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73-558: Listapad ( Belarusian : Лістапад , meaning "November" ), also known as Minsk International Film Festival ( MIFF ) or Minsk International Film Festival Listapad , is an annual film festival which takes place in November in Minsk , Belarus . It is the largest such festival in Belarus. The inaugural festival was held in 1994, at a time when Belarus had just gained independence and had fallen out of

146-547: A comedic role in Pédale douce for which she won the 1997 César Award for Best Actress . Fluent in English and Italian, Ardant has starred in several Hollywood and British films. Her most recent English-language film was the 2002 Franco Zeffirelli production Callas Forever , in which she portrayed opera diva Maria Callas . It opened the 14th Annual Palm Springs International Film Festival on 9 January 2003. In 2003, Ardant received

219-576: A mixture of Russian and Belarusian, known as Trasianka ). Approximately 29.4% of Belarusians can write, speak, and read Belarusian, while 52.5% can only read and speak it. Nevertheless, there are no Belarusian-language universities in Belarus. The Belarusian language has been known under a number of names, both contemporary and historical. Some of the most dissimilar are from the Old Belarusian period. Although closely related to other East Slavic languages , especially Ukrainian , Belarusian phonology

292-461: A number of radical changes. A fully phonetic orthography was introduced. One of the most distinctive changes brought in was the principle of akanye (Belarusian: а́канне ), wherein unstressed "o", pronounced in both Russian and Belarusian as /a/ , is written as "а". The Belarusian Academic Conference on Reform of the Orthography and Alphabet was convened in 1926. After discussions on the project,

365-506: A perception that Belarusian was a "rural" and "uneducated" language. However, the census was a major breakthrough for the first steps of the Belarusian national self-awareness and identity, since it clearly showed to the Imperial authorities and the still-strong Polish minority that the population and the language were neither Polish nor Russian. The rising influence of Socialist ideas advanced

438-474: A right to award special prizes for the main film professions. Listapad Bronze Audience Award for best feature film is given according to the results of preference vote. The audience can vote for all the feature film programs (except Retrospective Screenings). The Prize "For Humanism and Spirituality in the Cinema" is awarded to the author of a competition film on spiritual, humanistic and moral questions. The award

511-614: A week in November and comprises three main sections: feature films , documentaries , and the children and youth film festival, Listapadzik. The festival also includes an out-of-competition program and the CIS Golden Collection screenings. In 2022, the animation competition program was inaugurated. The top prize of the Festival is called "Golden Listapad", followed by "Silver Listapad" and "Listapad Bronze Audience Award". International Jury and International Film Critics Jury award them to

584-609: A year later from a brain tumour. In August 2007, Ardant expressed her "admiration" for the Red Brigades leader as a "hero", adding she "considered the Red Brigades phenomenon to be very moving and passionate". For her comments, the actress was sued in the Italian courts by Piero Mazzola, the son of an Italian policeman killed by the Red Brigades. In 2009, Ardant signed a petition in support of director Roman Polanski . While traveling to

657-508: Is a phonemic orthography that closely represents the surface phonology, whereas Russian orthography represents the underlying morphophonology . The most significant instance of this is found in the representation of vowel reduction, and in particular akanje , the merger of unstressed /a/ and /o/, which exists in both Russian and Belarusian. Belarusian always spells this merged sound as ⟨a⟩ , whereas Russian uses either ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩ , according to what

730-621: Is a French actress and film director. She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including two César Awards and a Lumières Award . Ardant was born in Saumur , Maine-et-Loire , France, to a military attaché father. She grew up in Monaco until age 17, when she moved to Aix-en-Provence to study at the Institut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence . In her early twenties, her interest turned to acting and in 1974 she made her first appearance on stage. By

803-529: Is a high degree of mutual intelligibility among the Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian languages. Within East Slavic, the Belarusian language is most closely related to Ukrainian . The modern Belarusian language was redeveloped on the base of the vernacular spoken remnants of the Ruthenian language , surviving in the ethnic Belarusian territories in the 19th century. The end of the 18th century (the times of

