63-464: The Lincoln Cathedral Library is a library of Lincoln Cathedral in Lincolnshire , England. It is housed in a building designed by Christopher Wren . The collection includes 120 “ incunabula ”, that is books printed before 1500. As well as a reference collection of c.10,000 items, there are 260 mediaeval manuscripts, including works of theology, canon law, devotional books, music and literature, and
126-405: A donation of £1,000 (equivalent to £660,000 in 2023) from Alfred Shuttleworth, an engineer and later chairman of Clayton & Shuttleworth . This, together with other private gifts and a public subscription, allowed work to progress. On St Hugh's Day , 17 November 1898, the organ was inaugurated at a service attended by 4,700 people. Willis had intended that the organ be electrically-powered,
189-461: A duplicate of the Westminster Abbey tomb there. The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and replaced with a 19th-century copy. On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two prominent statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored in the 19th century and they were probably not originally intended to depict
252-474: A new library building with £780 of his own money on the site of the ruined north cloister. Honywood commissioned the design from Sir Christopher Wren , who also supervised throughout, as is indicated by a page which survives in the Cathedral collections, setting out the prices for painting and gilding, and written and signed by Wren. The external Tuscan Doric colonnade of the exterior is serenely classical yet
315-595: A vault failure. After the earthquake, a new bishop was appointed. He was Hugh de Burgundy of Avalon, France , who became known as St Hugh of Lincoln . He began a massive rebuilding and expansion programme. With his appointment of William de Montibus as master of the cathedral school and chancellor, Lincoln briefly became one of the leading educational centres in England, producing writers such as Samuel Presbiter and Richard of Wetheringsett , though it declined in importance after William's death in 1213. Rebuilding began with
378-614: Is 1.5 seconds. The hour hammer is 224 pounds (102 kg), striking upon the Great Tom bell. The striking trains require winding daily, when done manually it took 20 minutes. The going train required winding twice per week. The clock mechanism contains the inscription Quod bene vortat Deus Opt. Max., Consiliis Edmundi Beckett, Baronetti, LL.D., Opera Gul. Potts et Filiorum, civium Leodiensium, Sumptibus Decani et Capituli, Novum in Turri positum est Horologium, A.D. MDCCCLXXX . The South West tower of
441-419: Is believed some mistakes in the support of the tower occurred, for in 1237 the main tower collapsed. A new tower was soon started and in 1255 the cathedral petitioned Henry III to allow them to take down part of the town wall to enlarge and expand the cathedral, including the rebuilding of the central tower and spire. They replaced the small rounded chapels (built at the time of St Hugh) with a larger east end to
504-566: Is held on the National Pipe Organ Register . In Letitia Elizabeth Landon 's poetical illustration Lincoln Cathedral to a painting by Thomas Allom , she remarks on the derivation of Gothic tracery from "the arches of the old oak trees". This was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837. The cathedral was used for the filming of The Da Vinci Code (based on the book of the same name ). Filming took place mainly within
567-578: Is one of the few English cathedrals built from the rock on which it stands. It is mostly built from Lincolnshire Limestone . The cathedral has owned the existing quarry, on Riseholme Road, Lincoln, since 1876. As of 2016, the quarry was expected to run out of stone in 2021. The cathedral's stonemasons use more than 100 tonnes of stone per year for maintenance and repairs. The choir is currently formed of adult singers (who are either lay vicars or choral scholars), and teams of about 20 girls and 20 boys. The cathedral accepted female choristers in 1995. Lincoln
630-512: Is one of the largest examples of curvilinear tracery seen in medieval architecture. Curvilinear tracery is a form of tracery where the patterns are continuous curves. This form was often done within pointed arches and squared windows because those are the easiest shapes, so the circular space of the window was a unique challenge to the designers. A solution was created that called for the circle to be divided into smaller shapes that would make it simpler to design and create. Curves were drawn within
