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104-553: The LITPOLUKRBRIG headquarters (HQ) was opened in Lublin (Poland) on 25 January 2016. Lithuania and Poland are NATO members , while Ukraine is Enhanced Opportunity Partner of NATO. The brigade participated in the training exercise "Brave Band" in February 2016. It was named after hetman Konstanty Ostrogski in 2017. On June 14, 2007, during an EU Defence Ministers' meeting, Lithuanian, Polish and Ukrainian ministers agreed to create

208-555: A "Protocol of Intent" covering formation of a joint Lit huanian, Pol ish and Ukr ainian brig ade (" LITPOLUKRBRIG ") was signed by Defense Minister of Lithuania, Rasa Jukneviciene , Deputy Secretary of the Polish Ministry of Defense Stanisław Komorowski (representing the indisposed Defense Minister of Poland, Bogdan Klich ) and acting Defense Minister of Ukraine Valeriy Ivashchenko . On March 17, 2014, The Daily Telegraph (online edition) reported, as part of its live coverage of

312-672: A comparative advantage and flexible options against Russia, and is a model for future security cooperation between NATO and non-NATO militaries. On the 24th February 2022 at the beginning of the Russian military invasion of Ukraine, the brigade started working in refuge camps and in and around the Polish-Ukrainian border to aid the Ukrainian soldiers family as well as aiding many others with homes and supplies. Around this time US - Polish Cooperation has strengthened with joint military training with

416-535: A consortium that would allow Russia to jointly operate Ukraine's gas transportation network and he has pledged to help Russia build the South Stream natural gas pipeline. As of June 2010, both did not happen. Yanukovych rejected accusations that improvement of Ukrainian-Russian relations harmed relations with the European Union . "Our policy is directed to protection of our national interests. We do not live in

520-475: A more varied relief with loess gorges, and eastern, which is flat. In the southern part of the city there is an artificial Zemborzyce Lake created by damming Bystrzyca. The area of the city is 147 km2. The highest point lies at a height of 235.0 m (771.0 ft) and the lowest point at a height of 163.6 m (537 ft). Lublin has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with cold, damp winters and warm summers. The population of Lublin in 2021

624-725: A multinational unit. In fall of 2008 the proposed unit type was specified as a brigade . The three countries did have experience in past joint military operations, most notably, through the Lithuanian-Polish Peace Force Battalion and the Polish–Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion . Lithuania and Poland are NATO members , Ukraine is currently not but requested to join the NATO Membership Action Plan in January 2008. In November 2009

728-537: A new tax code made by the Azarov Government and earlier approved by the Verkhovna Rada but protested against in rallies across Ukraine (one of the largest protests since the 2004 Orange Revolution). Yanukovych signed a new tax code on 3 December 2010. Yanukovych's Party of Regions wanted to increase social benefits, and raise salaries and pensions. In late 2009, a law that raised the minimum wage and pensions

832-488: A new underground gallery ("Alchemy") between and beneath Świętoduska and Lubartowska Streets. The local TVP station, TVP3 Lublin , broadcasts from a 104 m (341 ft)-tall concrete television tower. The station put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to TVP3 channel and later TVP Info . The radio stations airing from Lublin include Radio 'eR – 87.9 FM', Radio 'Eska Lublin' – 103.6 FM, Radio Lublin (regional station of

936-567: A partnership, "And Ukraine can't live without this [partnership], because Ukraine is a large country". In early November 2011, Yanukovych claimed that "arms are being bought in the country and armed attacks on government agencies are being prepared." These claims were met with disbelief. For 2012 Yanukovych predicted "social standards will continue to grow" and "improvement of administrative services system will continue". Yanukovich announced $ 2 billion worth of pension and other welfare increases on 7 March 2012. In May 2012, Yanukovych set up

1040-568: A railway connection to Warsaw and Kovel and Lublin Station were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews). Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918, Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland -

1144-567: A woman, but bought off the victim and the criminal case was closed". The press-service of the Ukrainian Cabinet asserted that Yanukovych suffered for the attempt to defend a girl from hooligans. In 2005, the Party of Regions signed a collaboration agreement with the Russian political party United Russia . In 2008, Yanukovych spoke at a congress of the United Russia party. In January 2006,

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1248-510: Is a former Ukrainian politician who served as the fourth president of Ukraine from 2010 to 2014. He also served as the prime minister of Ukraine several times between 2002 and 2007 and was a member of the Verkhovna Rada from 2006 to 2010. A member of the pro-Russian Party of Regions , Yanukovych provoked mass protests — the Euromaidan — against his rejection of closer integration with

