113-512: Liton Kumer Das ( Bengali : লিটন কুমার দাস ; born October 13, 1994) is a Bangladeshi cricketer . He is a right-handed batter and a wicket-keeper . He made his international debut for Bangladesh in June 2015. He has scored the highest individual score for Bangladesh in ODI cricket (176). Liton Kumar Das was born in a Bengali Hindu family of Dinajpur district of Bangladesh on 13 October 1994. His name
226-562: A 3-match ODI and T20I series. He failed with the bat in both ODI and T20I series. In the third T20I, he captained Bangladesh for the first time in T20I in the absence of regular captain Mahmudullah who was ruled out due to an injury and Bangladesh lost the rain-curtailed 10-over match by 65 runs and eventually lost the T20I series by 3–0 as well. Due to the injury of regular captain Tamim Iqbal , Das
339-439: A 3-match ODI series against Afghanistan , he scored 223 runs including a century and a half century and was adjusted Player of the series. He also played a crucial role in winning their first ever ODI series against South Africa , scoring 113 runs in the series, being the second highest run-getter, at an average of 37.67. Though he could not perform well in the 2-match test series scoring only 81 runs in 4 innings. In May 2022, In
452-492: A bid to lessen this burden on young learners, efforts have been made by educational institutions in the two main Bengali-speaking regions (West Bengal and Bangladesh) to address the opaque nature of many consonant clusters, and as a result, modern Bengali textbooks are beginning to contain more and more "transparent" graphical forms of consonant clusters, in which the constituent consonants of a cluster are readily apparent from
565-590: A different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. For example, the word salt is লবণ lôbôṇ in the east which corresponds to নুন nun in the west. Bengali exhibits diglossia , though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language. Two styles of writing have emerged, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax : Linguist Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar categorises
678-480: A diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following: In standard Bengali, stress is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all trochaic ; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as in সহযোগিতা shô -hô- jo -gi- ta "cooperation", where
791-412: A keeper for Bangladesh's spin dominated attack. His moment of fame came in 2010 in a Test against India. Where he scored a quickfire century, the quickest by any Bangladeshi to date. He is one of the best run scorers as a wicketkeeper, who has 11,000 runs and 400+ dismissals. According to Jamie Siddons , the former coach of Bangladesh, Mushfiqur Rahim's batting is so versatile that he can bat anywhere in
904-672: A large scale and were communally limited. Owing to Bengal's geographic location, Bengali areas bordering non-Bengali regions have been influenced by each other. Small numbers of people in Midnapore , which borders Odisha , have used the Odia script to write in Bengali. In the border areas between West Bengal and Bihar , some Bengali communities historically wrote Bengali in Devanagari , Kaithi and Tirhuta . In Sylhet and Bankura , modified versions of
1017-660: A majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. Some dialects, particularly those of the Chittagong region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB. The dialect in the Chittagong region is least widely understood by the general body of Bengalis. The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety – often, speakers are fluent in Cholitobhasha (SCB) and one or more regional dialects. Even in SCB,
1130-577: A mere 25 off 53 balls in a losing cause making a record for Das. In the third t20 match against West Indies, he reached his first white-ball half-century off 24 balls, and his first 50-plus score in 17 innings scoring 61 runs eventually sealing the T20I series 2-1 and also ended up winning the Player of the match award . On 28 September 2018, against India in the final of the 2018 Asia Cup , Das scored his maiden ODI century and went on to make 121(117) with 12 boundaries and 2 sixes. He would eventually win “Man of
1243-605: A one-day match. Playing for Rajshahi in the National Cricket League , he scored 114 from 120 deliveries as his team lost by 8 runs. Representing Rajshahi Division in domestic cricket, Mushfiqur Rahim has over 6500 first-class runs to his name including twelve half-centuries and thirty four centuries. In the match against Central Zone , Mushi got his 1st first-class wicket by dismissing Nurul Hasan playing for North Zone as he returned bowling figures of 1–23 in 10 overs. The Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) founded
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#17329061212621356-558: A part in the adoption of the English alphabet to write Bengali, with certain social media influencers publishing entire novels in Roman Bengali. Mushfiqur Rahim Mushfiqur Rahim ( Bengali : মুশফিকুর রহিম ; born 9 May 1987) is a Bangladeshi cricketer and the former captain of the Bangladesh national cricket team . He is a right-handed middle-order batter and wicket-keeper in
1469-673: A result, when South Africa toured in March for three ODIs and Bangladesh went to Pakistan for five ODIs the next month , Mushfiqur Rahim was dropped in favour of Dhiman Ghosh . Mushfiqur Rahim was recalled to the squad for a tri-series with Pakistan and India and the 2008 Asia Cup . When 17 contracts were announced in April 2009, Mushfiqur Rahim's was renewed, marking Mushfiqur Rahim as Bangladesh's first choice 'keeper. Mushfiqur Rahim announced his retirement from T20Is on September 4, 2022. Mushfiqur Rahim took to his official Twitter account to make
1582-562: A rounded total of 280 million) worldwide. The Bengali language is native to the region of Bengal , which comprises the present-day nation of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in Tripura , southern Assam and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Bengali is also spoken in
