88-875: The Oregon Rifles was the first military force organized for the protection of white settlers of the Oregon Country in the Pacific Northwest of North America . Shortly after the Whitman Massacre , Oregon Governor George Abernethy communicated to the legislature his concern about the seriousness of the conditions, and issued a call for volunteers. A company of 45 men, furnishing their own rifles and equipment, organized in Oregon City and arrived in The Dalles on December 21, 1847. Those who did not have their own rifles were furnished arms by John McLoughlin . H. A. G. Lee
176-484: A code of laws known as the Organic Law . It included the creation of an executive committee of three, a judiciary, a militia, land laws, and four counties. There was vagueness and confusion over the nature of the 1843 Organic Law, in particular, whether it was constitutional or statutory . In 1844, a new legislative committee decided to consider it statutory. The 1845 Organic Law made additional changes, including allowing
264-499: A dual genesis, positing that both origins probably have some legitimacy and that the two varieties eventually blended together. By 1840, Chinook Jargon had creolized into a native language for some speakers. In the Diocese of Kamloops , British Columbia, hundreds of speakers learned to read and write the Jargon using Duployan shorthand via the publication Kamloops Wawa . As a result,
352-558: A half-day immersion K–4 with slots for 25 students at Willamina Elementary School. Cole also started Chinuk Wawa elective classes at Willamina High School in 2011. Students there and at Willamina Middle School can earn high school and college credit for completion of the course. Lane Community College also teaches a two-year course of Chinuk Wawa. By 2012, it was discovered that there was only one person left in British Columbia who had learned Chinook Jargon from Elders. That person
440-533: A northern boundary for Spanish California, nor did it extinguish Spanish rights to the Pacific Northwest. Spain later relinquished any remaining claims to territory north of the 42nd parallel to the United States as part of the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. In the 1820s, Russia gave up its claims south of 54°40′ and east of the 141st meridian in separate treaties with the United States and Britain. Meanwhile,
528-587: A provisional government at Champoeg . Political pressure in the United States urged the occupation of all the Oregon Country. Expansionists in the American South wanted to annex Texas , while their counterparts in the northeast wanted to annex the Oregon Country. It was seen as significant that the expansions be parallel, as the relative proximity to other states and territories made it appear likely that Texas would be pro-slavery and Oregon against slavery. In
616-659: A result of widespread deaths from the Spanish flu and World War I . As late as the 1940s, native children were born in Tiller, Oregon , who grew up speaking Chinook Jargon as their first language. But by 1962, the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) estimated that only 100 speakers were left. In the 2000s, Lane Community College in Eugene, Oregon , started a three-semester university program teaching Chinook Jargon. In 2013, it
704-509: A river flowing to the west named Ouaricon . This theory was endorsed in Oregon Geographic Names as "the most plausible explanation". George Vancouver explored Puget Sound in 1792. Vancouver claimed it for Great Britain on June 4, 1792, naming it for one of his officers, Lieutenant Peter Puget . Alexander Mackenzie was the first European to cross North America by land north of New Spain, arriving at Bella Coola on what
792-476: A section on Chinuk Wawa recorded by natives of the lower Columbia but not used by the elders at Grand Ronde. In 2014, the tribe made an app spanning traditional and modern vocabulary. In 2001, with funding from the Administration for Native Americans , the tribe started an immersion preschool. A kindergarten was started in 2004 by Kathy Cole, a tribal member and certified teacher, which has since expanded to
880-500: A thriving colony of mixed origin, including Scottish Canadians and Scots , English , French Canadians , Hawaiians , Algonkians , and Iroquois , as well as the offspring of company employees who had intermarried with various local native populations. Astor continued to compete for Oregon Country furs through his American Fur Company operations in the Rockies. In the 1820s, a few American explorers and traders visited this land beyond
968-416: A trade language probably existed before European contact, which began "morphing" into the more familiar Chinook Jargon in the late 1790s, notably at a dinner party at Nootka Sound where Capts Vancouver and Bodega y Quadra were entertained by Chief Maquinna and his brother Callicum performing a theatrical using mock English and mock Spanish words and mimicry of European dress and mannerisms. There evidently
