The Devil's Dykes (Hungarian: Ördög árok ), also known as the Csörsz árka ("Csörsz Ditch") or the Limes Sarmatiae (Latin for "Sarmatian border"), are several lines of Roman fortifications built mostly during the reign of Constantine the Great (306–337), stretching between today's Hungary , Romania and Serbia .
55-445: The fortifications consisted of a series of defensive earthen ramparts-and-ditches surrounding the plain of the Tisia ( Tisza ) river. They stretched from Aquincum (within modern Budapest ) eastwards along the line of the northern Carpathian mountains to the vicinity of Debrecen , and then southwards to Viminacium (near modern Stari Kostolac ). They were probably intended to protect
110-644: A wall built around the town. Szeged was raised to free royal town status in 1498. Szeged was first pillaged by the Ottoman Army on 28 September 1526, but was occupied only in 1543, and became an administrative centre of the Ottomans (see Ottoman Hungary ). The town was a sanjak centre first in Budin Eyaleti (1543–1596), after in Eğri Eyaleti . The town was freed from Turkish rule on 23 October 1686, and regained
165-560: A century. The Tisza River is part of the Danube River catchment area. It is the tributary with the largest catchment area (~157,000 km ). It accounts for more than 19% of the Danube river basin. The Tisza water system is shared by five countries: Ukraine (8%), Slovakia (10%), Hungary (29%), Romania (46%) and Serbia (7%). The Tisza River Basin area and average discharge (period from 1946–2006) by country The 1800–2500 m high ridge of
220-701: A length of 966 km (600 mi) Its mean annual discharge is seasonally 792 m /s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 1,050 m /s (37,000 cu ft/s). It contributes about 13% of the Danube's total runoff . Attila the Hun is said to have been buried under a diverted section of the river Tisza. The river was known as the Tisia in antiquity ; other ancient names for it included Pathissus ( Πάθισσος in Ancient Greek and later Tissus (in Latin )), ( Pliny , Naturalis historia , 4.25). It may be referred to as
275-522: A maximum temperature of 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) was registered in Szeged. The city of Szeged has 62 kindergartens , 32 elementary schools and 18 high schools. The two most prominent high schools ( Ságvári Endre Gyakorló Gimnázium and Radnóti Miklós Kísérleti Gimnázium ) are in the top fifteen in the country. Szeged is the higher education centre of the Southern Great Plain and has built quite
330-516: A reputation for itself. Thousands of students study here, many of whom are foreigners. The University of Szeged is according to the number of students the second largest and the 4th oldest university of Hungary being established in 1581. Ranked as the top university of the country on Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2005 , and in the top 100 in Europe, it offers several programs on different fields of study. The Biological Research Centre of
385-469: A result Szeged became a city close to the border , and its importance lessened, but as it took over roles that formerly belonged to the now lost cities, it slowly recovered. Following the Loss of Transylvania to Romania, University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca ), moved to Szeged in 1921 (see University of Szeged ). In 1923 Szeged took over the role of episcopal seat from Temesvár (now Timișoara , Romania). It
440-463: A suffix -in to the Hungarian name: Romanian : Seghedin ; German : Szegedin or Segedin ; Serbo-Croatian : Segedin / Сегедин ; Italian : Seghedino ; Latvian : Segeda ; Lithuanian : Segedas ; Polish : Segedyn ; Slovak and Czech : Segedín ; Turkish : Segedin . Szeged and its area have been inhabited since ancient times. Ptolemy mentions the oldest known name of
495-425: Is László Botka (Association for Szeged). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 33 members (1 Mayor, 23 Individual constituencies MEPs and 9 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: List of City Mayors from 1990: The city offers a wide range of media – television and radio stations, and print and online newspapers. Szeged
550-619: Is a cultural scientific centre of Szeged which gives home to laboratories of the Biological Research Centre and to exhibitions of the John von Neumann Computer Society especially their IT historical exposition. In 2018 the new scientific institution, the ELI Attosecond Light Pulse Source (ELI-ALPS) opened in Szeged establishing a unique facility which provides light sources within an extremely broad frequency range in
605-485: Is an important rail connection, as well as the railway lines 121 (to Makó), 135 (to Hódmezővásárhely), 136 (to Röszke) and 140 (to Kiskunfélegyháza). A tram-train system was constructed and inaugurated in November 2021, connecting Szeged with the neighbouring Hódmezővásárhely , thus creating the second most populous urban agglomeration in the country, after the capital. There was a proposal for its extension, even through