1695-408: A special diacritic, called the hôsôntô (্) , may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in ম্ [m] ). This diacritic, however, is not common and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a hôsôntô , may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in
1808-575: A state language of the then Dominion of Pakistan . On 21 February 1952, five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the University of Dhaka ; they were the first ever martyrs to die for their right to speak their mother tongue. In 1956, Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan. 21 February has since been observed as Language Movement Day in Bangladesh and has also been commemorated as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO every year since 2000. In 2010,
1921-463: A vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used. For example, in মই [moj] "ladder" and in ইলিশ [iliʃ] "Hilsa fish", the independent form of the vowel ই is used (cf. the dependent form ি) . A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realised using its independent form. In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing hôsôntô , three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. These are
2034-494: Is Bangladesh's national march, written by The National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam in Bengali in 1928. It was adopted as the national marching song by the Bangladeshi government in 1972. Additionally, the first two verses of Vande Mataram , a patriotic song written in Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , was adopted as the "national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in 1950 in independent India. Furthermore, it
2147-468: Is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs , and thirty-nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words . Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra . Since
2260-562: Is also spoken by the Bengali diasporas ( Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis) across Europe, North America, the Middle East and other regions. Bengali was accorded the status of a classical language by the government of India on 3 October 2024. It is the second most spoken and fourth fastest growing language in India , following Hindi in the first place, Kashmiri in the second place, and Meitei ( Manipuri ), along with Gujarati , in
2373-400: Is an abugida , a script with letters for consonants, with diacritics for vowels, and in which an inherent vowel (অ ô ) is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked. The Bengali alphabet is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified Brahmic script around 1000 CE (or 10th–11th century). It
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#17329061212622486-668: Is believed by many that the national anthem of Sri Lanka ( Sri Lanka Matha ) was inspired by a Bengali poem written by Rabindranath Tagore , while some even believe the anthem was originally written in Bengali and then translated into Sinhala . After the contribution made by the Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force in the Sierra Leone Civil War under the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ,
2599-699: Is considered a separate language, although it shares similarities to Northern Bengali dialects. During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in Kolkata , a city founded by the British. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect of Nadia and Kushtia District . There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in West Bengal will use
2712-404: Is known as Apabhraṃśa , by the end of the first millennium. The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language over the course of time. Though some archaeologists claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Eastern Indo-Aryan languages were differentiating. The local Apabhraṃśa of
2825-477: Is set out below in the International Phonetic Alphabet (upper grapheme in each box) and romanisation (lower grapheme). Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs , combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable . Two of these, /oi̯/ and /ou̯/ , are the only ones with representation in script, as ঐ and ঔ respectively. /e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/ may all form the glide part of
2938-716: Is sometimes spelled Litton. He has two brothers. He studied in Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protishtan and played age-group cricket. On 28 July 2019, he married his long-time girlfriend Devashri Biswas Sonchita who is an agriculturist in Mirpur , Bangladesh. A daughter was born to them in November 2023. Aged 13, Das represented the Bangladesh Under-15s in the 2007–08 season. He went on to play for Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan from 2009 to 2011. In 2010–11, he
3051-570: Is the only Bangladeshi player to win 150 international matches. In December 2023, he became only the second cricketer in test cricket history after Len Hutton to be given out for obstructing the field , when he physically handled the ball with his gloves during a test match against New Zealand. Mushfiqur Rahim was born on 9 May 1987 in Bogura , Bangladesh. Born to Mahbub Habib and Rahima Khatun, he finished his secondary schooling at Bogura Zilla School . In between playing cricket, he studied history at
3164-508: The 2016–17 Bangladesh Cricket League . As a result of this, he was recalled to Bangladesh's Test squad for their one-off match against India in February 2017. Das scored the most runs in the 2016–17 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League , with 752 in 14 matches. In April 2018, Das was the leading run-scorer in the 2017–18 Bangladesh Cricket League , with 779 runs in six matches, including scoring 274 runs in one innings. In October 2018, Das