SECTION 10
#17330845195441056-463: A variety of other kinds of woods. Between these high lands lie what is called the valley of the Wallamitte [ sic ], the frequented haunts of innumerable herds of elk and deer ... In ascending the river, the surrounding country is most delightful, and the first barrier to be met with is about forty miles up from its mouth. Here the navigation is interrupted by a ledge of rocks, running across
1144-576: Is French. It also makes use of English loan words and those of other language systems. Its entire written form is in the Duployan shorthand developed by French priest Émile Duployé. Many words from Chinook Jargon remain in common use in the Western United States and British Columbia. It has been described as part of a multicultural heritage shared by the modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest. The total number of Jargon words in published lexicons
1232-478: Is a belief that something similar to the Jargon existed before European contact—without European words in its vocabulary. There is some evidence for a Chinookan-Nuu-chah-nulth lingua franca in the writings of John Jewitt and in what is known as the Barclay Sound word-list, from the area of Ucluelet and Alberni . Others believe that the Jargon was formed during contact. Current scholarly opinion holds that
1320-505: Is embodied in Chinook. Emerging out of early contact and the fur trade, the Chinook jargon possesses at most 700 words derived in approximately equal proportions from the powerful Chinook Indians of the lower Columbia, from the Nootka people of Vancouver Island, and from French and English... jargon provided 'an important vehicle of communication for trading & ordinary purposes.' ... Chinook
1408-501: Is entirely in the Duployan shorthand created by French priest Émile Duployé . The post-contact hypothesis suggests the language originated in Nootka Sound after the arrival of Russian and Spanish traders as a means of communicating between them and indigenous peoples. It eventually spread further south due to commercial use. University of Ottawa linguist David Lang has argued for this conclusion. Linguist Barbara Harris suggests
1496-465: Is in the hundreds. It has a simple grammatical system. In Chinook Jargon, the consonant /r/ is rare. Such English and French loan words as rice and merci , for instance, have changed after being adopted to the Jargon, to lays and mahsi , respectively. Most books written in English still use the term Chinook Jargon, but some linguists working with the preservation of a creolized form of
1584-598: Is now the central coast of British Columbia in 1793. From 1805 to 1806, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the territory of the United States on the Lewis and Clark Expedition . David Thompson , working for the Montreal -based North West Company , explored much of the region beginning in 1807 with his friend and colleague Simon Fraser , following the Fraser River to its mouth in 1808, attempting to ascertain whether it
1672-526: The Beaver had shown the growing value of coal economically and strategically. A general HBC shift toward Pacific shipping and away from the interior of the continent made Victoria Harbour much more suitable than Fort Vancouver's location on the Columbia River. The Columbia Bar at the river's mouth was dangerous and routinely meant weeks or months of waiting for ships to cross. The largest ships could not enter
1760-505: The 1844 U.S. Presidential election , the Democrats had called for expansion into both areas. After being elected president, however, James K. Polk supported the 49th parallel as a northern limit for U.S. annexation in Oregon Country. Polk's uncompromising support for expansion into Texas and relative silence on the Oregon boundary dispute led to the phrase "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" referring to
1848-751: The 1844 U.S. presidential election , the United Kingdom and the United States agreed to settle the problem with the Oregon Treaty in 1846. It established the British-American boundary at the 49th parallel (except Vancouver Island ). With the end of joint occupancy, the region south of the 49th parallel became Oregon Territory in the United States while the northern portion became part of the British colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island . The area, which once encompassed Oregon Country, now lies within
SECTION 20
#17330845195441936-698: The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon was taking steps to preserve Chinook Jargon use through a full immersion head start/preschool that was conducted in Chinuk Wawa. The Confederated Tribes also offer Chinuk Wawa lessons at their offices in Eugene and Portland. In addition, Lane Community College offers two years of Chinuk Wawa study that satisfy the second-language graduation requirements of Oregon public universities. In March 2012,
