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44-408: Lindsay Laird was educated at Worcester Grammar School for girls and at Newnham College , Cambridge where she not only read Natural Science ( Zoology ) but also played squash for Cambridge, gaining a half-blue. During her time at Cambridge a brown hairy moth from Borneo ( Dasychira lairdi ) was named after her. After graduation in 1971, an Atlantic Salmon Trust scholarship took her to Sutherland in

88-462: A certificate from their colleges, was rebuffed in 1887 and a second try in 1897 went down to even more spectacular defeat. Undergraduates demonstrating against the women and their supporters did hundreds of pounds' worth of damage in the Market Square. The First World War brought a catastrophic collapse of fee income for the men's colleges and Cambridge and Oxford both sought state financial help for

132-478: A chevron gules between in chief two crosses botonny fitchy sable and in base a boar's head couped sable langued gules" – slightly differing from the arms of Kennedy of Kirkmichael , which has crosses crosslet fitchy. The other great benefactors of the college were Henry Sidgwick and Eleanor Mildred Balfour , who married in 1876. Mrs Sidgwick was Vice-Principal of one of the College's Halls, later becoming Principal of

176-545: A laboratory and a library, in the years up to the First World War . The architect Basil Champneys was employed throughout this period and designed the buildings in the Queen Anne style to much acclaim, giving the main college buildings an extraordinary unity. These and later buildings are grouped around beautiful gardens, which many visitors to Cambridge never discover, and, unlike most Cambridge colleges, students may walk on

220-1052: A means for differentiating eggs and offspring of anadromous and non-anadromous trout. Physiology of Migratory Fish. Symposium proceedings. International Congress on the biology of fishes. Eds McCormick, S., Sheridan M., Patino R and MacKinlay, D. pp 91–99. Laird L.M. (1996). History and Applications of salmonid culture. In Principles of salmonid culture. Pennell W and Barton BA (Eds). pp 1 – 28 Elsevier. Laird L.M. (1997). Salmon and Trout Farming. Nutrition and Food Science 3, 101-104. Youngson AF, Mitchell AI, Noack, PT and Laird L.M. (1997). Carotenoid pigment profiles distinguish anadromous and nonanadromous brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). Can.J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 1064-1066. Noack PT, Laird L.M. , Priede IG (1997). Carotenoids of sea lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ) as potential indicators of host Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54: 1140-1143. Martin-Smith KM, Laird L.M. , (1998). Depauperate freshwater fish communities in Sabah:

264-587: A system of Electronic Auctions in the Fish Industry. In Quality in Aquaculture, European Aquaculture Society Special Publication No 23. Laird L.M. (1998). Development and Operation of Quality Standards for Farmed Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L: A Case Study. In Book of Abstracts, World Aquaculture 1998, World Aquaculture Society. Laird L.M. (1999). Impact of the quality movement on salmon farming in Scotland and

308-542: Is the only university in the United Kingdom where colleges have admissions policies that discriminate on the basis of gender. Argent , on a chevron azure between in chief two crosses botonny fitchy and in base a mullet sable , a griffin 's head erased or between two mascles of the field. These arms, granted in 1923, were designed by the Revd Edward Earle Dorling to incorporate charges from

352-816: The Scottish Agricultural College . She joined the Scottish Fisheries Committee the next year, monitoring effects of the electricity industry on salmon and other fisheries, and was also invited by Shetland Salmon Farming Association to advise on the Braer oil pollution spill. She was invited to join the Scottish Salmon Strategy Task Force in 1995, and in 1998 became Vice-President of the Scottish Executive Fisheries Committee. Beyond Scotland, from 1992 she

396-469: The University of Cambridge . The college was founded in 1871 by a group organising Lectures for Ladies, members of which included philosopher Henry Sidgwick and suffragist campaigner Millicent Garrett Fawcett . It was the second women's college to be founded at Cambridge, following Girton College . The College celebrated its 150th anniversary throughout 2021 and 2022. The history of Newnham begins with

440-456: The University of Stirling Aquatic Pathobiology Unit, on a Shell Fellowship. She also published key papers on basic techniques now considered routine: freeze branding of juvenile salmon, and benzocaine as a fish anaesthetic. The following year she obtained Nuffield Foundation funding for a project at Aberdeen University on methods of inducing auto-immune rejection of fish gonads. She applied her fundamental knowledge of life cycles of salmon to

484-626: The 1880s and 1890s. The college formally came into existence in 1880 with the amalgamation of the Association and the Company. Women were allowed to sit University examinations as of right from 1881; their results were recorded in separate class-lists. Its name has occasionally been spelt phonetically as Newham College. The demand from prospective students remained buoyant and the Newnham Hall Company built steadily, providing three more halls,