693-573: Is the first earthquake in England for which there are reliable reports indicating damage. The moment magnitude of the shock was estimated to be above 5.0 and its intensity was placed at VII ( Damaging ) on the European macroseismic scale . The earthquake of 15 April 1185 in the region of East Midlands was one of the largest and most damaging earthquakes the British Isles had ever encountered. The magnitude has been estimated at 5 M w . Some think
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#1732868991692756-560: The British Library and one at Salisbury Cathedral . In August 1255 the body of an eight-year-old boy was found in a well in Lincoln. He had been missing for nearly a month. This incident became the source of a blood libel in the city, with Jews accused of his abduction, torture, and murder. Many Jews were arrested and eighteen were hanged . The boy became known as Little Saint Hugh, to distinguish him from Saint Hugh of Lincoln , but he
819-637: The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln , is a Church of England cathedral in Lincoln , England. It is the seat of the bishop of Lincoln and is the mother church of the diocese of Lincoln . The cathedral is governed by its dean and chapter , and is a grade I listed building. The earliest parts of the current building date to 1072, when bishop Remigius de Fécamp moved his seat from Dorchester on Thames to Lincoln. The building
882-471: The Renaissance composers William Byrd and John Reading and the biographer of Mendelssohn , William Thomas Freemantle . One of the best examples of the work of "Father" Henry Willis , and the last he designed before his death, the cathedral organ dates from 1898. Willis had completed the design by 1885 but a shortfall in funding delayed construction and installation. This was made possible in 1898, after
945-475: The choir (St Hugh's Choir) and the eastern transepts between 1192 and 1210. The central nave was then built in the Early English Gothic architectural style. Lincoln Cathedral soon followed other architectural advances of the time – pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting were added to the cathedral. This allowed support for incorporating larger windows. There are thirteen bells in
1008-661: The epicentre of the earthquake was close to Nottingham in East Midlands. The epicentre has also been suggested to be in or around Lincolnshire . However, it could possibly be anywhere from Dogger Bank to the East Midlands. Some references talk of the earthquake happening somewhere offshore in the North Sea east of northern England; its effects may have been felt as far away as Norway . The historian Matthew Paris did not report it as being felt in London. His history records show that
1071-421: The episcopal seat ( cathedra ) there "some time between 1072 and 1092". About this, James Essex writes that "Remigius ... laid the foundations of his Cathedral in 1072" and "it is probable that he, being a Norman , employed Norman masons to superintend the building ... though he could not complete the whole before his death." Before that, writes B Winkles, "It is well known that Remigius appropriated
1134-523: The parish church of St Mary Magdalene in Lincoln , although it is not known what use he made of it." When Lincoln Cathedral was first built, William the Conqueror granted the parish of Welton to Remigius in order to endow six prebends which provided income to support six canons attached to the cathedral. These were subsequently confirmed by William II and Henry I . Until then St Mary's Church in Stow
1197-658: The Angel Choir is known as the Lincoln Imp, and since the late nineteenth century it has become the symbol of the city. The carving dates from the 13th century but received little attention until the late 19th century, when it figured in Arnold Frost's poem, "The Ballad of the Wind, the Devil and Lincoln Minster". The Wren Library houses a rare collection of over 277 manuscripts, including
1260-520: The Angel Choir were built in the Perpendicular style , with an emphasis on strong vertical lines, which survive today in the window tracery and wall panelling. Hugh of Wells , Bishop of Lincoln, was one of the signatories to Magna Carta and for hundreds of years the cathedral held one of the four remaining copies of the original, now securely displayed in Lincoln Castle . The Lincoln Magna Carta
1323-508: The Dean's Eye in the north transept dates from the 1192 rebuild begun by St Hugh, completed in 1235. The latter, the Bishop's Eye, in the south transept was reconstructed a hundred years later in 1330. A contemporary record, "The Metrical Life of St Hugh", refers to the meaning of these two windows (one on the dark, north, side and the other on the light, south, side of the building): For north represents