1352-518: Is a large country". Despite initial concerns that the LITPOLUKRBRIG provoked Russia, since 2016 the "Trilateral Brigade" (this term is used by the US military to identify the unit) has continued operating out of Lublin and pursued its "four main missions of international cooperation: executing and participating in battle staff training, battalion staff officer courses, multinational exercises, and activities of

1456-533: Is a regional centre of IT companies. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., eLeader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters here. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A. , Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A. ) outsourced to Lublin, to take advantage of the educated specialists. There is a visible growth in professionals eager to work in Lublin, due to reasons like quality of life, culture management,

1560-653: Is located about 10 km (6.2 miles) SE of Lublin. With approximately 8 destinations and over 450 000 passengers served in 2018, it is the biggest airport in Eastern Poland. There is a direct train and bus link from the airport to downtown. From Lublin Główny railway station , ten trains depart each day to Warsaw , and three to Kraków , as in other major cities in Poland. Lublin has also direct train connections with Rzeszów , Szczecin , Gdynia , and other Polish cities and towns in

1664-419: Is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses (the others are Gdynia, Sopot, and Tychy). Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and serves as an important regional cultural capital. Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving international artists, researchers and politicians. Viktor Yanukovych Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych (born 9 July 1950)

1768-613: The AB-Aktion . On 24 June 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of over 800 Poles in Lublin, who were then imprisoned in the castle, along with dozens of Poles who were arrested at the same time in other towns in the region, including Biała Podlaska , Chełm , Puławy . Many of the prisoners were then deported to the Sachsenhausen and Auschwitz concentration camps, while around 500 Poles were murdered in five large massacres carried out in

1872-622: The Intelligenzaktion , the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers, priests, lecturers of the local theological seminary, and lecturers and students of the Catholic University of Lublin , which the occupiers closed down. Arrested Poles were held in a prison established in the Lublin Castle, and many were afterwards deported to concentration camps . On 23–25 December 1939,

1976-626: The Constitutional Assembly of Ukraine , a special auxiliary agency under the President for drawing up bills of amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine; the President then can table them in parliament. Bureaucracy and corruption are today hiding behind democratic slogans in Ukraine. The Ukrainian nation is wise and it will understand. Because a small handful of people, who have been plundering

2080-606: The Donetsk Polytechnic Institute . In 1976, as a second-year student, he was promoted to director of a trucking division within the Ordzhonikidzeugol coal-mining company. His appointment as the chief manager marked the start of his managerial career as a regional transport executive. He held various positions in transport companies in Yenakiieve and Donetsk until 1996. Yanukovych's political career began when he

2184-675: The European Union and was removed from the presidency by the Ukrainian parliament in 2014, at the time neighboring Russia started to annex Ukrainian Crimea and started the Russo-Ukrainian War . Since then, he has lived in exile in Russia. Before entering national politics, Yanukovych was the Governor of his native Donetsk Oblast from 1997 to 2002. He was simultaneously the Chairman of

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2288-475: The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine started an official investigation of the allegedly false acquittal of the criminal convictions which Yanukovych received in his youth. Yuriy Lutsenko , the head of the ministry, announced that forensic tests proved the forgery of the respective documents (issued in instead of 1978) and initially claimed that lack of the formal acquittal precluded Yanukovych from running for

2392-593: The NKVD supposedly revealing his involvement with the Schutzmannschaft . However, it has also been stated by residents of Yanuki that Yanukovych's family left for the Donbas before 1917, and that the collaborator Fyodor Yanukovych was an unrelated individual. Others, particularly members of the Party of Regions, have claimed that the documents were a falsehood with the intention of disparaging Yanukovych ahead of elections. By

2496-536: The National Heritage Board of Poland . Archaeological finds indicate a long presence of cultures in the area. A complex of settlements started to develop on the future site of Lublin and in its environs in the sixth to seventh centuries. Remains of settlements dating back to the sixth century were discovered in the centre of today's Lublin on Czwartek ("Thursday") Hill. The early Middle Ages were marked by an intensified settlement of people, particularly in