3277-500: The Aesop's Fables in Bengali was printed using Roman letters based on English phonology by the Scottish linguist John Gilchrist . Consecutive attempts to establish a Roman Bengali have continued across every century since these times, and have been supported by the likes of Suniti Kumar Chatterji , Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda , and Muhammad Enamul Haq . The Digital Revolution has also played
3390-606: The Arabic , Persian , and Turkic languages . The arrival of merchants and traders from the Middle East and Turkestan into the Buddhist -ruling Pala Empire , from as early as the 7th century, gave birth to Islamic influence in the region. In the 13th century, subsequent Arab Muslim and Turco-Persian expeditions to Bengal heavily influenced the local vernacular by settling among the native population. Bengali absorbed Arabic and Persian influences in its vocabulary and dialect, including
3503-491: The BCB announced they would be retaining Mushfiqur as captain until the end of the year. Mushfiqur Rahim continued his captaincy in 2014 and lost to Sri Lanka in a home series. During the series, he suffered a finger injury for which he was replaced with Mohammad Mithun in wicket keeping. He also missed out the T20 international matches against Sri Lanka in which Mashrafe Mortaza took
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3616-591: The Barak Valley region of the state of Assam . It is also the second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. It is the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal , and is spoken by significant populations in other states including Bihar , Arunachal Pradesh , Delhi , Chhattisgarh , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Odisha and Uttarakhand . Bengali
3729-468: The Constitution of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the sole official language of Bangladesh. The Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987 , made it mandatory to use Bengali in all records and correspondences, laws, proceedings of court and other legal actions in all courts, government or semi-government offices, and autonomous institutions in Bangladesh. It is also the de facto national language of
3842-555: The Jahangirnagar University . He graduated with a master's degree from the university in 2012. He married Jannatul Kifayet Mondi in 2014. Mondi is the sister of Mahmudullah 's wife, Jannatul Kawsar Mishti. Mushfiqur Rahim had a son, Mayan, in 2018. Before playing for the national team, Mushfiqur Rahim played for Bangladesh Under-19s . He represented them in three Youth Tests and 18 Youth One Day Internationals (ODIs) between 2004 and 2006, averaging 31.75 and 36.00 with
3955-564: The Kaithi script had some historical prominence, mainly among Muslim communities. The variant in Sylhet was identical to the Baitali Kaithi script of Hindustani with the exception of Sylhet Nagri possessing matra . Sylhet Nagri was standardised for printing in c. 1869 . Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the Arabic script had been used across Bengal from Chittagong in
4068-701: The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were influential in the first millennium when Bengal was a part of the Greater Magadhan realm. The local varieties had no official status during the Gupta Empire , and with Bengal increasingly becoming a hub of Sanskrit literature for Hindu priests, the vernacular of Bengal gained a lot of influence from Sanskrit. Magadhi Prakrit was also spoken in modern-day Bihar and Assam , and this vernacular eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi . Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what
4181-520: The Nadia region . Bengali shows a high degree of diglossia , with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language. Modern Bengali vocabulary is based on words inherited from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, along with tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and borrowings from Persian , Arabic , Austroasiatic languages and other languages with which it has historically been in contact. In
4294-590: The University of Karachi (established by East Pakistani politicians before Independence of Bangladesh ) also offers regular programs of studies at the Bachelors and at the Masters levels for Bengali Literature. The national anthems of both Bangladesh ( Amar Sonar Bangla ) and India ( Jana Gana Mana ) were written in Bengali by the Bengali Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore . Notuner Gaan known as " Chol Chol Chol"
4407-499: The boldface represents primary and secondary stress. Native Bengali words do not allow initial consonant clusters ; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e., one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as গেরাম geram (CV.CVC) for গ্রাম gram (CCVC) "village" or ইস্কুল iskul (VC.CVC) for স্কুল skul (CCVC) "school". The Bengali-Assamese script
4520-513: The first Test against New Zealand at Basin Reserve in January 2017, Mushfiqur Rahim was hit on the back of the helmet on the fifth day of match and immediately taken to hospital. The incident took place in the 43rd over of Bangladesh's second innings when Tim Southee bowled a bouncer that hit Mushfiqur Rahim just behind left ear as he was trying to duck. Initial X-rays and scans to his neck suggested he
4633-557: The phonology of Eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the "cerebral" consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of western Bengal). Some varieties of Bengali, particularly Sylheti , Chittagonian and Chakma , have contrastive tone ; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, Hajong
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4746-742: The quarter finals of the tournament. Later that month Mushfiqur Rahim was recalled to the senior Test squad for the first time since the England tour in 2005. He was selected as a specialist batsmen, with Khaled Mashud chosen as the wicket-keeper for the series against Sri Lanka . At the domestic level he represents Rajshahi Division . In T20 cricket, all of Mushfiqur's runs came playing for Bangladesh , Bangladesh A , Duronto Rajshahi , Nagenahira Nagas , Sylhet Royals , Chittagong Vikings , Karachi Kings , Barishal Bulls , Rajshahi Kings , Nangharhar Leopards , Khulna Tigers and Beximco Dhaka . In December 2010, Mushfiqur Rahim recorded his best score in