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#1733086211444660-436: Is now Moravia and Slovakia , resenting the erection of Roman forts of the "Limes Sarmatiae" to the north and east of the Danube in what they considered to be their territory, and further exasperated by the treacherous murder of their king, Gabinius, crossed the river and laid waste to the province of Pannonia . In 375, emperor Valentinian I retook Pannonia with several legions. After a short campaign that quickly defeated
715-523: Is possible that the name Szeged is a mutated and truncated form of the final syllables of Partiscum , the name of a Roman colony founded in the 2nd century, on or near the site of modern Szeged. In Latin language contexts, Partiscum has long been assumed to be synonymous with Szeged . The Latin name is also the basis of the city's Greek name Παρτίσκον Partiskon . However, Szeged might instead have originated (or been influenced by) an old Hungarian word for "corner" ( szeg ), pointing to
770-467: The 2nd Ukrainian Front on 11 October 1944 in the course of the Battle of Debrecen . During the communist era, Szeged became a centre of light industry and food industry . In 1965, oil was found near the city. In 1962, Szeged became the county seat of Csongrád . Whole new districts were built, and many nearby villages (e.g. Tápé , Szőreg , Kiskundorozsma, Szentmihálytelek , Gyálarét ) were annexed to
825-659: The Carpathian Mountains create in a semi circle the northern, eastern and southeastern boundary of the Tisza catchment. The western - southwestern reach of the watershed is comparatively low in some places – on its Hungarian and Serbian parts it is almost flat. The area is divided roughly along the centreline by the Carpathians Mountains , east of which lies the 400–600 m high plateau of the Transylvanian Basin , and
880-514: The European Union , this distinction was lifted and vessels were allowed on the Tisza. Conditions of navigation differ with the circumstances: when the river is in flood, it is often unnavigable, just as it is at times of extreme drought. The Tisza has a rich and varied wildlife. Over 200 species of birds reside in the bird reserve of Tiszafüred. The flood plains along the river boast large amounts of diverse plant and animal life. In particular,
935-476: The Hungarian Academy of Sciences , which was built with the help of UNESCO funds, has also been a considerable source of advanced research. Scientists at this laboratory were first in the world to produce artificial heredity material in the year 2000. The building has served as a home to many well known conferences and continues to make contributions to the world of science. The Szent-Györgyi Albert Agóra
990-856: The Nemzeti Bajnokság II . Motorcycle speedway has had a long association with the city. The first track was at the SZEAC athletics stadium (also known as the Felső Tisza-parti Stadion or Városi stadion), which was located where the Pick Aréna is today. The venue hosted finals of the Hungarian Individual Speedway Championship . From 1978, the Volán speedway club moved to a new track built on Napos út at Béke telepi. This venue held important events, including qualifying rounds of
1045-564: The Roman Empire led to the "Limes Sarmatiae" being overrun and destroyed. Tisza The Tisza , Tysa or Tisa , is one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe . It was once called "the most Hungarian river" because it used to flow entirely within the Kingdom of Hungary . Today, it crosses several national borders. The Tisza begins near Rakhiv in Ukraine , at the confluence of
1100-724: The Slovak Republic is predominantly hilly area and the highest mountain peak in Kráľova hoľa - in the Low Tatras Mountain Range at 1948 m. The lowland area lies in the south, forming the northern edge of the Hungarian Lowland . The lowest point in the Slovak Republic is the village of Streda nad Bodrogom in the eastern Slovak lowland (96 m) in the Bodrog River Basin. The Hungarian and Vojvodina ( Serbia ) part of
1155-567: The Speedway World Championship in 1983 and 1984 and a qualifying round of the Speedway World Team Cup in 1988 and 1990. The track closed, partly because of noise issues in a residential area, resulting in the speedway moving out of the city, 25 kilometres west, near to Mórahalom ( 46°10′14″N 19°54′49″E / 46.17056°N 19.91361°E / 46.17056; 19.91361 ). The current mayor of Szeged
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#17330862114441210-886: The Theiss in older English references, after the German name for the river, Theiß . It is known as the Tibisco in Italian , and in older French references (as for instance in relation to the naval battles on the Danube between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries) it is often referred to as the Tibisque . Another theory is that it is derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic *teišus meaning still, quiet, silent to describe