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528-401: The College in 1892. Their arms were – Sidgwick (assumed arms): Gules, a fess between three griffins' heads erased or; and Balfour (of Balbirnie): Argent, on a chevron engrailed between three mullets sable an otter's head erased argent. In the college arms the chevron links them with the coats of Balfour and Kennedy, while its colour and the mascles refer to Clough. The crosses come from Kennedy,

572-454: The arms of those intimately connected with the founding of the college. In the early years of the college Anne Clough was the Principal . She was a member of the landed gentry family of Clough of Plas Clough , Denbighshire , whose arms are blazoned "Azure, between three mascles a greyhound's head couped argent". The out-students were under the care of Marion Kennedy . Her arms were "Argent,

616-772: The autoimmune approach. In: Reproductive Physiology of Fish. (ed. by C.J.J. Richter and H.J.Th. Goos). Pudoc, Wageningen, p. 81. Secombes, C.J., Lewis, A.E., Laird, L.M. , Needham, E.A. and Priede, I.G. (1984). Agglutination of spermatozoa by autoantibodies in the rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). J. Fish Biology 25: 691-696. Secombes, C.J., Lewis, A.E., Laird, L.M., Needham, E.A. and Priede, I.G. (1985). Experimentally induced immune reactions to gonad in rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). In: The FSBI Symposium on Fish Immunology. (ed. by M.J. Manning and M.F. Tatner). Academic Press, London, pp. 343–355. Secombes, C.J., Lewis, A.E., Needham, E.A., Laird, L.M. and Priede, I.G. (1985). Appearance of autoantigens during gonad maturation in

660-597: The autoimmune response to testis in rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). Immunology 56: 409-415. Secombes, C.J., Laird, L.M. and Priede, I.G. (1987). Immunological approaches to control maturation in fish. II. A review of the autoimmune approach. Aquaculture 60: 287-302. Laird L.M. & Needham, EA, (1988) Salmon farming and the future of the Atlantic salmon. In The status of the Atlantic salmon in Scotland. ITE/NERC publication, Ed Jenkins D., 66-72 Noack P, McLay, HA, Noble LR & Laird L.M. (1996). Carotenoid pigments as

704-422: The college. Demand continued to increase and the supporters of the enterprise formed a limited company to raise funds, lease land and build on it. in 1875 the first building for Newnham College was built on the site off Sidgwick Avenue where the college remains. In 1876 Henry Sidgwick married Eleanor Mildred Balfour who was already a supporter of women's education. They lived at Newnham for two periods during

748-462: The conversion of the last men-only colleges into mixed colleges in the 1970s and '80s, there were inevitably questions about whether any of the remaining women-only colleges would also change to mixed colleges. The issue again became prominent as women-only colleges throughout the rest of the country began admitting men, and following the 2007 announcement that Oxford University's last remaining women-only college, St Hilda's , would admit men, Cambridge

792-464: The developing aquaculture industry in Scotland and Norway which at that time was struggling with problems of control of sexual maturation in salmon. She conducted in Norway the first experiments on autoimmune sterilization of salmon by injection. She foresaw the need to control of the life cycle of salmon in captivity in order to make production more predictable and also more profitable. After she defined

836-430: The development of standards for Organic Aquaculture. In Towards Predictable Quality. European Aquaculture Society Special Publication No 27. Salmon Advisory Committee technical reports: Factors affecting emigrating smolts and returning adults (1993). Run timing of salmon (1994). The effects of predation on salmon fisheries (1996). Newnham College Newnham College is a women's constituent college of

880-594: The far north of Scotland to study the wild salmon of the River Brora , which was followed by Ph.D. studies on salmon and trout in North Wales under the supervision of Dr Jack Jones of Liverpool University . Her work on salmon continued at Liverpool University where she obtained her Ph.D.in 1974 with her thesis Growth and Movements of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon & Brown Trout in AfonMynach . Laird began her career in 1975 at

924-436: The first time. Concrete change within the university would have to wait until the first female colleges were formed, and following the foundation of Girton College (1869) and Newnham (1871) women were allowed into lectures, albeit at the discretion of the lecturer. By 1881, however, a general permission to sit examinations was negotiated. A first attempt to secure for the women the titles and privileges of their degrees, not just

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968-481: The first time. This was the context in which the women tried once more to secure inclusion, this time asking not only for the titles of degrees but also for the privileges and involvement in university government that possession of degrees proper would bring. In Oxford this was secured in 1920 but in Cambridge the women went down to defeat again in 1921, having to settle for the titles – the much-joked-about BA tit – but not