2024-573: The Hudson's Bay Company , missionaries, and pioneers who came across the Oregon Trail from the 1830s to the 1870s. In Portland 's first half century (1840s–1890s), there were frequent trade interactions between pioneers and Native Americans. Many Oregonians used Jargon in casual conversation. Jones estimates that in pioneer times in the 1860s there were about 100,000 speakers of Chinook Jargon. It peaked in usage from approximately 1858 to 1900, and declined as
2112-537: The Kootenai River and Columbia River following the southern portion of the well-established York Factory Express trade route. The Canadian effort proved to be too little, too late. In what was dubbed " The Great Migration of 1843 " or the "Wagon Train of 1843", an estimated 700 to 1,000 American emigrants came to Oregon, decisively tipping the balance. In 1843, settlers in the Willamette Valley established
2200-614: The Mexican–American War . In 1805, the American Lewis and Clark Expedition marked the first official American exploration of the area, creating the first temporary settlement of Euro-Americans in the area near the mouth of the Columbia River at Fort Clatsop . Two years later, in 1807, David Thompson of the Montreal-based North West Company penetrated the Oregon Country from the north via Athabasca Pass , near
2288-590: The Métis language Michif is spoken in Canada . Hence, Chinuk Wawa, as it is known in Oregon, is now a creole language , distinct from the varied pronunciation of the Chinook Jargon. There is evidence that in some communities (e.g., around Fort Vancouver ) the Jargon had become creolized by the early 19th century, and that would have been among the mixed French/Métis, Algonkian, Scots and Hawaiian populations, as well as among
2376-464: The Tolowa language , Chinuk fell out of use. No studies of British Columbia versions of the Jargon have demonstrated creolization. The range of varying usages and vocabulary in different regions suggests that localization did occur—although not on the pattern of Grand Ronde where Wasco, Klickitat and other peoples adopted and added to the version of the Jargon that developed there. First-language speakers of
2464-630: The Ukase of 1821 , which was quickly challenged by the other powers and withdrawn to 54°40′N by separate treaties with the U.S. and Britain in 1824 and 1825, respectively. Spain gave up its claims of exclusivity via the Nootka Conventions of the 1790s. In the Nootka Conventions, which followed the Nootka Crisis , Spain granted Britain rights to the Pacific Northwest. However, it did not establish
2552-527: The Yukon , and Alaska. It was the working language in canneries on the British Columbia Coast . Place names throughout this region bear Jargon names and words that are preserved in various rural industries such as logging and fishing. Linguist David Douglas Robertson and others have described Chinook Jargon as part of the shared cultural heritage of modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest. As of 2009 ,
2640-459: The maritime fur trade , with many vessels between the 1790s and 1810s coming from Boston . The Hudson's Bay Company , whose Columbia Department comprised most of the Oregon Country and north into New Caledonia and beyond 54°40′ N, with operations reaching tributaries of the Yukon River , managed and represented British interests in the region. After the dispute became an election issue in
2728-517: The 19th century from the lower Columbia River , first to other areas in modern Oregon and Washington , then to British Columbia and parts of Alaska , Northern California , Idaho and Montana . It sometimes took on the characteristics of a creole language . The contact language Chinook Jargon should not be confused with the Indigenous language Chinook . Reflecting its origins in early trade transactions, approximately 15 percent of its lexicon
Oregon Rifles - Misplaced Pages Continue
2816-459: The 49th parallel, excluding Vancouver Island. Despite McLoughlin's stalling, the HBC had begun the process of shifting away from Fort Vancouver and toward Vancouver Island and the northern coast in the 1830s. The increasing number of American settlers arriving in the Willamette Valley after 1840 served to make the need more pressing. In 1848, the U.S. portion of the Oregon Country was formally organized as
2904-582: The Chinook Jargon were common in BC (native and non-native), until the mid-20th century. After 1850, the Wawa was still used in the United States portion of the Chinook-speaking world, especially in wilderness areas and work environments. Local creolization's probably did occur in British Columbia, but recorded materials have not been studied as they were made due to the focus on the traditional aboriginal languages. There
