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48-557: The House of Lippe-Biesterfeld was a comital and later princely cadet line of the House of Lippe (a German dynasty reigning from 1413 until 1918, of comital and, from 1789, of princely rank). The comital branch of Lippe-Biesterfeld ascended the throne of the Principality of Lippe in 1905, after the extinction of the ruling main branch, when count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld became Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe . He continued to rule until

96-472: A pemangku raja is the interim ruler of a Malay state if its king is elected to be the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for the usual five-year term, or is unable to assume their role. For example, Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim Alam Shah , became Regent of Pahang after his father, Abdullah of Pahang was elected Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVI in 2019. Currently, Tunku Ismail is Regent of Johor when his father, Ibrahim Iskandar

144-461: A college degree but is trained in a specialized école normale ( normal school ). In the former Dutch East Indies , a regent was a native prince allowed to rule de facto colonized 'state' as a regentschap . Consequently, in the successor state of Indonesia , the term regent is used in English to mean a bupati , the head of a kabupaten (second level local government). In Malaysia ,

192-409: A monarchy , a regent (from Latin regens  'ruling, governing') is a person appointed to govern a state pro tempore ( Latin for 'for the time being') because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined. The rule of a regent or regents

240-544: A Holy Roman Emperor, from among their own number or other rulers, whenever a vacancy occurred. Those just below them in status were recognised as Imperial princes ( Reichsfürsten ) who, through the hereditary vote each wielded in the Diet's College of Princes , served as members of a loose legislature (cf. peerage ) of the Empire. As the Empire emerged from the medieval era, immediate counts were definitively excluded from possessing

288-401: A class, whose land management on behalf of the ruling princes favoured their evolution to a status above not only peasants and burghers, but above landless knights and the landed gentry. Their roles within the feudal system tended to become hereditary and were gradually integrated with those of the ruling nobility by the close of the medieval era. The possessor of a county within or subject to

336-588: A governing board rather than just the equivalent of the chief executive. In the Society of Jesus , a regent is an individual training to be a Jesuit and who has completed his novitiate and philosophy studies but has not yet progressed to theology studies. A regent among the Jesuits is often assigned to teach in schools or some other academic institution. Some university managers in North America are called regents, and

384-598: A management board for a college or university may be titled the " Board of Regents ". In New York State , all activities related to public and private education ( P-12 and postsecondary ) and professional licensure are administered by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York , the appointed members of which are titled regents. The term "regent" is also used for members of governing bodies of institutions such as

432-507: A prerogative most reichsunmittelbar families had enjoyed prior to mediatisation . A few counties had been elevated to principalities by Napoleon. Most of these were also mediatised by the Congress of Vienna. A few of their dynasties held on to their sovereignty until 1918: Lippe , Reuß , Schwarzburg and Waldeck-Pyrmont . Those counts who received their title by letters patent from the emperor or an Imperial vicar were recognized within

480-561: A shared vote on a Count's bench an imperial count obtained, the "seat and vote" within the Imperial Diet which, combined with Imperial immediacy , made of his chief land holding an Imperial estate ( Reichsstand ) and conferred upon him and his family the status of Landeshoheit , i.e. the semi-sovereignty which distinguished Germany and Austria's high nobility (the Hochadel ) from the lower nobility ( Niederadel ), who had no representation in

528-481: A small manor house at Oberkassel, Bonn , where the couple moved in 1770, and which was to become the home to the Lippe-Biesterfeld family for the following 209 years. Beethoven is said to have been the piano teacher of the couple's children. The Head of the Lippe-Biesterfeld family was given the style Illustrious Highness ( German : Erlaucht ) at Detmold on 27 August and 1 October 1844. When, in 1895,

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576-614: Is a group portrait of the board of trustees, called regents or regentesses, of a charitable organization or guild . This type of group portrait was popular in Dutch Golden Age painting during the 17th and 18th centuries. Again in Belgium and France ( régent in French, or in Dutch), "regent" is the official title of a teacher in a lower secondary school ( junior high school ), who does not require

624-411: Is called a regency . A regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or in accordance with a constitutional rule. Regent is sometimes a formal title granted to a monarch's most trusted advisor or personal assistant . If the regent is holding the position due to their being in the line of succession , the compound term prince regent is often used; if the regent of a minor is their mother, and she

672-476: Is wife or widow of the king, she would be referred to as queen regent . If the formally appointed regent is unavailable or cannot serve on a temporary basis, a regent ad interim may be appointed to fill the gap. In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons, but may also be elected to rule during the period when the royal line has died out. This was the case in the Kingdom of Finland and