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#17328689916921386-682: The Mediaeval Library, which was built to accommodate around a hundred manuscripts. Michael Honywood was made Dean of Lincoln at the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, with the huge task of repairing the fabric of the cathedral, ravaged by the Parliamentarian soldiers during the Civil War. General repairs took him until 1674, when he was finally able to begin his cherished project of providing
1449-570: The Second World War. During the war, "priceless British treasures" were placed in a chamber sixty feet beneath the cathedral for safekeeping. This did not include the cathedral's copy of Magna Carta as it was on loan in the United States . A major renovation of the West Front was undertaken in 2000. It was discovered that the flying buttresses on the east end were no longer connected to
1512-471: The South Chapel has vaults that stem from one central support column. The use of sexpartite vaults allowed for more natural light to enter the cathedral through the clerestory windows, which were placed inside of each bay. Saint Hugh's Choir exhibits a series of asymmetrical vaults that appear to almost be a diagonal line created by two ribs on one side translating into only a single rib on the other side of
1575-596: The UK by floor area, at approximately 5,000 m (50,000 sq ft), after Liverpool Cathedral , St Paul's Cathedral , and York Minster . It is highly regarded by architectural scholars; the Victorian writer John Ruskin declared: "I have always held ... that the cathedral of Lincoln is out and out the most precious piece of architecture in the British Isles and roughly speaking worth any two other cathedrals we have." The first Bishop of Lincoln Remigius de Fécamp moved
1638-518: The adjoining stonework , and repairs were made to prevent collapse. Additionally, the stonework of the Dean's Eye window in the transept was crumbling, meaning that a complete reconstruction of the window has had to be carried out according to the conservation criteria set out by the International Council on Monuments and Sites . There was a period of great anxiety when it emerged that the stonework needed to shift only 5 mm (0.20 in) for
1701-677: The cancellation of the Lincoln Christmas Market that year. The cathedral website states: "Everyone is free to enter and gaze at the glory of the nave; you can sit in the peace of the Morning Chapel or visit the shop. If you want to explore further, we do ask you to pay." The cathedral offers tours of the cathedral, the tower and the roof. The peak of its season is the Lincoln Christmas Market, accompanied by an annual production of Handel's Messiah . Lincoln Cathedral
1764-529: The cathedral are said to be both original and experimental. They demonstrate the experimental aspect seen at Lincoln. The vaults differ between the nave, aisles, choir, and chapels. Along the North Aisle there is a continuous ridge rib with a regular arcade that ignores the bays. In the South Aisle there is a discontinuous ridge rib that puts an emphasis on each bay. The North West Chapel has quadripartite vaults and
1827-467: The cathedral contains a fine ring of 13 bells, all cast by John Taylor & Co in Loughborough. The back 8 bells were cast in 1913, with 4 new trebles being added in 1927. In 1948 a flat 6th was added to allow for ringing on the middle 8 bells. The treble bell weighs 5cwt 0qr 2lb (281 kg), with the tenor weighing 23cwt 3qr 23lb (1,217 kg) and striking the note D (nominal 600.0 Hz). The bells are rung from
1890-439: The cathedral is thought to have been very extensive: the cathedral is described as having "split from top to bottom"; in the current building, only the lower part of the west end and its two attached towers remain of the pre-earthquake cathedral. Some (Kidson, 1986; Woo, 1991) have suggested that the damage to Lincoln Cathedral was probably exacerbated by poor construction or design, with the actual collapse most probably caused by
1953-439: The cathedral. This was to handle the increasing number of pilgrims to the cathedral, who came to worship at the shrine of Hugh of Lincoln. In 1290 Eleanor of Castile died and King Edward I of England decided to honour her, his Queen Consort, with an elegant funeral procession. After her body had been embalmed, which in the 13th century involved evisceration , Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln cathedral and Edward placed
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2016-510: The choir of boys and men; the Cathedral Organist and assistant director of music is Jeffrey Makinson, who conducts the choir of girls and men. The organist emeritus is Colin Walsh, previously organist and master of the choristers and then organist laureate. The records of cathedral organists at Lincoln are continuous from 1439 when John Ingleton was the incumbent. Notable organists have included