1265-573: The White Tisa [ uk ] and Black Tisa [ uk ] , which is at coordinates 48°4′29″N 24°14′40″E / 48.07472°N 24.24444°E / 48.07472; 24.24444 (the former springs in the Chornohora mountains ; the latter in the Gorgany range). From there, the Tisza flows west, roughly following Ukraine 's borders with Romania and Hungary , then briefly as
1320-727: The 1970s, the building of the Tisza Dam at Kisköre started with the purpose of helping to control floods as well as storing water for drought seasons. However, the resulting Lake Tisza became one of the most popular tourist destinations in Hungary since it had similar features to Lake Balaton at drastically cheaper prices and was not crowded. The Tisza is navigable over much of its course. The river opened up for international navigation only recently; before, Hungary distinguished "national rivers" and "international rivers", indicating whether non-Hungarian vessels were allowed or not. After Hungary joined
1375-563: The Quadi, the fortifications of the "Limes Sarmatiae" were repaired. However, during an audience with an embassy from the Quadi at Brigetio on the River Danube (now Szőny in Hungary ), the attitude of the envoys so enraged Valentinian that he suffered a stroke while angrily yelling at them, which led to his death 17 November. Following his death, political infighting and a lack of good leadership in
1430-705: The Serbian border, to Subotica . The city is also a common stop for national and international long-distance buses. Szeged Airport is the international airport of Szeged. Public transport in Szeged is provided by Szeged Transport Ltd. ( Hungarian : Szegedi Közlekdési Társaság or SZKT ), owned by the municipal government, and Volánbusz , owned by the national government. Forming the backbone of SZKT's network are 5 tram lines and 6 trolleybus lines, which are supplemented by 38 bus lines. Hungarian State Railways operates regional and intercity trains, as well as international trains to Subotica . The most popular sport in
1485-632: The Tisza River Basin is a flat area bordered by small ranges of hills and mountains from the north and dominated by the Hungarian lowland . Important hydrographic stations along the Tisza River (full list) kilometer (rkm) (m) (km ) (m /s) Period: 1971–2000 Average, minimum and maximum discharge of the Tisza River at Tiszabecs (Upper Tisza), Szolnok (Middle Tisza) and Senta (Lower Tisza). The following rivers are tributaries to
1540-402: The area. After several small-scale attempts, István Széchenyi organised the "regulation of the Tisza" ( Hungarian : a Tisza szabályozása ) which started on August 27 1846, and substantially ended in 1880. The new length of the river in Hungary was reduced to 966 km (600 mi) in total, with 589 km (366 mi) of dead channels and 136 km (85 mi) of new riverbed. In
1595-500: The border between Slovakia and Hungary, before entering into Hungary, and finally into Serbia . The Tisza enters Hungary at Tiszabecs , traversing the country from north to south. A few kilometers south of the Hungarian city of Szeged , it enters Serbia . Finally, it joins the Danube near the village of Stari Slankamen in Vojvodina , Serbia . The Tisza drains an area of about 156,087 km (60,266 sq mi) and has
1650-577: The castle still remains standing. During the Mongol invasion the town was destroyed and its inhabitants fled to the nearby swamps, but they soon returned and rebuilt their town. In the 14th century, during the reign of Louis the Great , Szeged became the most important town of Southern Hungary, and – as the Turkish armies got closer to Hungary – the strategic importance of Szeged grew. King Sigismund of Luxembourg had
1705-474: The centre of the Carpathian Basin . The Hungarian frontier with Serbia is just outside the town. Szeged's climate is transitional between humid subtropical ( Köppen Cfa ) and humid continental (Köppen Dfa ), with cold winters, hot summers, and fairly low precipitation. Due to the high hours of sunlight reported annually, Szeged is often called City of Sunshine ( Napfény városa ). On 23 July 2022,
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1760-641: The city in 1973 (as was a tendency during the Communist era ). Today's Szeged is an important university town and a tourist attraction. The Szeged Symphony Orchestra (Szegedi Szimfonikus Zenekar) gives regular concerts at the Szegedi Nemzeti Színház. Szeged is situated near the southern border of Hungary , just to the south of the mouth of the Maros River , on both banks of the Tisza River , nearly in
1815-555: The city is handball . The city has one well-known club the 2013–14 EHF Cup -winner SC Pick Szeged playing in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I . They play at the Pick Aréna , opened in 2021. The second most popular sport is football in the city. Szeged had several clubs playing in the top level Hungarian league, the Nemzeti Bajnokság I . These are Szegedi AK , Szegedi Honvéd SE . The only currently operating club, Szeged 2011 play in