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876-479: Is chiefly characterized by the "soft sounding R" ( мякка-эравы ) and "strong akanye " ( моцнае аканне ), and the South-Western dialect is chiefly characterized by the "hard sounding R" ( цвёрда-эравы ) and "moderate akanye" ( умеранае аканне ). The West Polesian dialect group is separated from the rest of the country by the conventional line Pruzhany – Ivatsevichy – Tsyelyakhany – Luninyets – Stolin . There

949-468: Is distinct in a number of ways. The phoneme inventory of the modern Belarusian language consists of 45 to 54 phonemes: 6 vowels and 39 to 48 consonants , depending on how they are counted. When the nine geminate consonants are excluded as mere variations, there are 39 consonants, and excluding rare consonants further decreases the count. The number 48 includes all consonant sounds, including variations and rare sounds, which may be phonetically distinct in

1022-408: Is mainly based on the Belarusian folk dialects of Minsk - Vilnius region. Historically, there have been several other alternative standardized forms of Belarusian grammar. Belarusian grammar is mostly synthetic and partly analytic, and overall quite similar to Russian grammar . Belarusian orthography, however, differs significantly from Russian orthography in some respects, due to the fact that it

1095-588: The Belarusian Democratic Republic , Belarusian was used as the only official language (decreed by Belarusian People's Secretariat on 28 April 1918). Subsequently, in the Byelorussian SSR , Belarusian was decreed to be one of the four (Belarusian, Polish, Russian, and Yiddish) official languages (decreed by Central Executive Committee of BSSR in February 1921). A decree of 15 July 1924 confirmed that

1168-593: The Divisions of Commonwealth ) is the usual conventional borderline between the Ruthenian and Modern Belarusian stages of development. By the end of the 18th century, (Old) Belarusian was still common among the minor nobility in the eastern part, in the territory of present-day Belarus, of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereafter GDL). Jan Czeczot in the 1840s had mentioned that even his generation's grandfathers preferred speaking (Old) Belarusian. According to A. N. Pypin,

1241-582: The Hebrew alphabet (by Belarusian Jews ). The Glagolitic script was used, sporadically, until the 11th or 12th century. There are several systems of romanization of Belarusian written texts. The Belarusian Latin alphabet is rarely used. Standardized Belarusian grammar in its modern form was adopted in 1959, with minor amendments in 1985 and 2008. It was developed from the initial form set down by Branislaw Tarashkyevich (first printed in Vilnius , 1918), and it

1314-543: The Russian Academy of Sciences refused to print his submission, on the basis that it had not been prepared in a sufficiently scientific manner. From the mid-1830s ethnographic works began to appear, and tentative attempts to study the language were instigated (e.g. Shpilevskiy's grammar). The Belarusian literary tradition began to re-form, based on the folk language, initiated by the works of Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich . See also : Jan Czeczot , Jan Barszczewski . At

1387-522: The Stanislavsky Award at the 25th Moscow International Film Festival (for the outstanding achievement in the career of acting and devotion to the principles of Stanislavsky's school). In 2009, she became a director and screenwriter, with Cendres et sang ( Ashes and Blood ). She also took part in a rare performance of Sardou's La Haine on 19 July 2009 at the Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc Roussillon, with Gérard Depardieu ,

1460-418: The "underlying" phoneme is (determined by identifying the related words where the vowel is being stressed or, if no such words exist, by written tradition, mostly but not always conforming to etymology). This means that Belarusian noun and verb paradigms, in their written form, have numerous instances of alternations between written ⟨a⟩ and ⟨o⟩ , whereas no such alternations exist in

1533-431: The 1897 Russian Empire census , about 5.89 million people declared themselves speakers of Belarusian (then known as White Russian). The end of the 19th century, however, still showed that the urban language of Belarusian towns remained either Polish or Russian. The same census showed that towns with a population greater than 50,000 had fewer than a tenth Belarusian speakers. This state of affairs greatly contributed to

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1606-558: The Belarusian grammar. In 1915, Rev. Balyaslaw Pachopka had prepared a Belarusian grammar using the Latin script. Belarusian linguist S. M. Nyekrashevich considered Pachopka's grammar unscientific and ignorant of the principles of the language. But Pachopka's grammar was reportedly taught in an unidentified number of schools, from 1918 for an unspecified period. Another grammar was supposedly jointly prepared by A. Lutskyevich and Ya. Stankyevich, and differed from Tarashkyevich's grammar somewhat in