2992-483: The Chinook Jargon, which was widely spoken throughout the Pacific Northwest by all ethnicities well into the middle of the 20th century. These word tend to strongly index a local settler identity. Some words used to be shared with the Yukon, Alberta, Oregon , Washington , Alaska and, to a lesser degree, Idaho and western Montana . Note: The Incubator link at right will take you to the Chinuk Wawa test-Misplaced Pages, which
3080-651: The Columbia River "hurricane river" le fleuve d'ouragan , because of the strong winds of the Columbia Gorge . George R. Stewart argues in a 1944 article in American Speech that the name came from an engraver's error in a French map published in the early 18th century, on which the Ouisiconsink ( Wisconsin River ) was spelled Ouaricon-sint , broken on two lines with the -sint below, so that there appeared to be
3168-501: The Columbia River by David Thompson and on prior discovery and exploration along the coast. Spain's claim was based on the Inter caetera and Treaty of Tordesillas of 1493–94, as well as explorations of the Pacific coast in the late 18th century. Russia based its claim on its explorations and trading activities in the region. It asserted its ownership of the region north of the 51st parallel by
3256-550: The Columbia River. Despite the posturing, neither country wanted to fight what would have been the third war in 70 years against the other. The two countries eventually reached a peaceful agreement in the 1846 Oregon Treaty that divided the territory west of the Continental Divide along the 49th parallel to Georgia Strait , with Vancouver Island remaining under British control. Today, this border divides British Columbia from neighboring Washington, Idaho, and Montana. In 1843,
3344-576: The Grand Ronde reservation in Northern Oregon hired Tony Johnson , a Chinook linguist, to head its language program. Chinuk Wawa was chosen due to its strong connection to native identity on the reservation as well as being the only indigenous language still spoken at Grand Ronde. Prior to this, there were formal Chinuk Wawa classes taught by Eula Holmes from 1978 until her death in 1986. Eula Holmes' sister, Ila, held informal and sporadic classes to teach
3432-454: The HBC shifted its Columbia Department headquarters from Fort Vancouver to Fort Victoria on Vancouver Island. The plan to move to more northern locations dates back to the 1820s. George Simpson was the main force behind the move north; John McLoughlin became the main hindrance. McLoughlin had devoted his life's work to the Columbia business, and his personal interests were increasingly linked to
3520-666: The Indians. Jason Lee , a Methodist minister from New York , was the first Oregon missionary . He built a mission school for Indians in the Willamette Valley in 1834. American settlers began to arrive from the east via the Oregon Trail starting in the early 1840s and came in increasing numbers each subsequent year. Increased tension led to the Oregon boundary dispute . Both sides realized that settlers would ultimately decide who controlled
3608-406: The Jargon had the beginnings of its own literature, mostly translated scripture and classical works , some local and episcopal news, community gossip and events, and diaries . Marah Ellis Ryan (c. 1860–1934), an early Native American activist and novelist, used Chinook words and phrases in her writing. In Oregon , Chinook Jargon was widely used by natives, trappers, traders, employees of
Oregon Rifles - Misplaced Pages Continue
3696-488: The Jargon words 'wapato' (a root that tastes like a potato) and 'chaplill', the word for the bread cakes made from this root (Lyon 2016:41). The word recorded for 'king' by Drake was 'hióh' (recorded also as 'hioghe'). Lyon thought it was a match for the Wawa word hi-yú, meaning a gathering, or much, plenty. Lyon was not able to conclude whether Drake encountered people of the Northwest Coast. In 2021, Melissa Darby studied
3784-605: The Jargon, but the consensus is that the pidgin peaked in use during the 19th century. During this era, many dictionaries were published to help settlers interact with the First Nations people living in the Pacific Northwest. Local settler families exchanged communiqués that were stylishly composed entirely in "the Chinook." Many residents of the British Columbia city of Vancouver spoke Chinook Jargon as their first language , even using it at home in preference to English. Among
3872-601: The Land of Light" by Henry Tsang , can be viewed on the Seawall along False Creek in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, between Davie and Drake streets. Translation into Chinook Jargon was done by Duane Pasco . A short film using Chinook Jargon, Small Pleasures by Karin Lee , explores intercultural dialogue between three women of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds in 1890s Barkerville in northern British Columbia. In 1997,