2600-773: The Polish Radio ) – 102.2 FM, [ Radio Centrum (university radio station)] – 98.2 FM, Radio 'Free' (city station of the Polish Radio) – 89,9 FM, and Radio 'Złote Przeboje' (Golden Hits) Lublin – 95.6 FM. Local newspapers include Kurier Lubelski daily, regional partner of the national newspaper Dziennik Wschodni daily, Gazeta Wyborcza [ Lublin Edition] daily (regional supplement to the national newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza ), [ Metro] (daily, free), and Nasze Miasto Lublin weekly (free). The Lublin Airport (Port Lotniczy Lublin) (IATA: LUZ)

2704-579: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Lublin. In the 16th century, the parliaments ( Sejm ) of the Kingdom of Poland were held in Lublin several times. On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the Union of Lublin , which united Poland and Lithuania . Lublin as one of the most influential cities of the state enjoyed voting rights during the royal elections in Poland . Some of

2808-485: The Ukrainian constitution . Some of his own party voted for his removal. On 24 February 2014, the new government issued a warrant for Yanukovych's arrest, accusing him of being responsible for the killing of protestors. Yanukovych went into exile in Russia, claiming to still be the legitimate head of state. On 18 June 2015, Yanukovych was officially deprived of the title of president by parliament. On 24 January 2019, he

2912-465: The United Nations . The operating language of the brigade is agreed to be English . The unit was formed on 19 September 2014. Headquarters was officially opened in Lublin on 25 January 2016, in a ceremony attended by defence ministers of the three countries. Each member deploys an infantry battalion, special operations personnel, and headquarters staff to the alliance. The bulk of the deployments are

3016-537: The annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , that Poland's defence ministry had announced it was re-launching plans to establish a joint Polish, Ukrainian and Lithuanian military brigade. The ministry said "defence ministers would meet later that week to discuss the formation of the brigade that would straddle Nato’s eastern border and bring Ukraine’s armed forces closer to the Western fold". In February 2016,

3120-518: The oblast's legislature from 1999 to 2001. Yanukovych first ran for president in the 2004 election , where he advanced to the runoff and was declared the winner against former prime minister Viktor Yushchenko . However, allegations of electoral fraud and voter intimidation caused widespread protests and Kyiv 's Independence Square was occupied in what became known as the Orange Revolution . The Ukrainian Supreme Court ultimately nullified

3224-528: The prime minister , Yanukovych participated in the controversial Ukrainian presidential election as the Party of Regions candidate. Yanukovych's main base of support emerged from the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine, which favor close ties with neighbouring Russia. In the first round of voting held on 31 October 2004, Yanukovych took second place with 39.3 percent of the votes to opposition leader Viktor Yuschenko with 39.8 percent. Because no candidate passed

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3328-495: The 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election. In 2006, a criminal charge was made for the falsification of documents regarding the retraction of Yanukovych's prior conviction. According to Rossiyskaya Gazeta two documents had been forged regarding Yanukovych's robbery in association with rape and assault and battery. The signature of the judge for these documents in Yanukovych's retraction was also forged. On 25 May 2007, Yanukovych

3432-424: The 2010 presidential election when only two lawmakers of Yanukovych's Party of Regions supported a bill to raise pensions for low-incomes. According to Yanukovych, relations between Ukraine and Russia in the gas sector were to be built "according to the rules of the market". He saw the gas agreement signed in 2009 after the 2009 Russia-Ukraine gas dispute as very unprofitable for Ukraine and wanted to "initiate

3536-413: The 50 percent threshold, a second round of voting was scheduled. In the second round of the election, Yanukovych was initially declared the winner. However, the legitimacy of the election was questioned by Ukrainians, international organizations, and foreign governments following allegations of electoral fraud . The resulting widespread protests became known as the Orange Revolution . The second round of

3640-547: The 82nd Airborne Division,The United States Army On the 1st of April 2022. At around this period of time, fake news spread of several brigades including the LITPOLUKRBRIG being sent to Southern Ukraine to fight on the Kherson front consisting of 9,500 men and 279 pieces of equipment. On the same day the LITPOLUKRBRIG Twitter made an official statement that the alleged paper stating that Poland would send soldiers over to fight

3744-611: The Azarov Government. 235 deputies from the 450-member parliament signed the coalition agreement. On 25 June 2010, Yanukovych criticised 2004 amendments in the Ukrainian Constitution which weakened presidential powers such as control over naming government ministers, passing those functions to parliament. During the 2011 World Economic Forum , Yanukovych called Ukraine "one of the leaders on democratic development in Eastern Europe". On 30 November 2010, Yanukovych vetoed