4859-439: The seventh most spoken language by the total number of speakers in the world. It is the fifth most spoken Indo-European language . Bengali is the official , national , and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh , with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. It is the second-most widely spoken language in India . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura and
4972-531: The top order , from one to six. He is also rated as one of the consistent performers and one of the few keepers to score 1000+ runs in every format. He is the highest individual scorer for Bangladesh in Test cricket. He is the first and only wicketkeeper-batsman in the history of Test cricket to score two double-hundreds. He is also the first and only Bangladeshi batsman to score three double-hundreds in Tests. Mushfiqur
5085-608: The 16th century, Portuguese missionaries began a tradition of using the Roman alphabet to transcribe the Bengali language. Though the Portuguese standard did not receive much growth, a few Roman Bengali works relating to Christianity and Bengali grammar were printed as far as Lisbon in 1743. The Portuguese were followed by the English and French respectively, whose works were mostly related to Bengali grammar and transliteration. The first version of
5198-637: The 19th and 20th centuries, there were two standard forms of written Bengali: In 1948, the government of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the sole state language in Pakistan, giving rise to the Bengali language movement . This was a popular ethnolinguistic movement in the former East Bengal (today Bangladesh ), which arose as a result of the strong linguistic consciousness of the Bengalis and their desire to promote and protect spoken and written Bengali's recognition as
5311-509: The 2-match test series, against Sri Lanka , he scored 88, 141 and 52 in three innings which promoted him to the 12th position in the ICC Men's Test Batsmen ranking with 724 rating points, which is the highest points for any Bangladeshi batter in Test cricket. In May 2022, after Bangladesh lost their 2-test match series against Sri Lanka by 1–0, the test captain Mominul Haque stepped down from
5424-650: The 40th match of the tournament. In November 2022, he was named in the Sylhet Strikers ' squad, following the players draft for the 2022–23 Bangladesh Premier League . On 10 January 2023, in the 10th match against the Dhaka Dominators , he became the first cricketer to play 100 matches in the Bangladesh Premier League. In January 2024, he was named in the Fortune Barishal 's squad, following
5537-576: The 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. The ancestor of Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty . During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the elision of the word-final অ ô and the spread of compound verbs, which originated from the Sanskrit Schwa . Slowly, the word-final ô disappeared from many words influenced by
5650-451: The Bengali equivalent of a full stop – have been adopted from Western scripts and their usage is similar. Unlike in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) where the letter forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা matra . The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example,
5763-426: The Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments , but carry an "inherent" vowel and thus are syllabic in nature. The inherent vowel is usually a back vowel , either [ɔ] as in মত [m ɔ t] "opinion" or [o] , as in মন [m o n] "mind", with variants like the more open [ɒ] . To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it,
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#17329061212625876-536: The Match” for his effort, despite Bangladesh losing the match off the final ball. In April 2019, Das was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup . He made his World Cup debut against the West Indies where he scored an unbeaten 94 runs and made an unbeaten 189-run partnership with Shakib Al Hasan which helped Bangladesh to a famous 7 wicket victory. In March 2020, when Zimbabwe toured Bangladesh , in
5989-462: The ODI series and eventually become the "Player of the Tournament" jointly with Tamim Iqbal. In February 2021, when West Indies toured Bangladesh , he was one of the leading run-scorers and the highest run scorer for Bangladesh in the Test series, scoring 200 runs including two half-centuries. In June 2021, he was named in the Bangladesh's squad across all formats for their tour to Zimbabwe . During
6102-505: The West Indies in August 2014. During the first Test, Mushfiqur scored 116 in the second innings, picking up his third Test century. However, they lost all three ODIs and two Test matches. In September 2014, the BCB appointed Mortaza as the ODI captain, although Mushfiqur Rahim retained the Test captaincy. In November 2014, Bangladesh whitewashed Zimbabwe in both the three Tests and five ODIs . He
6215-539: The announcement, insisting that he will now be focusing on ODIs and Tests. Mushfiqur Rahim's decision came just over a month before the scheduled start of the T20 World Cup in Australia. Mushfiqur Rahim was appointed vice-captain for Bangladesh's tour of Zimbabwe in August 2009. The position was vacated as the previous holder, Shakib Al Hasan , was filling-in as captain for the injured Mashrafe Mortaza . Bangladesh won
6328-536: The basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh ( Barisal , Chittagong , Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh), many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal and western Bangladesh are pronounced as fricatives . Western alveolo-palatal affricates চ [ tɕɔ ] , ছ [ tɕʰɔ ] , জ [ dʑɔ ] correspond to eastern চ [tsɔ] , ছ [tsʰɔ~sɔ] , জ [dzɔ~zɔ] . The influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on