1679-491: The Belarusian language is declared as a "native language" by about 55,000 Belarusians, which comprise about 19.7% of Belarusians living in Ukraine. In Poland , the Belarusian language is declared as a "language spoken at home" by about 40,000 inhabitants According to a study done by the Belarusian government in 2009, 72% of Belarusians speak Russian at home, while Belarusian is actively used by only 11.9% of Belarusians (others speak

1752-453: The Belarusian language was spoken in some areas among the minor nobility during the 19th century. In its vernacular form, it was the language of the smaller town dwellers and of the peasantry and it had been the language of oral folklore. Teaching in Belarusian was conducted mainly in schools run by the Basilian order . The development of Belarusian in the 19th century was strongly influenced by

1825-535: The Belarusian language, the North-Eastern and the South-Western. In addition, there is a transitional Middle Belarusian dialect group and the separate West Polesian dialect group. The North-Eastern and the South-Western dialects are separated by a hypothetical line Ashmyany – Minsk – Babruysk – Gomel , with the area of the Middle Belarusian dialect group placed on and along this line. The North-Eastern dialect

1898-682: The Belarusian, Russian, Yiddish and Polish languages had equal status in Soviet Belarus. In the BSSR, Tarashkyevich's grammar had been officially accepted for use in state schooling after its re-publication in unchanged form, first in 1922 by Yazep Lyosik under his own name as Practical grammar. Part I , then in 1923 by the Belarusian State Publishing House under the title Belarusian language. Grammar. Ed. I. 1923 , also by "Ya. Lyosik". In 1925, Lyosik added two new chapters, addressing

1971-882: The Children and Youth Films Competition "Listapadzik". National Competition was introduced in 2014. Fiction, documentary and animated full-length and short films created by Belarusian authors in Belarus and abroad during the last two years can participate in the National Competition. International Jury will judge this Competition. Traditional format of the Festival includes not only viewers' voting, but also discussions between authors and viewers. In 2013 Claire Denis (retrospective), Kira Muratova (Eternal Homecoming), Brillante Mendoza (" Captive " and " Thy Womb ") and Alexander Veledinsky (" The Geographer Drank His Globe Away ") have presented and discussed their works in Minsk . To judge

2044-536: The Commission had actually prepared the project for spelling reform. The resulting project had included both completely new rules and existing rules in unchanged and changed forms, some of the changes being the work of the Commission itself, and others resulting from the resolutions of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926), re-approved by the Commission. Notably, the use of the Ь (soft sign) before

2117-553: The Competition. Participating films can be either debut or second work in the director's filmography. Representatives of no less than 6 film schools from all over the world (each one of them presents 3-4 most outstanding student works including diploma works) participate in 1st - 2nd Documentary Films Competition –National Film Schools Competition. Full-length feature films and animation films that have been specially mentioned and highly acclaimed at international festivals participate in

2190-643: The Conference made resolutions on some of the problems. However, the Lyosik brothers' project had not addressed all the problematic issues, so the Conference was not able to address all of those. As the outcome of the conference, the Orthographic Commission was created to prepare the project of the actual reform. This was instigated on 1 October 1927, headed by S. Nyekrashevich, with the following principal guidelines of its work adopted: During its work in 1927–29,

2263-496: The Main Documentary Films Competition gives the following awards: The International Jury of the 1st -2nd Documentary Films Competition gives the "Award for Best 1st - 2nd Documentary Film". The International Jury of Children and Youth Films Competition "Listapadzik" gives the following awards: The Main award of the Competition "Golden Listapadzik" is given after the results of audience vote. All judges have

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2336-493: The Russian language and literature department of St. Petersburg University, approached the board of the Belarusian newspaper Nasha Niva with a proposal that a Belarusian linguist be trained under his supervision in order to be able to create documentation of the grammar. Initially, the famous Belarusian poet Maksim Bahdanovič was to be entrusted with this work. However, Bahdanovič's poor health (tuberculosis) precluded his living in