1012-479: The formation of the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women in Cambridge in 1869. The progress of women at Cambridge University owes much to the pioneering work undertaken by the philosopher Henry Sidgwick , fellow of Trinity . Lectures for Ladies had been started in Cambridge in 1869, and such was the demand from those who could not travel in and out on a daily basis that in 1871 Sidgwick, one of

1056-549: The grass for most of the year. Many young women in mid-19th-century England had no access to the kind of formal secondary schooling which would have enabled them to go straight into the same university courses as the young men – the first principal herself had never been a pupil in a school. So Newnham's founders allowed the young women to work at and to a level which suited their attainments and abilities. Some of them, with an extra year's preparation, did indeed go on to degree-level work. And as girls' secondary schools were founded in

1100-529: The interests of students in the college and are responsible for social aspects of college life. Undergraduates are members of the Junior Combination Room (JCR), whilst graduate students are members of the Middle Combination Room (MCR). Newnham has many societies of its own including clubs for rowing, football, netball, tennis, and many other sports, as well as several choirs. As Newnham is

1144-648: The last quarter of the 19th century , staffed often by those who had been to the women's colleges of Cambridge, Oxford and London, the situation began to change. In 1890 the Newnham student Philippa Fawcett was ranked above the Senior Wrangler , i.e. top in the Mathematical Tripos . By the First World War the vast majority of Newnham students were going straight into degree-level courses. A new Pfeiffer Building

1188-737: The men, on the same time-table. This meant that Girton attracted a much smaller intake in its early years. But the Newnham Council held its ground, reinforced by the commitment of many of its members to educational reform generally and a wish to change some of the courses Cambridge was offering to its men. In 1948 Newnham, like Girton, attained the full status of a college of the university. The university as an institution at first took no notice of these women and arrangements to sit examinations had to be negotiated with each examiner individually. In 1868 Cambridge's Local Examinations Board (governing non-university examinations) allowed women to take exams for

1232-458: The mullet from Balfour, and the griffin's head from Sidgwick. No crest was granted, for although a corporate body may have a crest, it was thought that a crest and helm would be inappropriate to one composed entirely of women. Basil Champneys designed what was popularly said to be "the second-longest continuous indoor corridor in Europe" in order to prevent the women of the college stepping outside in

1276-647: The organisers of the lectures, rented a house at 74, Regent Street (Cambridge) to house five female students who wished to attend lectures but did not live near enough to the University to do so. He persuaded Anne Clough , who had previously run a school in the Lake District , to take charge of this house . The following year (1872), Clough moved to Merton House (built c. 1800) on Queen's Road , then to premises in Bateman Street. Clough eventually became president of

1320-639: The original French. 1992: Fellowship, Institute of Fisheries Management , (Training Committee) 1992: Director of AquaTT, Irish Aquaculture Training Partnership 1993: Board of Directors, Lakeland Marine Farm Ltd 1994-2000: Board member of European Aquaculture Society (EAS) 1997-2001: Board member, AMC Ltd. Ireland 1998: first Chairman, Organic Fish Producers Association Laird L.M. (1972). The River Brora. Salmon and Trout Magazine 143-148. Laird L.M. , Roberts, RJ, Shearer WM & McArdle, JF (1975). Freeze branding of juvenile salmon. J. Fish Biol. 7, 167-171. Laird L.M. & Oswald, RL (1975). A note on

1364-416: The possibility of inducing autoimmune destruction of the testis. Ann. Biol. Anim. Bioch. Biophys., 18, 1101-1106. Laird L.M. (1978) Marking Fish. In, Animal Marking and Tagging. Macmillan, London. Laird L.M. & Wilson, AR (1979). A method for improving the survival of fish eggs during transportation. Fish. Mgmt 110, 129-131. Laird L.M. , Wilson, AR & Holliday, FGT (1980). Lesions observed in

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1408-512: The rain. The laboratory, which can be found near the sports field, now houses a space which hosts a range of cultural events, such as theatre productions, music recitals and art exhibitions. Alongside a formal hall , there is also a modern buttery in which to eat and relax. The College is also home to the Grade II* listed 1897 Yates Thompson Library and the Horner Markwick building. The library

1452-424: The rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). J. Exp. Zoology 233: 425-431. Secombes, C.J., Needham, E.A., Laird, L.M. , Lewis, A.E. and Priede, I.G. (1985). The long-term effects of auto-immunologically induced granulomas on the testes of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri , Richardson). J. Fish Biol. 26: 483-489. Secombes, C.J., Lewis, A.E., Laird, L.M. , Needham, E.A. and Priede, I.G. (1985). The role of autoantibodies in