6441-504: The bat in the respective formats. Mushfiqur Rahim trained at the Bangladesh Institute of Sports. During the 2006 U-19 Cricket World Cup , hosted by Sri Lanka in February, Mushfiqur Rahim captained the Bangladesh side which included future international players Shakib Al Hasan and Tamim Iqbal among others. Mushfiqur Rahim was one of two players at the tournament with Test-match experience. Under his guidance Bangladesh reached
6554-419: The batsmen struggled against seam bowling and uneven bounce throughout the series. Mushfiqur adapted his batting style in the warm up matches, "consistently playing late and straight" according to Wisden , and managed to score 63 against Sussex and scored 115 not out against Northamptonshire in the warm up matches. Although initially named in the squad as a part-time wicket-keeper, his performances in
6667-439: The biggest win in the 21st century, in Tests. In May 2024, Das was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup tournament. In September 2024, Das recorded 12 dismissals in the Test series against Pakistan , most dismissals by a Bangladeshi wicketkeeper in a Test series, 5th Most dismissals by a wicketkeeper in a 2-match test series. He was declared man of the match for his heroic effort, scoring 138 runs in
6780-569: The captaincy and on 2 June 2022, Shakib Al Hasan succeeded him while Das was made the vice-captain of the test team. On 29 March 2023, in the 2nd T20I against Ireland , he reached his fifty in just 18 balls recording the fastest half-century by a Bangladeshi cricketer in T20Is. He scored 83 runs off 41 balls and made a 124-run stand with Rony Talukdar , the highest opening partnership for Bangladesh in T20Is, helping Bangladesh to defeat Ireland by 77 runs. In March 2021, Bangladesh toured New Zealand for
6893-469: The consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition. In the Bengali writing system, there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. Although there exist a few visual formulas to construct some of these ligatures, many of them have to be learned by rote. Recently, in
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#17329061212627006-503: The country. In India, Bengali is one of the 23 official languages . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam . Bengali has been a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. In Pakistan , Bengali is a recognised secondary language in the city of Karachi mainly spoken by stranded Bengalis of Pakistan . The Department of Bengali in
7119-587: The development of Dobhashi . Bengali acquired prominence, over Persian, in the court of the Sultans of Bengal with the ascent of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah . Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali, allowing it to become the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate. Bengali adopted many words from Arabic and Persian , which was a manifestation of Islamic culture on
7232-523: The draft for the 2012-13 Bangladesh Premier League . He was the leading run-scorer in that tournament, with 440 runs in 13 matches at an average of 40.40. In November 2016, he was named in the squad for the Barisal Bulls team, following the draft for the 2016–17 Bangladesh Premier League . He was one of the leading run scorers in that tournament, with 341 runs in 12 matches at an average of 37.88, which included two half-centuries. In October 2018, he
7345-410: The east to Meherpur in the west. The 14th-century court scholar of Bengal, Nur Qutb Alam , composed Bengali poetry using the Persian alphabet . After the Partition of India in the 20th century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan ; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language movement. In
7458-443: The eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta (lit. 'meaningless sounds'), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups, the Bengali–Assamese languages , the Bihari languages , and the Odia language . The language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. For example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around
7571-451: The emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999, UNESCO recognised 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the language movement. Although Sanskrit has been spoken by Hindu Brahmins in Bengal since the 3rd century BC, the local Buddhist population spoke varieties of the Prakrit . These varieties are generally referred to as "eastern Magadhi Prakrit ", as coined by linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji , as
7684-455: The fifth day of the first Test, he scored his maiden Test century and the fastest by a Bangladeshi in Test cricket, off only 112 balls as Bangladesh delayed an Indian victory, being the last man out as India won by 113 runs. England toured Bangladesh in February and March for two Tests and three ODIs, where Bangladesh lost all two formats. In the series, Mushfiqur Rahim was his team's second-highest run-scorer. He scored two half-centuries in
7797-466: The final ন in মন [m o n] or the medial ম in গামলা [ɡamla] ). A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent [ɔ] is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel allographs above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel typographic ligatures . These allographs, called কার kar , are diacritical vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. For example,
7910-462: The first ODI, Das scored 126 runs, his second century in ODI and became the first Bangladeshi batsman to score a century at Sylhet . In the 3rd ODI, he scored his 1000th run in ODIs and then along with Tamim Iqbal made the highest partnership for Bangladesh for any wicket in ODIs (292 runs) as well as scoring 176 runs off 143 balls. He made the highest individual score by any Bangladeshi batsman in ODIs. Das scored 311 runs at an average of 103.68 in