3960-617: The Oregon Country because of the Hudson's Bay Company policy of creating a "fur desert": deliberate over-hunting of the area's frontiers so that American trades would find nothing there. The mountain men, like the Metis employees of the Canadian fur companies, adopted Indian ways, and many of them married Native American women. Reports of Oregon Country eventually circulated in the eastern United States . Some churches decided to send missionaries to convert
4048-404: The Oregon Country's Indian nations retained a sizeable majority in their land, prior to the rapid and devastating arrival of European diseases in the 1860s , and were able to maintain relative economic independence thanks to the necessity of their hunting skills in the fur trade. The eventual partition of the Oregon Country into national domains by the two colonial powers, increasing settlement, and
4136-647: The Oregon Territory. In 1849, Vancouver Island became a British Crown colony —the Colony of Vancouver Island —with the mainland being organized into the Colony of British Columbia in 1858. Shortly after the establishment of Oregon Territory, there was an effort to split off the region north of the Columbia River. As a result of the Monticello Convention , Congress approved the creation of Washington Territory in early 1853. President Millard Fillmore approved
4224-565: The Rocky Mountains. Long after the Lewis and Clark Expedition and also after the consolidation of the fur trade in the region by the Canadian fur companies, American mountain men such as Jedediah Smith and Jim Beckwourth came roaming into and across the Rocky Mountains, following Indian trails through the Rockies to California and Oregon. They sought beaver pelts and other furs, which were obtained by trapping . These were difficult to obtain in
4312-606: The United States and Britain negotiated the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which extended the boundary between their territories west along the 49th parallel to the Rocky Mountains. The two countries agreed to "joint occupancy" of the land west of the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean. In 1843, settlers established their government, called the Provisional Government of Oregon . A legislative committee drafted
4400-543: The adoption of further non-aboriginal words has been observed. During the gold rush , Chinook Jargon was used in British Columbia at first by gold prospectors and Royal Engineers ; as industry developed, Chinook Jargon was often used by cannery workers, hop pickers, loggers, fishermen, and ranchers. It is possible that, at one point, the population of British Columbia spoke Chinook Jargon more than any other language, even English. Historian Jane Barman wrote: The persistence of everyday relationships between Natives and Europeans
4488-481: The area in 1811. This settlement later became the nucleus of present-day Astoria, Oregon . During the construction of Fort Astoria, Thompson traveled down the Columbia River, noting the partially constructed American Fort Astoria only two months after the departure of the supply ship Tonquin . Along the way, Thompson had set foot on and claimed for the British Crown the lands near the future Fort Nez Percés site at
SECTION 50
#17330845195444576-595: The confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers. This claim initiated a very brief era of competition between American and British fur traders. During the War of 1812 , Fort Astoria was captured by the British and sold to the North West Company. Under British control, Fort Astoria was renamed Fort George. In 1821, when the North West Company was merged with the Hudson's Bay Company, the British Parliament moved to impose
4664-431: The drastic decline of the fur trade due to diminishing supply all contributed to catastrophic decline in Indian population after 1846, and the arbitrary seizure of their land over the following two decades in the interests of newly arrived settlers. The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins. The term orejón comes from the historical chronicle Relación de la Alta y Baja California (1598) which
4752-597: The ethnographic records and the records left by Francis Drake's expedition. She found new evidence that the people Drake met were speaking some Jargon words to Drake and his men. The pre-contact hypothesis states that the language developed prior to European settlement as an intra-indigenous contact language in a region marked by divisive geography and intense linguistic diversity. It eventually expanded to incorporate elements of European languages, with approximately 15 percent of its lexicon derived from French . The Jargon also acquired English loanwords, and its written form