1496-862: The role of barriers to movement and habitat quality. J. Fish Biol. 53 (Supplement A) 331 – 344. Martin-Smith KM, Laird L.M. , Bullough L & Lewis MG (1999). Mechanisms of maintenance of tropical freshwater fish communities in the face of disturbance. Phil Trans R.Soc.Lond.B 18-3-1810. Martin-Smith, K. M. & Laird, L.M. (1999). Reproductive patterns in some Cypriniformes from Borneo. Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf., Nouméa 1997 (eds. B. Seret & J.-Y. Sire): 493-504. Paris: Soc. Fr. Ichtyol. Martin-Smith, K. M., Bullough, L. & Laird, L.M. (1999). Short-term movements of freshwater fishes in Sabah, Borneo. Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf., Nouméa 1997 (eds. B. Seret & J.-Y. Sire): 45-56. Paris: Soc. Fr. Ichtyol. Revell B, Laird L.M. , and Clay P (1995). Benefits of introducing

1540-476: The standards for Organic Farmed Salmon (together with K. McCallum of Orkney Salmon), her concept of a green label for farmed salmon to provide quality assurance for customers was taken up by firms such as Marks & Spencer . In 1988 she became a Teaching fellow and Aquaculture Development Officer at the University of Aberdeen, where she developed the Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.) in Aquaculture, jointly run with

1584-408: The substance of degrees. This time the male undergraduates celebrating victory over the women used a handcart as a battering ram to destroy the lower half of the bronze gates at Newnham, a memorial to Anne Clough. The women spent the inter-war years trapped on the threshold of the university. They could hold university posts but they could not speak or vote in the affairs of their own departments or of

1628-527: The testis of precociously maturing male Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J.Fish Biol. 17, 343-348. Laird L.M. , Wilson, AR & Holliday, FGT (1980). Field trials of a method of induction of autoimmune gonad rejection in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reprod. Nutr. Develop., 20, 1761-1788. Laird L.M. , (1980). Control of reproduction in farmed salmonids. Proceedings of the 12th Annual Study Course, Institute of Fisheries Management. Secombes, C.J., Laird, L.M. and Priede, I.G. (1982). Fish sterilisation:

1672-865: The tundra near Murmansk in Russian ex-military helicopters to report on salmon fishing for the British Council . In 1997 she was UK delegate on the EU ALFA project, visiting fish farms in Chile. Lindsay Laird died from cancer in 2001. Her name was given to the Lindsay Laird Innovation in Aquaculture Award, inaugurated in 2008. Laird co-edited Salmon and Trout Farming (1988) and co-wrote Handbook of Salmon Farming (2002). She also translated Aquaculture Volumes 1 & 2 (1990) and Carp Biology and Farming from

1716-464: The university as a whole. Finally, in 1948 the women were admitted to full membership of the university, although the university still retained powers to limit their numbers. National university expansion after the Second World War brought further change. In 1954, a third women's college, New Hall, (now Murray Edwards College ), was founded. In 1965 the first mixed graduate college, Darwin College ,

1760-469: The use of benzocaine (Ethyl-P-aminobenzoate) as a fish anaesthetic. Fish Mgmt 6, 92-94. Laird L.M. and Stott B, (1978). Marking and tagging. In Methods for the Assessment of Fish Production in freshwaters. Ed Bagenal, T. 84-100. Laird L.M. , Ellis, AE, Wilson, AR & Holliday, FGT (1978). The development of the gonadal and immune systems of the Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) and a consideration of

1804-412: Was built in 1893, largely funded by £5,000 from a bequest by the poet Emily Jane Pfeiffer to support the education of women. In tailoring the curriculum to the students, Newnham found itself at odds with the other Cambridge college for women, Girton , founded two years earlier. Emily Davies , Girton's founder, believed passionately that equality could only be expressed by women doing the same courses as

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1848-467: Was founded. The 1970s saw three men's colleges ( Churchill , Clare and King's ) admit women for the first time. Gradually Cambridge was ceasing to be "a men's university although of a mixed type", as it had been described in the 1920s in a memorably confused phrase. Cambridge now has no all-male colleges and Girton is also mixed. Newnham and Murray Edwards retain all-female student bodies, whilst Lucy Cavendish College started admitting men in 2021. With

1892-791: Was involved in EU education and training programmes FORCE, COMETT, ERASMUS and LEONARDO. Between 1992 and 1997 she spent periods of time at the Danum Valley Research Centre, Sabah , funded by the Royal Society and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and on aquaculture and fisheries projects in Sarawak , Philippines , Taiwan and Singapore . In 1994 she worked in the Kola Peninsula , Russia, journeying across

1936-472: Was originally Newnham students' primary reference source since women were not allowed into the University Library . The library was built with a gift from Henry Yates Thompson and his wife, Elizabeth. It remains one of the largest college libraries in Cambridge with a collection of 100,000 volumes, including approximately 6,000 rare books. The college has two official combination rooms that represent

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