3848-714: The EU — every fifth Euro will be spent in Poland. In total, we will have at our disposal 120 billion EUR, assigned exclusively for post-development activities. This sum will be an enormous boost for our country. In September 2007, the prime minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of "Park Mielec" — the European Economic Development area. At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here, e.g., Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol, Modern-Expo , and Perła Browary Lubelskie. At

3952-512: The European Union, NATO and Russia will take part in." Yanukovych wants Ukraine to "neither join NATO nor the CSTO ". He stated on 7 January 2010 that Ukraine is ready to consider an initiative by Dmitry Medvedev on the creation of a new Europe collective security system stating "And we're ready to back Russia's and France's initiatives". Yanukovych stated during the 2010 presidential election-campaign that

4056-403: The Germans carried out massacres of 31 Poles in several locations in Lublin. Among the victims were lawyers, professors, school principals, starosts of Lublin and Lubartów counties and other well-known and respected citizens of the region. In January and February 1940, the occupiers arrested 23 Capuchin friars and 43 Jesuit friars. Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with

4160-554: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Lublin witnessed the early stages of the Reformation in the 16th century. A Calvinist congregation was founded and groups of radical Arians appeared in the city, making it an important global centre of Arianism . Until the partitions at the end of the 18th century , Lublin was a royal city of the Crown of

4264-735: The Joint Military Training Group–Ukraine." Even with the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian War , the Trilateral Brigade HQ is staffed by a blend of army personnel: 5 Lithuanians, 58 Poles, and 18 Ukrainians. This HQ can plan, organize, command, and control approximately 4,500 LITPOLUKR troops for international military operations. Finally, the success of the Trilateral Brigade has led two researchers - Lt Col Jahara Matisek (US Naval War College) and Prof. Will Reno (Northwestern University) - to contend in 2022 that this unit provides

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4368-533: The Kingdom of Poland. Its delegates and nobles had the right to participate in the royal election . In 1578, Lublin was chosen as the seat of the Crown Tribunal , the highest appeal court in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and for centuries, the city has been flourishing as a centre of culture and higher learning. In 2011, the analytical Financial Times Group found Lublin to be one of

4472-499: The Lithuanian Grand Duchess Birute Uhlan Battalion, Poland's 3rd Mechanized Battalion(whose parent organization is the 19th Mechanized Brigade), and the Ukrainian 1st Air Assault Battalion of the 80th Airborne Brigade. The agreement between Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine was signed two days before an EU summit with Russia aimed at increasing cooperation between the two. Analysts expected the formation of

4576-517: The Lublin area has to be one of the main beneficiaries of the EU development funds. Jerzy Kwiecinski, the deputy secretary of state in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union — new possibilities for foreign investors) said: In the immediate financial outlook, between 2007 and 2013, we will be the largest beneficiaries of

4680-491: The Polish Rada Główna Opiekuńcza charity organisation, around 2,200 people were released from those two camps. Many of the released people, including hundreds of kidnapped Polish children , were extremely exhausted or sick, and were taken to local hospitals, which quickly became overcrowded. Many exhausted children died soon. Lublin pharmacists and residents organized help for the children, and after leaving

4784-518: The Russian parliament Boris Gryzlov . Yanukovych's immediate predecessor, Yushchenko, did not attend the ceremony, nor did the Prime Minister, Yulia Tymoshenko , and her party, Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko . On 3 March 2010, Yanukovych suspended his membership in the Party of Regions as he was barred by the Constitution from heading a political party while president, and handed over leadership in

4888-459: The Soviet westward offensive. In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-Skłodowska University . A large automotive factory, Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSO), was built in the city. In 2023, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ,

4992-487: The Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc, and Oleksandr Moroz 's Socialist Party. This government was marred by growing conflict between Yushchenko and Tymoshenko. Yanukovych's Party of Regions support allowed for the establishment of Yuriy Yekhanurov 's government in late 2005. In October 2004, Ukrainian deputy Hryhory Omelchenko accused Yanukovych of having been a member of "a group of individuals who brutally beat and raped

5096-417: The agreement was signed, Yanukovych, fearing for his life and the safety of his family , left Kyiv without warning, first for Kharkiv and later for Crimea . The next day, 22 February, Ukraine's parliament voted to remove him from his position and schedule early elections on the grounds that he had withdrawn from his constitutional duties, rather than through following the impeachment process outlined in

5200-489: The areas along river valleys. The settlements were centred around the stronghold on Old Town Hill, which was likely one of the main centres of the Lendians , a Lechitic tribe. When the tribal stronghold was destroyed in the 10th century, the centre shifted to the northeast, to a new stronghold above Czechówka valley and, after the mid-12th century, to Castle Hill. At least two churches are presumed to have existed in Lublin in