4840-529: The first Europeans to use Chinook Jargon were traders , trappers , voyageurs , coureurs des bois , and Catholic missionaries . The original Jargon was a pidgin, originally used as a second language by speakers of other Native American languages in the area. It had sentence-initial negation, which is atypical of regional languages, and also didn't have typical complex morphology . It had an SVO structure , while Chinookan and Salishan languages were VSO. However, local Athabaskan languages were SOV, so this
4928-487: The growing settlements in the Willamette Valley. He fought Simpson's proposals to move north in vain. By the time Simpson decided in 1842 to move the headquarters to Vancouver Island, he had many reasons for doing so. There was a dramatic decline in the fur trade across North America. In contrast, the HBC saw increasing profits with coastal exports of salmon and lumber to Pacific markets such as Hawaii . Coal deposits on Vancouver Island had been discovered, and steamships such as
5016-426: The headwaters of the Columbia River. From there he navigated nearly the full length of the river through to the Pacific Ocean. In 1810, John Jacob Astor commissioned and began the construction of the American Pacific Fur Company fur-trading post at Fort Astoria, just 5 miles (8 kilometers) from the site of Lewis and Clark's former Fort Clatsop, completing construction of the first permanent Euro-American settlement in
5104-399: The intention of the North West Company to build a trading post on the site. Later in 1811, on the same expedition, he finished his survey of the entire Columbia, arriving at a partially constructed Fort Astoria two months after the departure of John Jacob Astor 's ill-fated Tonquin . The Oregon Country was originally claimed by Great Britain, France, Russia, and Spain; the Spanish claim
5192-425: The land north of 42° N latitude , south of 54°40′ N latitude, and west of the Rocky Mountains down to the Pacific Ocean and east to the Continental Divide . Article III of the 1818 treaty gave joint control to both nations for ten years, allowed land to be claimed, and guaranteed free navigation to all mercantile trade. However, both countries disputed the terms of the international treaty. Oregon Country
5280-423: The language to the public. Henry Zenk was brought onto the project in 1998 after having previous experience with the language, documenting it in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Community classes were started in the summer of 1998, and a dictionary was released in 2012. This dictionary was compiled from the Chinuk Wawa of Grand Ronde elders, chiefly from the Hudson, Wacheno and Riggs families. The dictionary features
5368-399: The language used in Grand Ronde, Oregon , prefer the term Chinuk Wawa (with the spelling 'Chinuk' instead of 'Chinook'). Historical speakers did not use the name Chinook Wawa , but rather "the Wawa" or "Lelang" (from Fr. la langue , the language, or tongue). Wawa also means speech or words; "have a wawa" means "hold a parley", even in modern idiomatic English, Lelang also means
SECTION 60
#17330845195445456-399: The laws of Upper Canada upon British subjects in Columbia District and Rupert's Land and issued the authority to enforce those laws to the Hudson's Bay Company. Chief Factor John McLoughlin was appointed manager of the district's operations in 1824. He moved the regional company headquarters to Fort Vancouver (modern Vancouver, Washington ) in 1824. Fort Vancouver became the centre of
5544-480: The natives around the Fort. At Grand Ronde, the resettlement of tribes from all over Oregon in a multi-tribal agency led to the use of Chinuk Wawa as a common tongue among the linguistically diverse population. These circumstances led to the creolization of Chinuk Wawa at Grand Ronde. There is also evidence that creolization occurred at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz reservation paralleling Grand Ronde, although, due to language revitalization efforts being focused on
5632-430: The new territory on March 2, 1853. Alexander Ross , an early Scottish Canadian fur trader, describes the lower reaches of the Willamette River, in the south of the Oregon Country (known to him as the Columbia District): The banks of the river throughout are low and skirted in the distance by a chain of moderately high lands on each side, interspersed here and there with clumps of wide spreading oaks, groves of pine, and
5720-454: The northern border of the region and often erroneously attributed to Polk's campaign. The goal of the slogan was to rally Southern expansionists (some of whom wanted to annex only Texas in an effort to tip the balance of slave/free states and territories in favor of slavery) to support the effort to annex Oregon Country, appealing to the popular belief in manifest destiny . The British government, meanwhile, sought control of all territory north of