2409-545: The all-Russian " narodniki " and Belarusian national movements (late 1870s–early 1880s) renewed interest in the Belarusian language (See also: Homan (1884) , Bahushevich , Yefim Karskiy , Dovnar-Zapol'skiy , Bessonov, Pypin, Sheyn, Nasovič). The Belarusian literary tradition was also renewed ( see also : F. Bahushevich ). It was in these times that F. Bahushevich made his famous appeal to Belarusians: "Do not forsake our language, lest you pass away" (Belarusian: Не пакідайце ж мовы нашай, каб не ўмёрлі ). The first dictionary of

2482-584: The beginning of the 1860s, both the Russian and Polish parties in Belarusian lands had begun to realise that the decisive role in the upcoming conflicts was shifting to the peasantry, overwhelmingly Belarusian. So a large amount of propaganda appeared, targeted at the peasantry and written in Belarusian; notably, the anti-Russian, anti-Tsarist, anti-Eastern Orthodox "Manifesto" and the first newspaper Mužyckaja prauda ( Peasants' Truth ) (1862–1863) by Konstanty Kalinowski , and anti-Polish, anti-Revolutionary, pro-Orthodox booklets and poems (1862). The advent of

2555-488: The climate of St. Petersburg, so Branislaw Tarashkyevich , a fresh graduate of the Vilnya Liceum No. 2 , was selected for the task. In the Belarusian community, great interest was vested in this enterprise. The already famous Belarusian poet Yanka Kupala , in his letter to Tarashkyevich, urged him to "hurry with his much-needed work". Tarashkyevich had been working on the preparation of the grammar during 1912–1917, with

2628-417: The combinations "consonant+iotated vowel" ("softened consonants"), which had been previously denounced as highly redundant (e.g., in the proceedings of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926)), was cancelled. However, the complete resolution of the highly important issue of the orthography of unstressed Е ( IE ) was not achieved. Fanny Ardant Fanny Marguerite Judith Ardant (born 22 March 1949)

2701-617: The competing works. The festival also provides an educational platform for communication between cinema professionals. Varied workshops, discussions and exhibitions are held to provide an opportunity to learn from masters of cinema and to discuss challenges related to the development of cinematography. Special guests of the festival have included Fanny Ardant , Alyona Babenko , Juozas Budraitis , Lyudmila Gurchenko , Krzysztof Zanussi , Claire Denis , Andrey Zvyagintsev , Emir Kusturica , Sergei Loznitsa , Brillante Mendoza , Kira Muratova , Ornella Muti and Alexander Sokurov . As of 2019,

2774-523: The concert broadcast on France Musique . In 2010, she directed a short feature, Absent Chimeras ( Chimères absentes in French), in which she also stars. She made this short film in order to raise public awareness to the plight of Romani people in Europe, a cause she personally defends. In 2011, she starred in the music video for Elle me dit , the first French single by Lebanese singer Mika , and appeared in

2847-439: The corresponding written paradigms in Russian. This can significantly complicate the foreign speakers' task of learning these paradigms; on the other hand, though, it makes spelling easier for native speakers. An example illustrating the contrast between the treatment of akanje in Russian and Belarusian orthography is the spelling of the word for "products; food": Besides the standardized lect , there are two main dialects of

2920-499: The directors from all around the globe), Main Documentary Film Competition (20 films participating) and National Schools Documentary Competition (for works of young directors, representing the particular film school) (12 films). Since 2010, the winners have been selected by an official jury. In its most successful years, Listapad's line-up included up to 300 feature films an reached the attendance of 40,000. Since 2017,

2993-707: The early 1980s, Ardant was a major film star, gaining international recognition for her role opposite Gérard Depardieu in La Femme d'à côté ( The Woman Next Door ). The film, directed by François Truffaut , brought Ardant her first César Award nomination for best actress in 1982 and in 1984 she was nominated again for Vivement dimanche! . Eventually, she became Truffaut's partner, giving birth to their daughter, Joséphine Truffaut, on 28 September 1983. Initially, her youthful beauty brought popularity but over time her sophistication and acting skills made her one of France's most admired actresses. She proved her versatility, playing