8023-418: The first Test, becoming the 6th Bangladesh batsman to perform the feat. Having impressed at home, Mushfiqur Rahim's performance in the return tour in England in May was expected to be crucial for the rankings. In the tour, Mushfiqur Rahim could managed 40 runs from two Tests as Bangladesh's batsmen struggled in English conditions and slumped to a 2–0 defeat. In the first ODI of the tour Mushfiqur Rahim
8136-461: The first batsman for Bangladesh to score an international century against South Africa in any format. He was selected as wicket keeper in the Test XI of the year 2017 by ESPNcricinfo. In November 2018, he scored 219 not out against Zimbabwe to become the first wicket-keeper–batsman to score two double centuries in Test cricket,(a third double hundred coming in 2020) His score of 219* is currently
8249-417: The first innings of the one-off Test against Zimbabwe, he ended up five runs short of his maiden Test century, He along with Mahmudullah , sustained a 138-runs partnership, which was the second highest seventh wicket partnership and the highest seventh wicket partnership for Bangladesh in Tests. In September 2021, he was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup . In November 2021, in
8362-540: The first innings. Bengali language Bengali , also known by its endonym Bangla ( বাংলা , Bāṅlā , [ˈbaŋla] ), is a classical Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia. With over 237 million native speakers and another 41 million as second language speakers as of 2024, Bengali is the fifth most spoken native language and
8475-469: The first match against Pakistan , Das scored his first century in Test cricket. In January 2022, when Bangladesh toured New Zealand for a two match Test series, he played an important knock of 86 runs in registering Bangladesh's first ever win in New Zealand and first ever Test victory against New Zealand at Bay Oval . In the second test, he notched up 102 runs off 114 balls in their second innings, which
8588-438: The five match ODI series 4–1. In the final ODI, Mushfiqur Rahim scored 98, beating his previous highest score in list A matches of 58, to help his team to victory. With 169 runs in the series at an average of 56.33, Mushfiqur Rahim finishes the tour as Bangladesh's fourth-highest run scorer. Mushfiqur Rahim retained the vice-captaincy for the home Test series against India in January and February 2010. On 21 January, in
8701-714: The government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared Bengali as an honorary official language in December 2002. In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali to be made an official language of the United Nations . Regional varieties in spoken Bengali constitute a dialect continuum . Linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji grouped the dialects of Bengali language into four large clusters: Rarhi , Vangiya , Kamrupi and Varendri ; but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed. The south-western dialects ( Rarhi or Nadia dialect) form
8814-499: The graph মি [mi] represents the consonant [m] followed by the vowel [i] , where [i] is represented as the diacritical allograph ি (called ই-কার i-kar ) and is placed before the default consonant sign. Similarly, the graphs মা [ma] , মী [mi] , মু [mu] , মূ [mu] , মৃ [mri] , মে [me~mɛ] , মৈ [moj] , মো [mo] and মৌ [mow] represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. In these consonant-vowel ligatures,
8927-412: The graphical form. However, since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature, today's Bengali-learning children will possibly have to learn to recognise both the new "transparent" and the old "opaque" forms, which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden. Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke । daṛi –
9040-474: The highest individual score in a Test innings by a Bangladeshi batsman. Later the same month, against the West Indies , he became the second batsman for Bangladesh to score 4,000 runs in Tests . In April 2019, he was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup . In the first innings of Bangladesh's opening match in the World Cup, against South Africa , he scored an 80-ball 78, contributing to
9153-475: The job of captaincy. He scored his second one-day international century against India at the beginning of the 2014 Asia Cup but struggled in that match with his injury. In the next match against Afghanistan, Mushfiqur Rahim continued his good form but Bangladesh lost the match by 32 runs, the first time they had lost to an associate team since gaining Test status. His team also lost the match against Pakistan in that same tournament even after scoring 326 which
9266-483: The language as: While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. People in southeastern West Bengal, including Kolkata, speak in SCB. Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the Midnapore dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. However,
9379-535: The language. Major texts of Middle Bengali (1400–1800) include Yusuf-Zulekha by Shah Muhammad Sagir and Srikrishna Kirtana by the Chandidas poets. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the Mughal Empire conquered Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the west-central dialect spoken in
9492-428: The letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra , as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e , also the letter হ hô and Bengali Ôbogroho ঽ (~ô) and letter ও o and consonant cluster ত্ত ttô . The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between
9605-474: The national team. Mushfiqur started his international career in 2005 against England at the age of 18 years 17 days. He was made to play as a specialist batsman in the first Test match of his career. He thus became the second-youngest, after Sachin Tendulkar , to play Test cricket at Lord's Cricket Stadium. He continued to make consistent contributions down the order with the bat and was more than competent as
9718-585: The neighbouring states of Odisha , Bihar , and Jharkhand , and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including Delhi , Mumbai , Thane , Varanasi , and Vrindavan . There are also significant Bengali-speaking communities in the Middle East , the United States , Singapore , Malaysia , Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom , and Italy . The 3rd article of