2079-457: The cloisters, and chapter house, of the cathedral, and remained a closed set. The cathedral took on the role of Westminster Abbey , as the abbey had refused to permit filming. Although there was protest at the filming, the filming was completed by the end of August 2005. To make the Lincoln chapter house appear similar to the Westminster chapter house, murals were painted on a special layer over
2142-506: The contracts for the building specified that the building should be completed in two years. Honywood bequeathed his 5,000 books (including one of only 250 manuscript versions of Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales ) to the Dean and Chapter - these are still in the building built for them. Lincoln is one of only two surviving Wren libraries; the other is the Wren Library of Trinity College, Cambridge , designed by Wren in 1676. Displayed under
2205-487: The couple. Between 1307 and 1311 the central tower was raised to its present height of 271 feet (83 m). The western towers and front of the cathedral were also improved and heightened. At this time, a tall lead-encased wooden spire topped the central tower but was blown down in a storm in 1548. Around 1380, the western towers were raised to their current height. They were capped with wooden spires covered with lead in 1420, but by 1807 they were dismantled. With its spire
2268-449: The designers cut back on the amount of iconography within the window. Most cathedral windows during this time displayed many colourful images of the Bible; however, at Lincoln there are very few images. Some of those images that can be seen within the window include saints Paul, Andrew, and James. One major architectural features of Lincoln Cathedral are the vaults . The varying vaults within
2331-493: The devil, and south the Holy Spirit and it is in these directions that the two eyes look. The bishop faces the south in order to invite in and the dean the north in order to shun; the one takes care to be saved, the other takes care not to perish. With these Eyes the cathedral's face is on watch for the candelabra of Heaven and the darkness of Lethe (oblivion). After the additions of the Dean's eye and other major Gothic additions it
2394-523: The entire window to collapse. Specialist engineers removed the window's tracery before installing a strengthened, more stable replacement. In addition to this the original stained glass was cleaned and set behind a new clear isothermal glass which offers better protection from the elements. By April 2006 the renovation project was completed at a cost of £2 million. It was announced in January 2020 that since 2016, archaeologists had found over 50 burials during
2457-479: The existing wall, and elsewhere polystyrene replicas of Isaac Newton 's tomb and other abbey monuments were set up. For a time these murals and replicas remained in the chapter house, as part of a Da Vinci Code exhibit for visitors, but in January 2008 they were all sold off in an auction to raise money for the cathedral. 1185 East Midlands earthquake The 1185 East Midlands earthquake happened in England . It
2520-517: The fifteenth-century "Thornton Romances" found in the Lincoln Thornton Manuscript . Lincoln Cathedral features two major rose windows , which are a highly uncommon feature among medieval architecture in England. On the north side of the cathedral is the "Dean's Eye" which survives from the original structure of the building and on the south side is the "Bishop's Eye" which was most likely rebuilt c. 1325 –1350. This south window
2583-417: The first major earthquake in England since 1133 was the one of 13 February 1247. There are reports of complete villages being totally demolished, including the villages of Raleigh and Danethorpe. The hamlet of Grimston , now referred to as Wellow, may also have suffered damage, but that is debatable as the land was used for expansion of Rufford Abbey , and there is confusion as to what actually happened to
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2646-645: The first organ in an English cathedral to be powered in this way. As the Brayford Wharf Power Station had not yet been completed, manual power was instead provided by infantrymen from the Lincolnshire Regiment . The organ has been restored twice, in 1960 and in 1998. On both occasions the work was undertaken by Harrison & Harrison . It is one of only two Willis organs in English cathedrals with its original tonal scheme. The organ specification