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3066-531: The educational system. The Polish and Russian languages were being introduced and re-introduced, while the general state of the people's education remained poor until the very end of the Russian Empire. In summary, the first two decades of the 19th century had seen the unprecedented prosperity of Polish culture and language in the former GDL lands, and had prepared the era of such famous Polish writers as Adam Mickiewicz and Władysław Syrokomla . The era had seen

3139-514: The effective completion of the Polonization of the lowest level of the nobility, the further reduction of the area of use of contemporary Belarusian, and the effective folklorization of Belarusian culture. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 19th century "there began a revival of national pride within the country ... and a growth in interest [in Belarusian] from outside". Due both to the state of

3212-427: The emancipation of the Belarusian language even further ( see also: Belarusian Socialist Assembly , Circle of Belarusian People's Education and Belarusian Culture , Belarusian Socialist Lot , Socialist Party "White Russia" , Alaiza Pashkevich , Nasha Dolya ). The fundamental works of Yefim Karsky marked a turning point in the scientific perception of Belarusian. The ban on publishing books and papers in Belarusian

3285-542: The feature and documentary films competitions of the Festival. International Jury of 3 people judges Children and Youth Films Competition "Listapadzik". Prizes for Main Feature Film Competition: The International Jury of Feature Films Competition "Youth on the March" gives "Victor Turov Memorial Award for Best Film in "Youth on the March" Feature Films Competition". The International Jury of

3358-568: The festival has also presented the FIPRESCI prize. In 2019, Listapad's program included 150 films from 50 countries. In 2020, the festival was canceled by the authorities one day before its start. For next year's edition, Vladimir Karachevsky, General Director of the Belarusfilm film studio, was appointed Listapad's director. The authorities liquidated the ART Corporation centre and entrusted

3431-583: The festival included following competitions: Films should be no older than two years to be allowed to participate in the Competition. No fewer than 12 films that have never been screened in Belarus and produced in the Post-Soviet states and former Eastern Bloc countries participate in the Main Feature Films Competition. "Youth on the March" Competition supports young directors. No less than 8 films produced by young professionals participate in

3504-464: The festival's management to Belarusfilm state studio. As noted by the new director, after 2020 the festival spirit changed greatly and its program shifted from mainly auteur cinema to films that are in line with state ideology. In 2022, the number of submissions reached 1360. MIFF Listapad is Belarus' largest film festival , it is managed by a non-governmental institution ART Corporation center of visual and performing arts . Listapad takes place over

3577-624: The films in the Competition Programmes six juries are set up: International Jury of the Main Feature Films Competition (5 members), International Jury of the Feature Films Competition "Youth on the March" (3), International Jury of the National Competition (3), International Jury of the Main Documentary Films Competition (5), International Jury of the 1st - 2nd Documentary Films Competition – National Film Schools Competition (3). International Film Critics Jury (7 members) judge all

3650-536: The first when the tickets were sold for the opening and closing ceremonies. 2010, when Anzhela Krashevskaya became the director of the Festival and Igor Sukmanov headed the Feature Film section, was the year of renovation of the Festival. In its new format, the Festival included Main Feature Film Competition (at least 12 films participating), Feature Films Competition "Youth on the March" (9 film debuts from

3723-470: The group. To some extent, Russian, Ukrainian , and Belarusian retain a degree of mutual intelligibility . Belarusian descends from a language generally referred to as Ruthenian (13th to 18th centuries), which had, in turn, descended from what is referred to as Old East Slavic (10th to 13th centuries). In the first Belarusian census in 1999, the Belarusian language was declared as a "language spoken at home" by about 3,686,000 Belarusian citizens (36.7% of

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3796-553: The help and supervision of Shakhmatov and Karskiy. Tarashkyevich had completed the work by the autumn of 1917, even moving from the tumultuous Petrograd of 1917 to the relative calm of Finland in order to be able to complete it uninterrupted. By the summer of 1918, it became obvious that there were insurmountable problems with the printing of Tarashkyevich's grammar in Petrograd: a lack of paper, type and qualified personnel. Meanwhile, his grammar had apparently been planned to be adopted in