9831-545: The new captain – to score a record 191 for Bangladesh's sixth-wicket partnership. In December 2007, the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) granted Mushfiqur Rahim a one-year grade B (third tier) contract, one of 22 central contracts with the Board at the time. Following the 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup , Mushfiqur Rahim endured a series of poor scores, including five innings in which he amassed four runs altogether. As
9944-514: The parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official UN language. As of January 2023, no further action has been yet taken on this matter. However, in 2022, the UN did adopt Bangla as an unofficial language, after a resolution tabled by India. In 2024, the government of India conferred Bengali with the status of classical language . Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming
10057-537: The players draft for the 2024 Bangladesh Premier League . In September 2018, he was named in Nangarhar's squad in the first edition of the Afghanistan Premier League tournament. He played for Beximco Dhaka in 2020-21 Bangabandhu T20 Cup . Mushfiqur Rahim was selected for Bangladesh's tour of England in 2005. It was Bangladesh's first tour of England, where they faced unfamiliar conditions and
10170-420: The six-team Bangladesh Premier League in 2012, a twenty20 tournament to be held in February that year. The BCB made Mushfiq the 'icon player' for Duronto Rajshahi . Under his leadership Duronto overcame a weak start to progress to the semi-finals where they lost to Barisal Burners ; Mushfiqur Rahim contributed 234 runs from 11 matches. In January 2013, he was named in the squad for Sylhet Royals , following
10283-427: The so-called "inherent" vowel [ɔ] is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign ম [mɔ] . The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). To represent
10396-536: The superposed chôndrôbindu (ঁ) , denoting a suprasegmental for nasalisation of vowels (as in চাঁদ [tʃãd] "moon"), the postposed ônusbar (ং) indicating the velar nasal [ŋ] (as in বাংলা [baŋla] "Bengali") and the postposed bisôrgô (ঃ) indicating the voiceless glottal fricative [h] (as in উঃ! [uh] "ouch!") or the gemination of the following consonant (as in দুঃখ [dukʰːɔ] "sorrow"). The Bengali consonant clusters ( যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn ) are usually realised as ligatures, where
10509-635: The third place, according to the 2011 census of India . Bengali has developed over more than 1,400 years. Bengali literature , with its millennium-old literary history, was extensively developed during the Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism in East Bengal leading to
10622-468: The tournament on a temporary basis. The competition was won by Bangladesh A. In 2011, West Indies toured Bangladesh in October for a T20I, three ODIs, and two Tests. In his first international match as captain, Mushfiqur Rahim produced a Man-of-the-Match performance, scoring 41 not out from 26 balls to help his team to victory. Desptire T20I win, Bangladesh lost the ODI series 2–1. Mushfiqur Rahim
10735-797: The tournament. Das played for Gazi Group Barishal in the 2020-21 Bangabandhu T20 Cup . In April 2021, he was signed by Karachi Kings to play in the rescheduled matches in the 2021 Pakistan Super League . In March 2023, Das was bought by the Kolkata Knight Riders for ₹ 50 lakh (US$ 60,000), for 2023 Indian Premier League . He played only one match in that season scoring 4 runs only. Das made his Test debut against India on 10 June 2015. He made his One Day International debut, also against India, on 18 June 2015. He made his Twenty20 International debut against South Africa on 5 July 2015. On 2 March 2017, Bangladesh's captain Mushfiqur Rahim
10848-484: The visible matra and an invisible baseline). There is yet to be a uniform standard collating sequence (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) of Bengali graphemes. Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem. Throughout history, there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in different scripts, though these employments were never popular on
10961-435: The vocabulary may differ according to the speaker's religion: Muslims are more likely to use words of Persian and Arabic origin, along with more words naturally derived from Sanskrit ( tadbhava ), whereas Hindus are more likely to use tatsama (words directly borrowed from Sanskrit). For example: The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 nasalised vowels . The inventory
11074-429: The warm up matches led to his selection for the first Test at Lord's as a specialist batsman as well. The 17-year-old Mushfiqur Rahim scored 19 in the first innings and was one of just three batsman to reach double figures as Bangladesh were dismissed for 108. After twisting his ankle, he did not play any further in the tour. Mushfiqur Rahim was included in Bangladesh's squad to tour Zimbabwe for five ODIs in 2006. He
11187-469: Was Bangladeshi's leading run-scorer with 100, including a fifty. The following month, Pakistan toured for three ODIs and two Tests. Bangladesh lost the ODI series 3–0, and Mushfiqur Rahim managed just 12 runs from three innings. In the 2012 Asia Cup , under Mushfiqur Rahim's captaincy, Bangladesh won two out of the three games they have played and reached the final for the first time where they lost to Pakistan . In April his grade A+ central contract
11300-429: Was also awarded the man of the series for the ODI matches. During the group stage of the 2015 Cricket World Cup , Bangladesh defeated England, as a result they qualified for the second quarterfinal. In that match Mahmudullah Riyad and Mushfiqur Rahim made the highest partnership (141 runs) for any wicket for Bangladesh in a World Cup match which was also Bangladesh's highest ODI partnership against England. During