1870-511: The city were killed, In 1941, there were 4,161 Jews living in Szeged. After, March 19, 1944 German occupation , they were confined to a ghetto together with the Jews from surrounding villages. In June, 1944, the ghetto was liquidated. The Nazis murdered the larger part of the 8,500 and some were forced into forced labor in Strasshof Labor camp, Austria. Szeged was captured by Soviet troops of
1925-566: The city, but have production facilities there. The Hangár Expo and Conference Centre provides space for international exhibitions and conferences. Szeged is the most important transportation hub in the Southern Great Plain . Two motorways, M5 and M43 , lie along the city border. Through the M5 Motorway Szeged is connected to Kecskemét , Kiskunfélegyháza and Budapest to the north and to Subotica , Novi Sad and Belgrade in Serbia to
1980-555: The city: Partiscum ( Ancient Greek : Πάρτισκον ) . It is possible that Attila , king of the Huns had his seat somewhere in this area. The name Szeged was first mentioned in 1183, in a document of King Béla III . In the second century AD there was a Roman trading post established on an island in the Tisza , and the foundations of the Szeged castle suggest that the structure may have been built over an even earlier fort. Today only one corner of
2035-857: The form of ultrashort pulses with high repetition rate which is needed for different kinds of physical experiments especially in the field of attosecond physics . It is also one of the main options for medical students who come from all around Europe to study Medicine in their recognized international campus. Ethnic groups (2001 census): Religions (2001 census): Szeged is one of the centres of food industry in Hungary, especially known for its paprika and companies like Pick Szeged , Sole-Mizo , Bonafarm etc. Other notable companies having their headquarters in Szeged are AMSY International , RRE – Szeged, Optiwella, Generál Printing House, RotaPack, Sanex Pro, Agroplanta, Karotin, Florin, Quadrotex and Szeplast. Others, like ContiTech , Duna-Dráva Cement , Szatmári Malom and Europe Match, are not based in
2090-436: The free royal town status in 1715. In 1719, Szeged received its coat of arms (still used today) from Charles III . During the next several years, Szeged grew and prospered. Piarist monks arrived in Szeged in 1719 and opened a new grammar school in 1721. Szeged also held scientific lectures and theatrical plays. These years brought not only prosperity but also enlightenment. Between 1728 and 1744 witch trials were frequent in
2145-498: The great flood of 1879, which wiped away the whole town (only 265 of the 5723 houses remained and 165 people died). Emperor Franz Joseph visited the town and promised that "Szeged will be more beautiful than it used to be". He kept his promise, and during the next years a new, modern city emerged from the ruins, with palaces and wide streets. After the First World War Hungary lost its southern territories to Serbia , as
2200-735: The plains to the west. The highest summits of the river basin reach 1948 m in the Low Tatras ( Kráľova hoľa ), 2061 m in the Chornogora Mountains ( Hoverla ), 2303 m in the Rodna Mountains (Pietrosul Rodnei) and even higher in the Retezat Mountains of the Southern Carpathians ( Peleaga , 2509 m). Areas above elevations higher than 1600 m occupy only 1% of the total; 46% of the territory lies below 200 m. The Tisza River Basin in
2255-463: The plant was cultivated as an herb, and paprika as we know it. Szeged is also famous for their szekelygulyas , a goulash made with pork , sauerkraut and sour cream . And also famous for their halászlé , fish soup made of carp and catfish . The citizens of Szeged played an important part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . Lajos Kossuth delivered his famous speech here. Szeged
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2310-452: The river Tisza: The main tributaries of the Tisza River: tributary tributary (km) (km ) (m /s) Period: 1971–2000 The Tisza ( Tisa ) flows through the following countries and cities (ordered from the source to mouth): Szeged Szeged ( / ˈ s ɛ ɡ ɛ d / SEG -ed , Hungarian: [ˈsɛɡɛd] ; see also other alternative names ) is
2365-496: The river. Modern names for the Tisza in the languages of the countries it flows through include: The length of the Tisza in Hungary used to be 1,419 km (882 mi). It flowed through the Great Hungarian Plain , which is one of the largest flat areas in central Europe. Since plains can cause a river to flow very slowly, the Tisza used to follow a path with many curves and turns, which led to many large floods in