3869-439: The main novelty of the festival in 2008. In 2003, Listapad officially became an International Film Festival. That year, films from Poland , Russia , Serbia , Bulgaria , Czech Republic , USA , Iran , China and Japan were screened at the Festival. In 2007, Listapad's director Valentina Stepanova and film critic and editor Irina Demyanova organized the first Documentary Films Competition. Since then Irina Demyanova holds

3942-786: The modern Belarusian language authored by Nasovič was published in 1870. In the editorial introduction to the dictionary, it is noted that: The Belarusian local tongue, which dominates a vast area from the Nioman and the Narew to the Upper Volga and from the Western Dvina to the Prypiac and the Ipuc and which is spoken by inhabitants of the North-Western and certain adjacent provinces, or those lands that were in

4015-643: The modern Belarusian language. The Belarusian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic script , which was first used as an alphabet for the Old Church Slavonic language. The modern Belarusian form was defined in 1918, and consists of thirty-two letters. Before that, Belarusian had also been written in the Belarusian Latin alphabet (Łacinka / Лацінка), the Belarusian Arabic alphabet (by Lipka Tatars ) and

4088-528: The orthography of compound words and partly modifying the orthography of assimilated words. From this point on, Belarusian grammar had been popularized and taught in the educational system in that form. The ambiguous and insufficient development of several components of Tarashkyevich's grammar was perceived to be the cause of some problems in practical usage, and this led to discontent with the grammar. In 1924–25, Lyosik and his brother Anton Lyosik prepared and published their project of orthographic reform, proposing

4161-422: The particularities of different Belarusian dialects. The scientific groundwork for the introduction of a truly scientific and modern grammar of the Belarusian language was laid down by the linguist Yefim Karsky. By the early 1910s, the continuing lack of a codified Belarusian grammar was becoming intolerably obstructive in the opinion of uniformitarian prescriptivists. Then Russian academician Shakhmatov , chair of

4234-555: The past settled by the Kryvic tribe , has long attracted the attention of our philologists because of those precious remains of the ancient Ruthenian language that survived in that tongue. In 1891, in the preface to the Belarusian Flute , Francišak Bahuševič wrote, "There have been many peoples, which first lost their language… and then they perished entirely. So do not abandon our Belarusian language, lest we perish!" According to

4307-453: The people's education and to the strong positions of Polish and Polonized nobility, it was only after the 1880s–1890s that the educated Belarusian element, still shunned because of "peasant origin", began to appear in state offices. In 1846, ethnographer Pavel Shpilevskiy prepared a Belarusian grammar (using the Cyrillic alphabet) on the basis of the folk dialects of the Minsk region. However,

4380-616: The play based on Joan Didion 's 2005 novel The Year of Magical Thinking in the Théâtre de l'Atelier , Paris. She also starred in Interno Giorno that same year by Tommaso Rossellini, acting in both French and Italian. In 2013, she made a cameo appearance as herself in The Great Beauty . In 2018, Ardant starred in the Swiss drama film Shock Waves – Diary of My Mind by Ursula Meier . It

4453-511: The political conflict in the territories of the former GDL, between the Russian Imperial authorities, trying to consolidate their rule over the "joined provinces", and the Polish and Polonized nobility, trying to bring back its pre-Partitions rule (see also Polonization in times of Partitions ). One of the important manifestations of this conflict was the struggle for ideological control over

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4526-468: The population). About 6,984,000 (85.6%) of Belarusians declared it their "mother tongue". Other sources, such as Ethnologue , put the figure at approximately 3.5 million active speakers in Belarus. In Russia , the Belarusian language is declared as a "familiar language" by about 316,000 inhabitants, among them about 248,000 Belarusians, comprising about 30.7% of Belarusians living in Russia. In Ukraine ,

4599-506: The position of Documentary Film program director of the Festival. The Children and Youth Films Competition "Listapadzik" became the main novelty of the festival in 2008. In 2009, Listapad was accredited by the International Federation of Film Producers Associations (FIAPF) as a competitive film festival specialized on films from Baltic countries, as well as countries of Central Asia, Central and Eastern Europe. That year became