11413-456: Was asked to play as a batsman only, with Das becoming the wicket-keeper for the Test series against Sri Lanka . In June 2018, Bangladesh toured West Indies and United States for two Tests , three One Day Internationals (ODIs) and three Twenty20 International . In the first test, Bangladesh recorded their lowest team total in Tests with Das managing to enter double figures among other batters-
11526-418: Was his first test century in away matches. However, Bangladesh lost the match by an innings and 117 runs. He was the highest run getter for Bangladesh in the series gathering 196 runs in 2 matches. As of January 2022, he attained his career best test ranking of no 12 as a Test batsman of the world in the ICC Men's Player Rankings which is the highest in the history of Bangladesh cricket. In February 2022, in
11639-415: Was included in Bangladesh's 15-man squad for the 2011 World Cup. Bangladesh were knocked out in the group stage and Mushfiqur Rahim had a poor tournament personally. There were suggestions that he could be dropped, especially as fellow wicket-keeper Dhiman Ghosh was scoring heavily in Bangladesh's domestic competition. In August 2011, Mushfiqur hit 101 from 100 balls having his second century against Zimbabwe
11752-600: Was named captain of Bangladesh for the 3-match ODI series against India in December 2022 . Bangladesh won the first two ODIs in a thrilling way by 1 wicket and 5 runs respectively. Though Bangladesh lost the third ODI by a comprehensive margin of 227 runs. Eventually, Bangladesh won the ODI series by 2-1 margin. Due to the injury of Shakib Al Hasan , Das became the 12th captain of Bangladesh in Tests . He scored 9 and 66 and made 6 dismissals in two innings. Bangladesh also registered their biggest margin of victory in terms of runs and overall third biggest win, in terms of runs and
11865-685: Was named in the squad for the Chittagong Vikings team, following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League . He was the leading run-scorer for the team in the tournament, with 426 runs in thirteen matches. In November 2019, he was selected to play for the Khulna Tigers in the 2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League . He was the second highest run-scorer in that tournament, scoring 491 runs in 14 matches, at an average of 70.14 which included 4 half-centuries. He also posted his career-best knock of unbeaten 98 runs against Cumilla Warriors during
11978-548: Was named in the squad for the Sylhet Sixers team, following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League . He played for Jamaica Tallawahs in the 2019 Caribbean Premier League , making his first appearance in an overseas franchise league. He scored 44 runs in two matches in the tournament. In November 2019, he was selected to play for the Rajshahi Royals in the 2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League , scoring 455 runs in
12091-494: Was not enough to stop Bangladesh losing the third one-day series by five runs. On 20 September 2011, Mushfiqur Rahim was named Bangladesh captain, taking over from Shakib Al Hasan after a disappointing tour of Zimbabwe. The announcement was made midway through the BCB Cup, a tournament involving the senior Bangladesh team, Bangladesh A, and a side made up of academy players. Mushfiqur Rahim had already been captaining Bangladesh in
12204-645: Was one of three uncapped ODI players included in the squad alongside all-rounders Farhad Reza and Shakib Al Hasan . He scored his maiden half-century at Harare against Zimbabwe . His good performances led him to picked as the first-choice wicket-keeper ahead of Khaled Mashud for the World Cup in the West Indies . Mushfiqur Rahim was recalled for the second Test against Sri Lanka in July 2007, replacing Mashud. Although Bangladesh lost by an innings and 90 runs, Mushfiqur Rahim combined with Mohammad Ashraful –
12317-399: Was out of immediate danger. Mushfiqur Rahim attended to the post match presentation after receiving treatment. In March 2017, during the second Test against Sri Lanka , Mushfiqur Rahim took his 100th dismissal as a wicket-keeper. He became the first wicket-keeper for Bangladesh to reach this milestone. On 15 October 2017, during the first ODI against South Africa , Mushfiqur Rahim became
12430-448: Was renewed. On 11 March 2013, during the first test of the tour of Sri Lanka in Galle, Mushfiqur Rahim became the first Bangladeshi to score a double hundred, beating the previous highest of 190 set by Mohammed Ashraful earlier in the day. Mushfiqur Rahim announced his resignation as captain on 8 May 2013, but a few days later Mushfiqur announced he had made a "mistake", and on 3 July 2013
12543-751: Was selected for both the Under-17s and the Under-19s , playing for the latter in the Under-19 World Cups in 2012 and 2014. In 2013, while still a teenager, he played for the Bangladesh Under-23s . Playing for Rangpur Division in the 2014–15 National Cricket League , he scored five centuries and finished the seven-match season with 1,024 runs at an average of 85.33. Rangpur Division won the championship. In January 2017, Das scored his maiden double-century in first-class cricket , playing for East Zone in
12656-412: Was struck in the face while keeping wicket to spinner Faisal Hossain . An x-ray revealed no fractures, however as a precaution he was rested for a week, missing the rest of the series. In November 2010, BCB announced 16 central contracts. Mushfiqur Rahim was one of six players in the top level. In December 2010, Tamim Iqbal replaced Mushfiqur Rahim as Bangladesh's vice-captain. Mushfiqur Rahim
12769-408: Was their highest ODI score, courtesy of Shahid Afridi 's knock. Later they lost to Sri Lanka in their last match of the series which made them lose all three matches. Bangladesh qualified for the super 10s in the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 , by winning two of their three matches in the qualifying stage. But they were knocked out in the super 10s, having lost all the four matches. Bangladesh toured
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