1971, he co-founded the Southern Poverty Law Center in Montgomery, Alabama , and served as its first president for nearly a decade. Bond was elected to serve four terms in the Georgia House of Representatives and later he was elected to serve six terms in the Georgia State Senate , serving a total of twenty years in both legislative chambers. Following his career in

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902-598: The end of slavery in 1865. Little Africa now is flourishing with different families and some linking to the founders, Simpson and Emanuel. Little Africa location provides beautiful scenic views of the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Pacolet River and Bear Creek runs right alongside of this beautiful rural area. Little Africa Park was established by the donation of 8 acres of land by Charlie Proctor, Sr. and Thomas C. Blackley to Spartanburg County Parks and Recreation for

943-498: The funeral services for Coretta Scott King on the grounds that the King children had chosen an anti-gay megachurch as the venue. This was in conflict with their mother's longstanding support for the rights of gay and lesbian people. In a 2005 speech in Richmond, Virginia, Bond said: African Americans ... were the only Americans who were enslaved for two centuries, but we were far from

984-591: The legislature elected segregationist Democrat Lester Maddox of Atlanta as governor of Georgia over the Republican Bo Callaway . Callaway had led in the 1966 general election by some three thousand votes. Under the Georgia Constitution of 1824, the state legislature had to settle the election because neither major party candidate had polled a majority in the general election. Former Governor Ellis Arnall polled more than fifty thousand votes as

1025-603: The legislature, he was a professor of history at the University of Virginia from 1990 to 2012. From 1998 to 2010, he was chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Bond was born in 1940 at Hubbard Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee , to parents Julia Agnes (Washington) and Horace Mann Bond . His father was an educator, then president of Fort Valley State College . His mother, Julia,

1066-599: The movie 5 to 7 (2014). On July 28, 1961, Bond married Alice Clopton, a student at Spelman College . They had five children: Phyllis Jane Bond-McMillan, Horace Mann Bond II, Michael Julian Bond (an Atlanta City councilman), Jeffrey Alvin Bond, and Julia Louise Bond. They divorced on November 10, 1989. In 1990 Bond married Pamela Sue Horowitz, a former SPLC staff attorney. Bond died from complications of vascular disease on August 15, 2015, in Fort Walton Beach, Florida , at

1107-759: The nation's racism accepted white supremacy . By acknowledging its dependence on whites to popularize the civil rights struggle in the South, SNCC contradicted its rhetorical belief in the equal worth of all races, and undermined its insistence that indigenous blacks were best prepared to lead the struggle for their deliverance from white dominance." At age 31, with SNCC shedding staff and volunteers after its abortive merger with Black Panther Party , Bond returned to Morehouse College in 1971, to complete his Bachelor of Arts in English. In addition to his organizing with SNCC , Bond ran for political office in Georgia . In 1965, he

1148-507: The only Americans suffering discrimination then and now ... Sexual disposition parallels race. I was born this way. I have no choice. I wouldn't change it if I could. Sexuality is unchangeable. In a 2007 speech on the Martin Luther King Day Celebration at Clayton State University , Bond said, "If you don't like gay marriage, don't get gay married." His positions pitted elements of the NAACP against religious groups in

1189-949: The purpose of developing Little Africa Community Park. The park has a playground, a grilling area, and a baseball field. 35°10′02″N 82°01′36″W  /  35.16722°N 82.02667°W  / 35.16722; -82.02667 Rosenwald Fund The Rosenwald Fund (also known as the Rosenwald Foundation , the Julius Rosenwald Fund , and the Julius Rosenwald Foundation ) was established in 1917 by Julius Rosenwald and his family for "the well-being of mankind." Rosenwald became part-owner of Sears, Roebuck and Company in 1895, serving as its president from 1908 to 1922, and chairman of its board of directors until his death in 1932. Unlike other endowed foundations, which were designed to fund themselves in perpetuity,

1230-596: The selection of these individuals, Bond said, Bush had appeased "the wretched appetites of the extreme right wing and chosen Cabinet officials whose devotion to the Confederacy is nearly canine in its uncritical affection". House Majority Leader Dick Armey responded to Bond's statement with a letter in which he accused NAACP leaders of "racial McCarthyism". Bond later said at the annual NAACP convention that year, that since Bush's election, he had "had his picture taken with more black people than voted for him." In 2012, Bond