720-675: The German Revolution of 1918 . In 1916, he created his younger brother, count Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld , a prince. Through the latter's son, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1911–2004), the prince consort of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands , it also became a title of the Dutch Royal House , created in 1937. The branch of Lippe-Biesterfeld was founded by count Jobst Herman (1625–1678), youngest son of count Simon VII of Lippe-Detmold. He received Biesterfeld with parts of

768-673: The Kingdom of Hungary , where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I . In Iceland , the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), kings were elective , which often led to a fairly long interregnum. During this period, the Roman Catholic primate (the Archbishop of Gniezno ) served as

816-533: The Kingdom of the Netherlands for Prince Bernhard and his descendants. The Lippe-Biesterfeld title hereby became also a Dutch one. On 7 January 1937, Bernhard married Princess Juliana of the Netherlands (who later was the Queen regnant of the Netherlands between 1948 and 1980). From this marriage, four daughters were born who all hold the title Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld : Since the title can only be inherited in

864-503: The Diet and usually answered to an over-lord. Thus the reichsständische imperial counts pegged their interests and status to those of the imperial princes. In 1521 there were 144 imperial counts; by 1792 only 99 were left. The decrease reflected elevations to higher title, extinction of the male line, and purchase or annexation (outright or by the subordination known as mediatisation ) by more powerful imperial princes. In 1792 there were four associations (benches) of counties contributing

912-453: The Diet. Each "bench" was entitled to exercise one collective vote ( Kuriatstimme ) in the Diet and each comital family was allowed to cast one fractional vote toward a bench's vote: A majority of fractional votes determined how that bench's vote would be cast on any issue before the Diet. Four benches were recognised (membership in each being determined by which quadrant of the Empire a count's fief lay within). By being seated and allowed to cast

960-550: The French. By 1806, Napoleon 's re-organisation of the continental map squeezed not only all imperial counts but most princes out of existence as quasi-independent entities by the time of the Holy Roman Empire. Each was annexed by its largest German neighbor, although many were swapped by one sovereign to another as they sought to shape more cohesive borders or lucrative markets. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna sought to turn back

1008-606: The Holy Roman Empire might owe feudal allegiance to another noble , theoretically of any rank, who might himself be a vassal of another lord or of the Holy Roman Emperor ; or the count might have no other suzerain than the Holy Roman Emperor himself, in which case he was deemed to hold directly or "immediately" ( reichsunmittelbar ) of the emperor. Nobles who inherited, purchased, were granted or successfully seized such counties, or were able to eliminate any obligation of vassalage to an intermediate suzerain (for instance, by

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1056-490: The age of 96. He became the regent for Rama X of Thailand , who chose not to formally accede to the throne until the end of the mourning period for his father . Previously, this record was held by Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria , who was 91 at the end of his regency. The term “regent” may also refer to positions lower than that of a state’s ruler. The term may be used in the governance of organisations, typically as an equivalent of "director", and held by all members of

1104-477: The clock on the French Revolution 's politics, but not on the winnowing of Germany's ruling dynasties and myriad maps. The imperial counts and princes were compensated for the loss of their rights as rulers with largely symbolic privileges, gradually eroded but not extinguished until 1918, including Ebenbürtigkeit ; the right to inter-marry with Germany's (and, by extension, Europe's) still reigning dynasties,

1152-601: The emperor in his specific capacity as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (rather than, e.g. as ruler of Austria , Bohemia , Hungary , the Spanish Netherlands , etc.) became, ipso facto , an "Imperial Count" ( Reichsgraf ), whether he reigned over an immediate county or not. In the Merovingian and Franconian Empire , a Graf ("Count") was an official who exercised the royal prerogatives in an administrative district ( Gau or "county"). A lord designated to represent

1200-462: The former county of Schwalenberg , as a paragium . From the Lippe-Biesterfeld branch the line of Lippe-Weissenfeld was separated in 1734. Both, Biesterfeld and Weissenfeld were so-called paragiums (non-sovereign estates of a cadet-branch) of the ruling House of Lippe . Jobst Herman built the manor of Biesterfeld around 1660. Frederick Charles Augustus, Count of Lippe , moved the comital brewery from Schwalenberg to Biesterfeld in 1740. However, both