2420-556: The south. The M43 Motorway – which splits from the M5 Motorway near Szeged – connects the city via Makó to Arad and Timișoara in Romania . In addition, there are other roads running from the city to Makó and Nagylak (main road 43), to Röszke (main road 5), to Kiskunfélegyháza (main road 5), to Ásotthalom and Baja (main road 55) and to Hódmezővásárhely , Orosháza and Békéscsaba (main road 47). The Budapest-Szeged-rail line
2475-507: The territory of the Iazyges , a Sarmatian tribe inhabiting the Tisza plain that had been admitted to the Empire and reduced to tributary status by Constantine, from incursions by the surrounding Goths and Gepids . Some elements of the fortifications, however, date from the 2nd century AD, and probably constituted an earlier defensive line constructed under emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) at
2530-499: The third largest city of Hungary , the largest city and regional centre of the Southern Great Plain and the county seat of Csongrád-Csanád county . The University of Szeged is one of the most distinguished universities in Hungary. The Szeged Open Air (Theatre) Festival (first held in 1931) is one of the main attractions, held every summer and celebrated as the Day of the City on 21 May. It
2585-512: The time as the most serious environmental disaster to hit central Europe since the Chernobyl disaster . Usage of river water for any purpose was temporarily banned and the Hungarian government pressed the Romanians and the European Union to close all installations that could lead to further pollution. Examination of river sediments indicates that pollution incidents from mines have occurred for over
2640-790: The time of the Marcomannic Wars , the previous occasion that the Tisza plain was occupied by the Romans. The Limes Sarmatiae was intended to expand the Roman Limes , and was built at the same time as the Constantine Wall in Wallachia (connected to the Limes Moesiae ). It was, however, destroyed after a few years, at the end of the 4th century. Indeed, in 374 AD, the Quadi , a Germanic tribe in what
2695-429: The town numbered about 13000 to 16000, while the number of the Serb inhabitants was 1300. The first printing press was established in 1801, and the old town hall and the civil hospital were built at the same time. Szeged is known as the home of paprika , a spice made from dried, powdered capsicum fruits. Paprika arrived in Hungary in the second half of the 16th century as an ornamental plant. About 100 years later
2750-405: The town, with the Szeged witch trials of 1728–29 perhaps being the largest. The witch trials were instigated by the authorities, who decided on this measure to remove the problem of the public complaints about the drought and its consequences of famine and epidemics by laying the responsibility on people among them, which had fraternized with the Devil. In 1720, the ethnic Hungarian population of
2805-409: The turn of the river Tisza that flows through the city. Others say it derives from the Hungarian word sziget which means "island". Others still contend that szeg means "dark blond" ( sötétszőkés ) – a reference to the color of the water where the rivers Tisza and Maros merge. Szeged has a variety of names in languages other than Hungarian. These are usually formed by the addition of
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#17330862114442860-427: The yearly "flowering" of the Tisza is considered a local natural wonder. The flowering attracts vast numbers of mayflies which is a well known spectacle. In September 2020, colonies of magnificent bryozoans were discovered in the river. In early 2000, there was a sequence of serious pollution incidents originating from accidental industrial discharges in Romania. The first, in January 2000, occurred when there
2915-487: Was a release of sludge containing cyanide from a Romanian mine and killed 2000 tons of fish. The second, from a mine pond at Baia Borsa, northern Romania, resulted in the release of 20,000 m (710,000 cu ft) of sludge containing zinc , lead and copper occurred in early March 2000. A week later, the third spill occurred at the same mining site at Baia Borsa, staining the river black, possibly including heavy metals. This series of incidents were described at
2970-399: Was briefly occupied by the Romanian army during Hungarian-Romanian War in 1919. It also became a center for right-wing forces which would install Miklós Horthy as the country's new leader after the overthrow of the Hungarian Soviet Republic . During the 1920s the Jewish population of Szeged grew and reached its zenith. Szeged suffered heavily during World War II . 6,000 inhabitants of
3025-413: Was the last seat of the revolutionary government in July 1849. The Habsburg rulers punished the leaders of the town, but later Szeged began to prosper again; the railway reached it in 1854, and the town got its free royal town status back in 1860. Mark Pick's shop – the predecessor of today's Pick Salami Factory – was opened in 1869. Today the inner city of Szeged has wide avenues. This is mainly due to
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