5808-442: The participation of British subjects in the government. Although the Oregon Treaty of 1846 settled the boundaries of U.S. jurisdiction, the provisional government continued to function until 1849, when the first governor of Oregon Territory arrived. A faction of Oregon politicians hoped to continue Oregon's political evolution into an independent nation, but the pressure to join the United States prevailed by 1848, four months after
5896-427: The physical bodypart, the tongue. The name for the Jargon varied throughout the territory in which it was used. For example: skokum hiyu in the Boston Bar - Lytton area of the Fraser Canyon . In many areas it was simply "the old trade language" or "the Hudson Bay language". Whether Jargon was a post-contact or pre-contact language has been the subject of debate among scholars. In 2016, linguist John Lyon studied
5984-401: The present-day borders of the Canadian province of British Columbia and the entirety of the U.S. states of Oregon , Washington , and Idaho , as well as parts of Montana and Wyoming . Throughout this period, the Oregon Country was inhabited by numerous independent American Indian peoples, who received no recognition by the British or American governments in the eventual disposition of
6072-484: The region. The Hudson's Bay Company, which had previously discouraged settlement as it conflicted with the lucrative fur trade, belatedly reversed its position. In 1841, on orders from Sir George Simpson , James Sinclair guided more than 100 settlers from the Red River Colony to settle on HBC farms near Fort Vancouver. The Sinclair expedition crossed the Rockies into the Columbia Valley , near present-day Radium Hot Springs , British Columbia, then traveled southwest down
6160-414: The river at all. The growing numbers of American settlers along the lower Columbia gave Simpson reason to question the long-term security of Fort Vancouver. He worried, rightfully so, that the final border resolution would not follow the Columbia River. By 1842, he thought it more likely that the United States would at least demand Puget Sound , and the British government would accept a border as far north as
6248-410: The river from side to side in the form of an irregular horseshoe, over which the whole body of water falls at one leap down a precipice of about forty feet, called the Falls . After living in Oregon from 1843 to 1848, Peter H. Burnett wrote: [Oregonians] were all honest, because there was nothing to steal; they were all sober, because there was no liquor to drink; there were no misers, because there
6336-625: The southern part of the region. It is most probable that the American territory was named by the Spaniards, as there are some populations in Spain such as Arroyo del Oregón , which is in the province of Ciudad Real , also considering that the individualization in Spanish language el Orejón with the mutation of the letter g instead of j . Another theory is that French Canadian fur company employees called
6424-409: The territory. Indian traders nevertheless played a critical role in the ongoing fur trade that still formed the Oregon Country's primary economic activity until mid-century, and the language of the Chinook nation of the lower Columbia river ( Chinook jargon ) formed the lingua franca between Indians and the small European population during and after the 1818-46 period. This was the last period in which
6512-537: The tribe published a Chinuk Wawa dictionary through University of Washington Press . At her swearing-in as lieutenant governor in 2001, Iona Campagnolo concluded her speech in Chinook, saying " konoway tillicums klatawa kunamokst klaska mamook okoke huloima chee illahie " – Chinook for "everyone was thrown together to make this strange new country [British Columbia]", lit. ' All people go together they make this strange new land ' . An art installation featuring Chinook Jargon, "Welcome to
6600-537: The word lists collected by Francis Drake and his crew on the 1579 voyage that took them to the Oregon coast. Lyon compared the seven words and phrases found on the Native vocabulary list recorded by Drake and his men with the vocabularies of Native languages on the west coast (Lyon 2016). Of the five single words on the list, Lyon found that the word petáh, which was the Native word for a root that can be eaten raw or made into cakes called cheepe , were meaning matches for
6688-578: Was Jargon in use in Queen Charlotte, but this " Haida Jargon " is not known to have shared anything in common with Chinook Jargon or with the Nootkan-Chinookan "proto-jargon", which is its main foundation. There are a few main spelling variations of Chinook Jargon but each individual writer also had their own spelling variations. Jargon Chinook Alphabet (Grande Ronde): Many words are still used throughout Oregon, Washington , British Columbia,