1248-587: The imperial counts were grouped into "imperial comital associations" known as Grafenbänke . Early in the 16th century, such associations were formed in Wetterau and Swabia . The Franconian association was created in 1640, the Westphalian association in 1653. They participated with the emperor, electors and princes in ruling the Empire by virtue of being entitled to a seat on one of the Counts' benches ( Grafenbank ) in

1296-467: The individual seat and vote ( Virilstimme ) in the Diet that belonged to electors and princes. In order, however, to further their political interests more effectively and to preserve their independence, the imperial counts organized regional associations and held Grafentage ("countly councils"). In the Imperial Diet, starting in the 16th century, and consistently from the Perpetual Diet (1663–1806),

1344-493: The king or emperor in a county requiring higher authority than delegated to the typical count acquired a title which indicated that distinction: a border land was held by a margrave , a fortress by a burgrave , an imperial palace or royal estate by a count palatine , a large territory by a landgrave . Originally the counts were ministeriales , appointed administrators, but under the Ottonian emperors, they came to constitute

1392-591: The lands of Lippe-Biesterfeld and Lippe-Weissenfeld were ceded and sold to the princely line of Lippe-Detmold on 24 May 1762. Frederick Charles Augustus preferred to live in a hunting lodge in the Sachsenwald forest, near Hamburg, named after him, Friedrichsruh , the current home of the Princes of Bismarck . Frederick William (1737-1803), the eldest surviving son of count Frederick Charles Augustus, married Elisabeth Johanna, Edle von Meinertzhagen (1752-1811) who inherited

1440-417: The male line, the title will become extinct after the death of Prince Bernhard's daughters. By royal decree of 26 May 1998, the descendants of Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven (born 1968), eldest son of Princess Margriet , all have the newly created surname van Lippe-Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven . Imperial Count In the post–Middle Ages era, anyone granted the title of Count by

1488-497: The mentally ill Prince Alexander ascended the throne of the Principality of Lippe , Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe was appointed to act as regent of Lippe, according to a then secretly kept decree of the predecessor Prince Woldemar . Alexander was the last male of the Lippe-Detmold line; the next senior lines of the House of Lippe were the Counts of Lippe-Biesterfeld, followed by the Counts of Lippe-Weissenfeld , and then by

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1536-466: The most important woman in Europe, giving her name to an age. The equivalent Greek term is epitropos ( επίτροπος ), meaning overseer. As of 2024, Liechtenstein (under Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein ) and Luxembourg (under Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg ) are the only countries with active regencies. In 2016, Prem Tinsulanonda became the oldest regent of any nation, at

1584-582: The most junior line the Princes of Schaumburg-Lippe . Shortly after becoming a member state of the German Empire in 1871, Prince Woldemar of the Lippe-Detmold line died on 20 July 1895. The next ruler was his brother, Alexander, Prince of Lippe , but the power needed to be exercised by a regent throughout his reign on account of his mental illness. This right for regency resulted in an inheritance dispute between

1632-615: The national banks of France and Belgium . In the Dutch Republic , the members of the ruling class, not formally hereditary but forming a de facto patrician class, were informally known collectively as regenten (the Dutch plural for regent ) because they typically held positions as "regent" on the boards of town councils, as well as charitable and civic institutions. The regents group portrait , regentenstuk or regentessenstuk for female boards in Dutch , literally "regents' piece",

1680-557: The neighboring principality of Schaumburg-Lippe and the Lippe-Biesterfeld line. Ernest, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld , hitherto living at Oberkassel, became regent of the principality from 1897 until his death in 1904. The dispute was only resolved by the Imperial Court in Leipzig in 1905, with the lands passing to the Lippe-Biesterfeld line who, until this point, had no territorial sovereignty. Ernest's son Prince Leopold IV (1871–1949)

1728-506: The prince consort of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (1909–2004). On 8 February 1909, the title Countess of Biesterfeld (not related to the previous title Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld) was created for Armgard von Cramm (1883–1971) and her descendants. Armgard was the wife of Prince Bernhard of Lippe (1872–1934) , the brother of Prince Leopold IV . On 24 February 1916, Armgard and her two sons Bernhard (1911–2004) and Aschwin (1914–1988) were created Prince(ss) of Lippe-Biesterfeld with

1776-427: The prince-consort, Prince Ernst August of Lippe (1917–1990), sold the house at Oberkassel in 1979, after he had acquired Syburg castle at Bergen, Middle Franconia , in 1970. The current head of the House of Lippe is Stephan, Prince of Lippe (born 24 May 1959), a grandson of Leopold IV, and present owner of Detmold Castle. He is also a first cousin once removed of Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands (1911–2004),