5304-495: The artists and writers of the 16th century Polish renaissance lived and worked in Lublin, including Sebastian Klonowic and Jan Kochanowski , who died in the city in 1584. In 1578, the Crown Tribunal , the highest court of the Lesser Poland Province , was established in Lublin. Since the second half of the 16th century, Protestant Reformation movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation of Polish Brethren

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5408-499: The basis for a puppet government. The Soviets carried out arrests of Polish resistance members, including the regional delegate of the Polish government-in-exile , Władysław Cholewa, and the commander of the regional branch of the Home Army , Colonel Kazimierz Tumidajski, who was eventually killed in Russian captivity in 1947. The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after

5512-442: The best cities for business in Poland. The Foreign Direct Investment ranking placed Lublin second among larger Polish cities in the cost-effectiveness category. Lublin is noted for its green spaces and a high standard of living ; the city has been selected as the 2023 European Youth Capital and 2029 European Capital of Culture . Its historical Old Town is one of Poland's national monuments ( Pomnik historii ) tracked by

5616-522: The brigade could anger Russia, because Russia is against Ukraine joining NATO . A NATO spokesman welcomed the Polish-Lithuanian plan, stating that cooperation may increase trust and capabilities. According to Poland's Deputy Defence Minister Stanisław Komorowski "This move reflects our support for Ukraine . We want to tie Ukraine closer to Western structures, including military ones". In November 2009 Polish newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza predicted

5720-439: The brigade participated in the training exercise "Brave Band". The brigade has its headquarters and staff in Lublin , Poland, with the national components stationed in their respective countries and actually gathering together only for exercises and foreign missions. Only its staff officers are supposed to cooperate on a regular basis. The unit is intended to be used to fulfill tasks given to it by NATO , European Union (EU) and

5824-460: The campaign. Yanukovych's campaign was expected to have cost $ 100 to $ 150 million. On 11 December 2009, Yanukovych called for his supporters to go to Maidan Nezalezhnosti , Kyiv's Independence Square, in case of election fraud . Early vote returns from the first round of the election held on 17 January showed Yanukovych in first place with 35.8% of the vote. He faced a 7 February 2010 runoff against Tymoshenko, who finished second (with 24.7% of

5928-438: The chances that the brigade would become a reality were larger if Yulia Tymoshenko would win the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election , and smaller if Viktor Yanukovych would win them. Yanukovych won the elections, but preparations for the brigade continued. Yanukovych stated on May 27, 2010 that Ukraine considered Ukraine's relations with NATO as a partnership, "And Ukraine can't live without this [partnership], because Ukraine

6032-536: The city of Lublin was honoured by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky who granted it the title of "City-Rescuer" in recognition of its humanitarian and financial assistance to Ukraine and the country's war refugees . Lublin lies in eastern Poland on the Lublin Upland . The Bystrzyca  [ pl ] river, a tributary of the Wieprz river, passes through the city and divides it into two parts: western, with

6136-625: The city's development was the Polish-Lithuanian Union of Krewo in 1385. Lublin thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between Vilnius and Kraków ; the inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The Lublin Parliament session of 1569 led to the creation of a real union between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and

6240-516: The city's population, Jews - 39.5%. In 1931, 63.7% of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic and 34.7% Jewish. On July 20, 1931, a violent tornado  [ simple ] carved a path of destruction through the city, destroying dozens of structures in downtown and killing six people. This tornado is officially rated F4 on the Fujita scale ; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at 246 to 324 mph (396 to 521 km/h), potentially ranking it as an F5. In early September 1939, during

6344-522: The country for 20 years is only a handful, from which the whole society, the whole state and our image in the world have been suffering. The interest of the Ukrainian nation is that the practice was put an end to... The country has to change. We need to reverse our approaches 180 degrees, and we will do it. The Ukrainian nation stimulates us to. Amid controversy Ukrainian lawmakers formed a new coalition on 11 March 2010 which included Bloc Lytvyn , Communist Party of Ukraine and Party of Regions that led to

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6448-413: The current level of Ukraine's cooperation with NATO was sufficient and that the question of the country's accession to the alliance was therefore not urgent. "The Ukrainian people don't currently support Ukraine's entry to NATO and this corresponds to the status that we currently have. We don't want to join any military bloc". On 27 May 2010 Yanukovych stated he considered Ukraine's relations with NATO as