2709-536: The following: The devotional books include an illuminated Book of Hours which is small enough to fit into a pocket. In the mediaeval era the manuscripts were kept in a chest or cupboard, and scholars came from great distances to consult them. By 1422 a new, chained library had been built over the east walk of the Cloister , adjoining the Chapter House . Three of the mediaeval reading desks and one bench survive in
2772-453: The illusion of a passageway along the wall. However the illusion does not work, as the stonemason, copying techniques from France, did not make the arches the correct length needed for the illusion to be effective. In 1398 John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford founded a chantry in the cathedral to pray for the welfare of their souls. In the 15th century the building of the cathedral turned to chantry or memorial chapels. The chapels next to
2835-409: The inside is full of Baroque features: advancing and receding planes and cornice, which give interest to a long, narrow room; and the trompe-l'œil marbling. Through removal of the added paint layers some of the original marbling has been revealed; where it has not been revealed (due to expense and conservation concerns) a reproduction marbling has been painted over the layers. The terms laid out in
2898-415: The instruction of Edmund Beckett QC . Cambridge Chimes were a feature of the new clock. The machinery, featuring a double three-legged gravity escapement to Beckett's designs, weighs about 4 long tons (4.5 short tons), with the driving weights being 1.5 long tons (1.7 short tons), suspended by steel-wire ropes 270 feet (82 m) long, and the pendulum weight of 2 long hundredweight (100 kg). The beat
2961-531: The renovations, including a priest buried with a chalice and paten. Among the artifacts recovered was a coin depicting Edward the Confessor , who was king from 1042 to 1066. During the dig, sections of some extensively decorated Roman buildings and related artifacts were also discovered. Some of the Roman, medieval and Saxon objects were to be displayed at the visitor centre which was expected to open later in 2020. In 2022
3024-460: The scaffolding of the Lincoln Cathedral was removed from its west front after 36 years. Maintaining the cathedral costs £5.86 million a year (as at 2016). Between 2006 and 2009, 200,000 to 208,000 people visited Lincoln Cathedral annually. In 2010 the figure dropped to 150,000, making it the 16th-most visited attraction in the East Midlands. The fall in visitor numbers was attributed to
3087-584: The section of the tower just above The Great West Front, with the ringing chamber having three windows on all but one side. The bells themselves are hung below the louvres to minimise tower movement as much as possible. Sometime during the later stages of the Second World War, the accomplished RAF pilot and future Black British civil rights leader, Billy Strachan , almost crashed his aircraft into Lincoln Cathedral. Strachan credited this experience with ending his piloting career, as he found it psychologically impossible to continue flying combat missions. Lincolnshire
3150-490: The small hamlet. Masonry houses were knocked down completely, which indicates an intensity of more than VII EMS at certain locations. Ralph of Diceto reported in writings done in London that it struck in northern England and that "in some places buildings were destroyed". There are also reports that stones were split (" petrae enim scissae sunt "); stone houses were knocked down; and that parts of Lincoln Cathedral were brought down. The damage to Lincoln cathedral has been
3213-409: The south-west tower, two in the north-west tower, and five in the central tower (including Great Tom). Accompanying the cathedral's large bell , Great Tom of Lincoln, is a quarter-hour striking clock which was installed in the early 19th century. The two large stained glass rose windows , the matching Dean's Eye and the Bishop's Eye were added to the cathedral during the late Middle Ages. The former,
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#17328689916923276-607: The staircase leading to the Library is a Roman mosaic discovered in the cloister in 1793. The Wren Library is currently closed to the public for extensive repairs to the ceiling. Catalogue of the Manuscripts of Lincoln Cathedral Chapter Library Rodney M. Thomson; Boydell & Brewer (1989) 53°14′05″N 0°32′09″W / 53.2348°N 0.5358°W / 53.2348; -0.5358 Lincoln Cathedral Lincoln Cathedral , also called Lincoln Minster , and formally