1824-557: The purchase of his feudal rights from a liege lord ), were those on whom the emperor came to rely directly to raise and supply the revenues and soldiers, from their own vassals and manors, which enabled him to govern and protect the empire. Thus their Imperial immediacy tended to secure for them substantial independence within their own territories from the emperor's authority. Gradually they came also to be recognised as counselors entitled to be summoned to his Imperial Diets . A parallel process occurred among other authorities and strata in

1872-421: The realm, both secular and ecclesiastical. While commoners and the lowest levels of nobles remained subject to the authority of a lord, baron or count, some knights and lords ( Reichsfreiherren ) avoided owing fealty to any but the emperor yet lacked sufficient importance to obtain consistent admission to the Diet. The most powerful nobles and bishops ( Electors ) secured the exclusive privilege of voting to choose

1920-671: The regent, and was called interrex (Latin: ruler 'between kings' as in Ancient Rome ). In the small republic of San Marino , the two Captains Regent ( Capitani Reggenti ) are both elected for a six-month term as joint heads of state . Famous regency periods include that of the Prince Regent, later George IV of the United Kingdom , giving rise to many terms such as Regency era and Regency architecture . Strictly, this period lasted from 1811 to 1820, when his father George III

1968-524: The ruling of the Empire, although there were exceptions. Sometimes, when a prince wished to marry a lady of lower rank and have her share his title, the Emperor might elevate her to Imperial countess or even princess (often over the objections of his other family members), but this conferred upon her neither the same title nor rank borne by dynasts , nor did it, ipso facto , prevent the marriage from being morganatic . Regent Philosophers Works In

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2016-463: The style Serene Highness . They returned to a more senior position in the line of succession to the Lippian throne , in which they previously had been the very last. The suffix Biesterfeld was revived to mark the foundation of a new cadet line. By royal decree of 6 January 1937, the titles Prince of the Netherlands , with the style Royal Highness , and Prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld , were created in

2064-610: The subsequent German Empire as retaining their titles and rank above counts elevated by lesser sovereigns, even if their family had never held imperial immediacy within the Empire. A comital or other title granted by a German sovereign conferred, in principle, rank only in that sovereign's realm, although usually recognised as a courtesy title elsewhere. Titles granted by Habsburg rulers in their capacity as Kings of Hungary, Archdukes or Emperors of Austria were not thereby Reichsgrafen , nor ranked with comparable precedence even post-1806. Titular imperial counts usually had no role in

2112-583: The throne is not immediate, the Ndlovukati (similar to a queen mother ) rules as regent until the new king is determined. In Lagos, Nigeria , the subnational Erelu Kuti rules the kingdom as regent whenever there is no Oba of Lagos . Much like in Eswatini, succession to the throne of Lagos is not immediate, and the Erelu Kuti (a high ranking functionary in her own right) is charged with serving as custodian until

2160-730: The votes of 99 families to the Diet's Reichsfürstenrat : By the Treaty of Lunéville of 1800, princely domains west of the Rhine River were annexed to France , including imperial counts. In the Final Recess of the Imperial Delegation of 1803 , those deemed to have resisted the French were compensated with secularized Church lands and free cities . Some of the counts, such as Aspremont-Lynden , were generously compensated. Others, such as Leyen , were denied compensation due to failure to resist

2208-636: Was elected as current Yang di-Pertuan Agong in 2024. In the Philippines  – specifically, the University of Santo Tomas  – the Father Regent, who must be a Dominican priest and is often also a teacher, serves as the institution's spiritual head. They also form the Council of Regents that serves as the highest administrative body of the university. In Eswatini , where succession to

2256-477: Was insane, though when used as a period label it generally covers a wider period. Philippe II, Duke of Orléans was Regent of France from the death of Louis XIV in 1715 until Louis XV came of age in 1723; this is also used as a period label for many aspects of French history, as Régence in French, again tending to cover a rather wider period than the actual regency. In the 16th century, Queen Catherine de Medici 's acts as regent caused her to become arguably

2304-492: Was the first and only count of Lippe-Biesterfeld to become ruling prince of Lippe, residing at Detmold Castle. Prince Bernhard of Lippe (1872–1934) , the younger brother of Leopold IV and father of prince consort Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld , was born at Oberkassel and grew up there. Later he acquired castle Reckenwalde and an estate in East Brandenburg (today Wojnowo, Poland), where his son grew up. A first cousin of

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