6552-465: The discussion of the most urgent gas issues" after the 2010 presidential election. Yanukovych had promised before his election as Ukrainian President to "solve the issue" concerning the Russian Black Sea Fleet , currently stationed in the Ukrainian port Sevastopol , "in a way so that the interests of Russia or Ukraine would not be harmed". This led to the April 2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty . Yanukovych also promised to create

6656-477: The early medieval period. One of them was most probably erected on Czwartek Hill during the rule of Casimir the Restorer in the 11th century. The castle became the seat of a castellan , first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but was quite possibly present from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier. The location of Lublin at

6760-405: The eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. During the first half of the 13th century, Lublin was a target of attacks by Mongols , Tatars , Ruthenians , and Lithuanians , which resulted in its destruction. It was also ruled by Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia between 1289 and 1302. Lublin was founded as a town by Władysław I the Elbow-high or between 1258 and 1279 during

6864-473: The election was subsequently annulled by the Supreme Court of Ukraine , and in the repeated run-off, Yanukovych lost to Yushchenko with 44.2 percent to Yushchenko's 51.9 percent. After the election, the Ukrainian parliament passed a non-binding motion of no confidence in Yanukovych's government, urging outgoing President Kuchma to dismiss Yanukovych and appoint a caretaker government. Five days after his electoral defeat, Yanukovych declared his resignation from

6968-443: The environment, improving connection to Warsaw, levels of education, or financial, because of usually higher operating margins of global organisations present in the area. The large car factory Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSC) was acquired by the South Korean Daewoo conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian financial crisis , the production at FSC practically collapsed and

7072-437: The factory entered bankruptcy. Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market. With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy has been reoriented toward service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University . The price of land and investment costs are lower than in western Poland. However,

7176-436: The first government of independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the Plage i Laśkiewicz works, later nationalised as the LWS factory. The Catholic University of Lublin was founded in 1918. In 1921, Roman Catholics constituted 58.9% of

7280-429: The first years of the occupation, many expelled Poles from Gdańsk and German-annexed Pomerania were deported to Lublin, and later on, in 1943, around 9,000 expelled Poles from the nearby Zamojszczyzna region were brought to Lublin and imprisoned in the Majdanek concentration camp and in a transit camp at Krochmalna Street; many were afterwards deported to forced labour in Germany. In August 1943, thanks to efforts of

7384-411: The hospital, the people were taken in by the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, which resulted in an epidemic typhus outbreak, which caused many deaths among the population. On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the Soviet Army and became the temporary headquarters of the Soviet-controlled communist Polish Committee of National Liberation established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as

7488-514: The infamous Lublin Ghetto and ultimately murdered. The yeshiva became a centre of learning of Talmud and Kabbalah , leading the city to be called "the Jewish Oxford ". In 1567, the rosh yeshiva (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal to those of the heads of Polish universities. The city declined due to the disastrous Deluge , when it

7592-559: The jailing of Tymoshenko, a decline in press freedom and an increase in cronyism and corruption. In November 2013, Yanukovych made a sudden decision, amidst economic pressure from Russia, to withdraw from signing an association agreement with the EU and instead accept a Russian trade deal and loan bailout. This sparked mass protests against him that ultimately led to his ousting as president. The civil unrest peaked in February 2014, when almost 100 protesters were killed . Ukraine's political forces managed to reach an agreement . After

7696-501: The joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II , the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Lublin, and then further east to Łuck , before the city was occupied by Germany , and found itself in the newly formed General Government territory. The Polish population became a target of severe Nazi persecutions focusing on intelligentsia and Polish Jews. In November 1939, during

7800-492: The king Władysław II Jagiełło . With the coming of peace between Poland and Lithuania, it developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the countries. In 1474, the area around Lublin was carved out of Sandomierz Voivodeship and combined to form the Lublin Voivodeship , the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of

7904-496: The outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in Poland . The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" , established by the Polish resistance movement operated in the city. There are also known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and sent to either forced labour or concentration camps by the Germans for sheltering and aiding Jews . Poles who saved Jews in other places in

8008-421: The party and its parliamentary faction to Mykola Azarov . Yanukovych said, "Ukraine's integration with the EU remains our strategic aim", with a "balanced policy, which will protect our national interests both on our eastern border – I mean with Russia – and of course with the European Union". According to Yanukovych, Ukraine must be a " neutral state " which should be part of a "collective defence system which