4672-727: The program. Rostislav Yankovsky became the Chairman of the Festival in 1994. In 1996 the Audience Award was chosen as the main award of the festival, before that it was equal to the awards from filmmakers and journalists. Between 1996 and 2008 Valentina Stepanova was directing the Festival. During this period, representatives of 45 countries have joined the Festival as directors, producers, jury and press. New nominations were introduced and special prizes from media and guilds were established as well as prizes for Best Actress and Best Actor. The Children and Youth Films Competition "Listapadzik" became

4745-584: The resolution of some key aspects. On 22 December 1915, Paul von Hindenburg issued an order on schooling in German Army-occupied territories in the Russian Empire ( Ober Ost ), banning schooling in Russian and including the Belarusian language in an exclusive list of four languages made mandatory in the respective native schooling systems (Belarusian, Lithuanian , Polish , Yiddish ). School attendance

4818-437: The workers' and peasants' schools of Belarus that were to be set up, so Tarashkyevich was permitted to print his book abroad. In June 1918, he arrived in Vilnius , via Finland. The Belarusian Committee petitioned the administration to allow the book to be printed. Finally, the first edition of the "Belarusian grammar for schools" was printed ( Vil'nya , 1918). There existed at least two other contemporary attempts at codifying

4891-511: The world and post- Soviet film industry . The idea to create the festival belongs to Serhey Artimovich, at the time the director of Tele-ARS studio. Listapad aimed to unite the best films of post-Soviet states and bring them to the screens in Minsk. In its first year, the festival was called Post-Soviet Film Festival Listapad , though films by Russian directors prevailed in the line-up. Later works of Ukrainian, Kazakh and Azerbaijani directors joined

4964-568: Was 27, her father died and the shock of his loss never left her. Ardant had started acting on stage shortly before his death. However after his death, she followed his advice and went to university in Aix-en-Provence, where she read Political Science. Upon graduation, she took a job working for the French embassy in London, from which she was sacked for poor time keeping and for being dishevelled. The latter

5037-541: Was attributed to the social whirl she enjoyed in London. Ardant continued working odd jobs in London before deciding, almost on a whim, to go to drama school. She returned to France for her studies and before long began acting on stage and then on television. At the age of 31 she was contacted by François Truffaut , who had spotted her in a television drama and wanted to cast her in The Woman Next Door . While working together, Ardant and Truffaut fell in love, and in 1983 she gave birth to their daughter Josephine. Truffaut died

5110-496: Was instituted by Alexander Lukashenko . In 2013 Lithuanian actor Juozas Budraitis won this prize. Belarusian language Before Belarus gained independence in 1991, the language was known in English as Byelorussian or Belorussian , or alternatively as White Russian . Following independence, it became known as Belarusian , or alternatively as Belarusan . As one of the East Slavic languages, Belarusian shares many grammatical and lexical features with other members of

5183-532: Was not made mandatory, though. Passports at this time were bilingual, in German and in one of the "native languages". Also at this time, Belarusian preparatory schools, printing houses, press organs were opened ( see also: Homan (1916) ). After the 1917 February Revolution in Russia, the Belarusian language became an important factor in political activities in the Belarusian lands ( see also: Central Council of Belarusian Organisations , Great Belarusian Council , First All-Belarusian Congress , Belnatskom ). In

5256-462: Was officially removed (25 December 1904). The unprecedented surge of national feeling in the 20th century, especially among the workers and peasants, particularly after the events of 1905, gave momentum to the intensive development of Belarusian literature and press (See also: Nasha Niva , Yanka Kupala , Yakub Kolas ). During the 19th and early 20th century, there was no normative Belarusian grammar. Authors wrote as they saw fit, usually representing

5329-692: Was screened in the Panorama section at the 68th Berlin International Film Festival . In 2019, Ardant directed the opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk at the Greek National Opera . Fanny Ardant was the youngest of five children born to a cavalry officer and his wife. She was raised in Monte Carlo where she was educated at a convent school. A voracious reader, she discovered Proust at age 15 and felt as though his writings were for her. When she

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