1271-492: The study participants. This is a selected list of notable Rosenwald Fund Fellowship recipients from the years the fund's fellowship program was active, 1928-1948. Julian Bond Horace Julian Bond (January 14, 1940 – August 15, 2015) was an American social activist, leader of the civil rights movement , politician, professor , and writer . While he was a student at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia , during

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1312-875: The turn of the 20th century. The Fund required white school boards to agree to operate such schools and to arrange for matching funds, in addition to requiring black communities to raise funds or donate property and labor to construct the schools. These schools, constructed to models designed by architects of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (now known as Tuskegee University ), became known as " Rosenwald Schools ." In some communities, surviving structures have been preserved and recognized as landmarks for their historical character and social significance. The National Trust for Historic Preservation has classified them as National Treasures. The Rosenwald Fund also made fellowship grants directly to African-American artists, writers, researchers and intellectuals between 1928 and 1948. Civil rights leader Julian Bond , whose father received

1353-586: The two-room Africa School to teach local children. One of S.C.'s first Rosenwald Fund schools later opened there. Near the school, family community members built Fairview C.M.E. Church c. 1912, one mile from Highway 9. Congregants first organized themselves c. 1902 at the home of Emanuel Waddell. During Jim Crow and after Brown v Board of Education, new residents as other families settled nearby seeking economic opportunity and refuge from white supremacy . Some of Simpson Foster and Emanuel Waddell's families still reside in Little Africa, after some five generations since

1394-479: The white violence visited in the summer of 1961 on the first voter registration efforts (under the direction of Bob Moses) in McComb, Mississippi , including the murder of activist Herbert Lee , Bond took the new full-time position of communications director for SNCC assisted by Casey Hayden , Mary King and Dottie Miller , until September 1966. During this period, he travelled frequently to Mississippi (active in

1435-450: Was a former librarian at Clark Atlanta University , also a historically black college . The family resided on campus at Fort Valley State College . The house of the Bonds was a frequent stop for scholars , activists , and celebrities passing through, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson . In 1945, Bond's father accepted the position of president of Lincoln University , where he

1476-609: Was a strong critic of policies that contribute to anthropogenic climate change . He was among a group of protesters arrested at the White House for civil disobedience in opposition to the Keystone XL pipeline in February 2013. Bond was a strong critic of the George W. Bush administration, in large part because he believed it was illegitimate. Twice in 2001, first in February when he spoke to

1517-535: Was almost certain to win the general election. After he did so, he served in Congress for 30 years until his death on July 17, 2020. Still dogged by allegations of drug use, Bond resigned from the Georgia Senate the following year. Bond's estranged wife, Alice, who had publicly accused him of using cocaine, later retracted her statements. After leaving politics, Bond taught at several universities in major cities in

1558-533: Was featured in Julian Bond: Reflections from the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement , a documentary film by Eduardo Montes-Bradley . From 1980 to 1997, Bond hosted America's Black Forum . He was also a commentator for radio's Byline and NBC 's The Today Show . He authored the nationally syndicated newspaper column Viewpoint , and narrated the critically acclaimed PBS series Eyes on

1599-482: Was its first African-American president, and the family moved North. In 1957, Bond graduated from George School , a private Quaker preparatory boarding school near Newtown in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . He attended Morehouse College , a historically black college in Atlanta, Georgia . He was very involved at Morehouse . He was a swimmer on the varsity squad. He worked as an intern at Time magazine and

1640-507: Was one of 11 African Americans elected to the Georgia House of Representatives . They were aided by the expansion of the franchise for blacks in the state, who largely supported Democratic Party candidates, after national passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The latter especially had brought federal oversight to enforce the constitutional rights of blacks to vote. As states ended discriminatory practices in voter registration , African Americans regained

1681-616: Was one of the founding members of The Pegasus , a literary magazine. On April 17, 1960, Bond helped co-found the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In 1961, Bond left Morehouse to join the staff of the Atlanta Inquirer , a new black protest paper he had helped establish in the summer of 1960 with Jesse Hill , Herman J. Russell , and various other students in the Atlanta Student Movement including Charlayne Hunter-Gault , and Lonnie King . Following

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