8112-526: The planned expressway network around the city, that will be built in the coming years, consists of S12 to the east in the direction Chełm , S19 north towards Białystok , and S17 southeast towards Zamość . The expressway bypass of Lublin allows transit traffic to avoid the city centre. Long-distance buses depart from near the Castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network. Lublin

8216-551: The post of prime minister. In November 2009 Yanukovych stated that he conceded defeat only to avoid violence. "I didn't want mothers to lose their children and wives their husbands. I didn't want dead bodies from Kyiv to flow down the Dnipro . I didn't want to assume power through bloodshed." Following his electoral defeat in 2004, Yanukovych led the main opposition party against the Tymoshenko government made up of Yushchenko's Our Ukraine,

8320-466: The present-day district of Rury in 1940. Among the victims of the massacres were both men and women: doctors, engineers, local officials, lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, parliamentarians, Polish resistance members, policemen, teachers and school and university students. An attempt to " Germanise " the city led to an influx of the ethnic Volksdeutsche , increasing the number of German minority from 10–15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin,

8424-467: The presidential post. Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Rus at Yanukovych's invitation conducted a public prayer service at Kyiv Pechersk Lavra before Yanukovych's presidential inauguration. Kirill also attended the inauguration along with High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton , United States National Security Advisor James Jones and speaker of

8528-473: The region as Nałęczów , Chełm or Zamość . The express train to Warsaw takes about two hours. There are other smaller stations in Lublin for local trains: Lublin is located at the intersection of expressways S12 , S17 , and S19. Expressway S17 between Lublin and Warsaw is currently finishing construction and should be ready by the second half of 2020. S19 between Lublin and Rzeszów is currently under construction and should be finished by 2023. The rest of

8632-630: The region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle, before being sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp. After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the Christian rescuers or returned from the Soviet Union, and re-established a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most survivors left Poland for Israel, the United States and other countries. In

8736-489: The result. Tad Devine , an associate of Rick Gates and Paul Manafort , wrote Yanukovych's victory speech. Ukraine's parliament had (on 16 February) fixed 25 February 2010 for the inauguration of Yanukovych as president. Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko signed a decree endorsing a plan of events related to Yanukovych's inauguration on 20 February 2010. Yushchenko also congratulated and wished Yanukovych "to defend Ukrainian interests and democratic traditions" at

8840-572: The rule of the prince Bolesław V the Chaste . Casimir III the Great , appreciating the site's strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls. From 1326, if not earlier, the stronghold on Castle Hill included a chapel in honor of the Holy Trinity. A stone church dating to 1335–1370 exists to this day. In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from

8944-552: The runoff election and ordered a rerun, which Yanukovych lost to Yushchenko. Yanukovych ran for President again in the 2010 election , this time beating Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko in an election that was judged free and fair by international observers. Yanukovych argued in favour of economic modernisation, increased spending and, initially, continuing trade negotiations with the EU. He pledged to remain non-aligned in defence policy. However, his years in power saw what analysts described as democratic backsliding , which included

9048-496: The same time, the energy conglomerate, Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin. Modern shopping centers built in Lublin like Tarasy Zamkowe (Castle Terraces), Lublin Plaza, Galeria Olimp, Galeria Gala, the largest shopping mall in the city, covering 33,500 square meters of area. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and

9152-449: The seat in the 2006 parliamentary election . However, the latter statement was corrected within days by Lutsenko, who conceded that the outcome of the investigation into the legality of the Yanukovych's acquittal could not affect his eligibility to run for the parliament seat since the deprivation of his civil rights due to the past convictions would have expired anyway due to the statute of limitations . Yanukovych's Party of Regions won

9256-713: The so-called "reservation" for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation known as the " Nisko or Lublin Plan ". The Germans established and operated a Baudienst forced labour camp for Poles in Lublin. Many Poles from or associated with Lublin, including 94 lecturers, alumni and students of the Catholic University of Lublin were murdered by the Soviets in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940. The Jewish population

9360-414: The time he was a teenager, Yanukovych's father had remarried. However, Viktor left home due to conflicts with his stepmother, and was brought up by his Polish paternal grandmother, originally from Warsaw . His grandfather and great-grandparents were Lithuanian-Poles . Yanukovych has half-sisters from his father's remarriage, but has no contact with them. On 15 December 1967, at the age of 17, Yanukovych

9464-636: The vote). After all ballots were counted, the Ukrainian Central Election Commission declared that Yanukovych won the runoff election with 48.95% of the vote compared with 45.47% for Tymoshenko. Election observers from the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) said there were no indications of serious fraud and described the vote as an "impressive display" of democracy. Tymoshenko withdrew her subsequent legal challenge of