3339-428: The tower reputedly reached a height of 525 feet (160 m), which would have made it the world's tallest structure , however it is doubtful that is was so tall. Other additions to the cathedral at this time included its elaborate carved screen and the 14th-century misericords , as was the Angel Choir. For a large part of the length of the cathedral, the walls have arches in relief with a second layer in front to give
3402-463: The vault. This pattern divides the space of the vaults and bays, placing the emphasis on the bays. The chapter house is a decagonal building with a single, central column from which twenty ribs rise producing unusual vaulting. Each area of Lincoln can be identified solely by the different vaults of the space. Each vault, or each variation of the vault, is unique. The vaults are attributed to French-Normand master mason Geoffrey de Noiers . de Noiers
3465-405: The window which created four distinct areas of the circle. This made the spaces within the circle where the tracery would go much smaller, and easier to work with. This window is also unique in that the focus of the tracery was shifted away from the centre of the circle and instead placed in other sections. The glazing of the window was difficult as the tracery for many of the same reasons; therefore,
3528-513: Was consecrated . In 1124, the timber roofing was destroyed in a fire. Alexander (bishop, 1123–48) rebuilt and expanded the cathedral, but it was mostly destroyed by an earthquake about forty years later, in 1185 (dated by the British Geological Survey as occurring 15 April 1185). The earthquake was one of the largest felt in the UK: it has an estimated magnitude of over 5 . The damage to
3591-532: Was completed in 1092, but severely damaged in an earthquake in 1185 . It was rebuilt over the following centuries in different phases of the Gothic style , with significant surviving parts of the cathedral in Early English , Decorated and Perpendicular . The cathedral holds one of the four remaining copies of the original Magna Carta , which is now displayed in Lincoln Castle . It is the fourth largest cathedral in
3654-591: Was considered to be the "mother church" of Lincolnshire (although it was not a cathedral, because the seat of the diocese was at Dorchester Abbey in Dorchester-on-Thames , Oxfordshire). However, Lincoln was more central to a diocese that stretched from the Thames to the Humber . Remigius built the first Lincoln Cathedral on the present site, finishing it in 1092 and then dying on 7 May of that year, two days before it
3717-530: Was home to many Bomber Command airfields during the Second World War, giving rise to the nickname of "Bomber County". The station badge for the nearby RAF Waddington depicts Lincoln Cathedral rising through the clouds. Until the opening of the RAF Bomber Command Memorial in 2012, the cathedral had the only memorial in the United Kingdom dedicated to Bomber Command's large losses of aircrew in
3780-489: Was never canonised . The cathedral benefited from these events because Hugh was seen as a martyr, and many devotees came to the city and cathedral to venerate him. Geoffrey Chaucer mentions the case in " The Prioress's Tale " and a ballad was written about it in 1783. In 1955 a plaque was placed near "the remains of the shrine of 'Little St Hugh ' " in the cathedral, that decries the "Trumped up stories of 'ritual murders' of Christian boys by Jewish communities." A carving in
3843-958: Was on display at the British Pavilion during the 1939 New York World's Fair . In March 1941, the Foreign Office proposed that the Lincoln Magna Carta be gifted to the United States, citing the "many thousands of Americans who waited in long queues to view it" and the US passage of the Lend-Lease Act, among other reasons. In 2009 the Lincoln Magna Carta was lent to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California . There are three other surviving copies: two at
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#17328689916923906-529: Was succeeded by Alexander the Mason , who developed the nave's more elaborate, but symmetrical tierceron vaulting , the crossing vaulting, Galilee Porch and western facade screen. A clock by John Thwaite was installed in the north west tower in 1775. This was later improved by Benjamin Vulliamy and moved to the broad tower around 1835. It was replaced in 1880 by a new clock built by Potts and Sons of Leeds , under
3969-458: Was the second cathedral in the country to adopt a separate girls' choir (after Salisbury Cathedral ) and remains one of few which provides the same musical opportunities and equal weekly singing duties to both girls and boys. The choristers can now attend any school and are currently drawn from over ten local schools. The Master of the Choristers ( director of music ) is Aric Prentice, who conducts
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