6776-503: Was Jay Powell, a University of British Columbia anthropological linguist who had dedicated himself to the revitalization of Indigenous languages. A small group led by Sam Sullivan formed around him, organizing learning sessions and starting the BC Chinook Jargon initiative website. Sullivan's efforts to expand public awareness of Chinook Jargon have included an interview with Powell conducted entirely in that language. The interview
6864-402: Was later taken up by the United States. The extent of the region being claimed was vague at first, evolving over decades into the specific borders specified in the U.S.-British treaty of 1818 . The United States based its claim in part on Robert Gray's entry of the Columbia River in 1792 and the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Great Britain based its claim in part on British overland explorations of
6952-641: Was named captain of the unit. This Oregon -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Oregon Country Oregon Country was a large region of the Pacific Northwest of North America that was subject to a long dispute between the United Kingdom and the United States in the early 19th century. The area, which had been demarcated by the Treaty of 1818 , consisted of
7040-403: Was no money to hoard; and they were all industrious, because it was work or starve. 48°N 122°W / 48°N 122°W / 48; -122 Chinook Jargon Chinook Jargon ( Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Wawa , also known simply as Chinook or Jargon ) is a language originating as a pidgin trade language in the Pacific Northwest . It spread during
7128-529: Was organized through Kumtuks, a British Columbia focused educational video series whose name comes from the Chinook word for knowledge. The online magazine Kaltash Wawa was founded in November 2020 using BC Chinook Jargon and written in Chinuk Pipa, the alphabet based on Dupoyan shorthand. British Columbian English and Pacific Northwest English have several words still in current use which are loanwords from
7216-437: Was probably a result of contact — a cross-language compromise. Only later did Chinook Jargon acquire significant English and French lexical items. The Jargon is influenced by individuals' accents and terms from their native languages; as Kanakas married into First Nations and non-native families, their particular mode of the Jargon is believed to have contained Hawaiian words or Hawaiian styles of pronunciation. In some areas,
7304-452: Was reported that there was one native speaker of Chinook Jargon (specifically the Grand Ronde variety). An estimated 1,000 people had oral or written knowledge of Chinook Jargon as a second language. In 2015, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated based on the self-reported American Community Survey that around 45 people (with a margin of error of 25) spoke Chinook Jargon at home in the period 2009–2013. According to Nard Jones , Chinook Jargon
7392-511: Was still in use in Seattle until roughly the eve of World War II , especially among the members of the Arctic Club. Seattle was the last city where the language was widely used. Writing in 1972, Jones remarked that "Only a few can speak it fully, men of ninety or a hundred years old, like Henry Broderick , the realtor, and Joshua Green , the banker." There is some controversy about the origin of
7480-472: Was the American name, while the British used Columbia District for the region . British and French Canadian fur traders had entered Oregon Country prior to 1810 before the arrival of American settlers from the mid-1830s onwards, which led to the foundation of the Provisional Government of Oregon . Its coastal areas north of the Columbia River were frequented by ships from all nations engaged in
7568-471: Was the Columbia, as had been theorized about its northern reaches through New Caledonia, where it was known by its Dakleh name as the "Tacoutche Tesse". Thompson was the first European to voyage down the entire length of the Columbia River. Along the way, his party camped at the junction with the Snake River on July 9, 1811. He erected a pole and a notice claiming the country for the United Kingdom and stating
7656-437: Was the language of instruction in the school for Indian children that Hills established near Victoria in 1860. ... Chinook entered the mainstream. ... It was only after mid-century, when almost all Indian adults had learned basic English in school, that everyday use of Chinook died out in British Columbia. A heavily creolized form of Chinook Jargon is still spoken as a first language by some residents of Oregon , much as
7744-606: Was written by the New Spaniard Rodrigo Motezuma and which made reference to the Columbia River when the Spanish explorers penetrated into the North American territory that became part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . This chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon . There are also two other sources with Spanish origins, such as the name Oregano , which grows in
#543456