9568-532: Was 334,681. The Lublin region is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe . Despite the fact that Lublin is one of the closest neighbour cities for Warsaw, the investment inflow in services from the Polish capital has secured a steady growth due to relatively fast connection, while external investments are progressing, enabling nearby satellite municipality Świdnik for large-scale industrial investments. Lublin

9672-634: Was a Polish-Belarusian locomotive-driver, originally from Yanuki in the Dokshytsy Raion of the Vitebsk Region which is in present-day Belarus. On various occasions, Yanukovych's family has been dogged by accusations that Fyodor Yanukovych was a member of the Schutzmannschaft during World War II, in particular claims by members of the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc , which included documents from

9776-634: Was appointed as a Vice-Head of Donetsk Oblast Administration in August 1996. On 14 May 1997, he was appointed as the Head of the Administration (i.e. Governor). President Leonid Kuchma appointed Yanukovych to the post of prime minister following Anatoliy Kinakh 's resignation. Yanukovych began his term as prime minister on 21 November 2002 following a 234-vote confirmation in the Ukrainian parliament, eight more than needed. In foreign affairs, Yanukovych's cabinet

9880-575: Was assigned the post of appointed chairman of the Government Chiefs Council of the Commonwealth of Independent States . In 2009, Yanukovych announced his intent to run for president in the then upcoming presidential election . He was endorsed by the Party of Regions and the Youth Party of Ukraine . Minister of Internal Affairs Yuriy Lutsenko accused Yanukovych of financial fraud during

9984-532: Was considered to be politically close to Russia, although declaring support for Ukrainian membership in the European Union . Although Yanukovych's parliamentary coalition was not supporting Ukrainian membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), his cabinet agreed to the commission of Ukrainian troops to the Iraq War in support of the United States' War on Terrorism . In 2004, as

10088-459: Was difficult and hungry. I grew up without my mother, who died when I was two. I went around bare-footed on the streets. I had to fight for myself every day. Yanukovych is of Russian , Polish and Belarusian descent. Yanukovych is a surname of Belarusian origin, Yanuk being a derivative of the Catholic name Yan ("John"). His mother was a Russian nurse and his father, Fyodor Yanukovych,

10192-581: Was forced into the newly established Lublin Ghetto near Podzamcze . The city served as headquarters for Operation Reinhardt , the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the Majdanek concentration camp established at

10296-749: Was invaded by Russo - Cossack forces in 1655, and Sweden in 1656. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Lublin was located in the Austrian empire , then following the Austro-Polish War of 1809 it was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw , and then in 1815 it became part of the Congress Poland in the Russian Partition of Poland. At the beginning of the 19th century, new squares, streets, and public buildings were built. In 1877,

10400-616: Was not true. Lublin Lublin is the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland . It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River, located 153 km (95 mi) southeast of Warsaw . One of the events that greatly contributed to

10504-647: Was passed in the Ukrainian Parliament. As a result of this, the International Monetary Fund suspended its 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis emergency lending programme. According to the IMF, the law breached promises to control spending. During the 2010 presidential campaign, Yanukovych had stated he would stand by this law. According to Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc member of parliament Oleh Shevchuk, Yanukovych broke this election promise just three days after

10608-545: Was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was established in Lublin around this time. Jews established a widely respected yeshiva , Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery , and education centre ( kahal ) and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the Holocaust , during which they were relocated by Nazi Germany to

10712-587: Was sentenced in absentia to a thirteen year prison term for high treason by a Ukrainian court. In various polling conducted since his departure from office, Yanukovych has ranked as one of the worst presidents in Ukrainian history. Yanukovych has also given his name to a collective term for blunders made by Ukrainian politicians: Yanukisms . Viktor Yanukovych was born in the village of Zhukovka near Yenakiieve in Donetsk Oblast , Ukrainian SSR , Soviet Union . Of his childhood he has written: "My childhood

10816-471: Was sentenced to three years imprisonment for participating in a robbery and assault. On 8 June 1970 he was convicted for a second time on charges of assault. He was sentenced to two years of imprisonment and did not appeal the verdict. Decades later, Yanukovych characterised his arrests and imprisonment as "mistakes of youth". In 1971, Yanukovych married Lyudmyla Nastenko a niece of Yenakiyeve city judge Oleksandr Sazhyn. In July 1974, Yanukovych enrolled at

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