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84-517: The penitentiary was built between 1856 and 1860, by order of President Ramón Castilla due to the lack of a prison system in the country. It was inaugurated in 1862. After a study carried out by Mariano Paz Soldán, the construction of the building was arranged by architects Michele Trefogli and Maximiliano Mimey. It was located south of the city, near the Guadalupe Gate of the Walls of Lima . The front of

168-582: A brief period in 1863. Castilla was born in Tarapacá (then part of the Viceroyalty of Peru ), the second son of Pedro Castilla, of Spanish-Argentine origin, and Juana Marquezado de Romero, who was of part Aymara descent. In 1807 he traveled to Lima at the age of 10 to study with his brother and later continued his education in Concepción, Chile , also helping his brother with his business. In 1817 he enrolled in

252-527: A commanding role of the army of the Libertadores that helped Peru become an independent nation . Later, he led the country when the economy boomed due to the exploitation of guano deposits. Castilla's governments are remembered for having abolished slavery and modernized the state. He assumed the presidency for the first time after general Domingo Nieto 's death for a short period in 1844, then in 1845 until 1851, again from 1855 to 1862 and, finally, during

336-409: A main field azure , with three gold crowns of kings placed in a triangle and above them a gold star that touches the three crowns with its points, and in the orle some gold letters that say: Hoc signum vere regum est (This is the true sign of the kings). Outside the shield are the initials I and K (Ioana and Karolus), which are the names of Queen Joanna and her son Charles V. A star is placed above

420-597: A more dramatic warm-to-cool weather transition in later May or/and earlier June. Situated onshore from the cold ocean waters, rainfall is extremely rare in Lima. The summers, December through April, are sunny, hot, and muggy. Daily temperatures oscillate between lows of 18 to 22 °C (64 to 72 °F) and highs of 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F). Coastal fogs occur in some mornings and high clouds in some afternoons and evenings. Summer sunsets are colorful, known by locals as "cielo de brujas" (Spanish for "sky of witches"), since

504-403: A new constitution was enacted during Castilla's presidency and became Peru's supreme law until 1920. Castilla's second presidency, therefore, was marked by the liberation of slaves and indigenous Peruvians, as well as a new postal system and a new constitution. In 1862, he was succeeded by Miguel de San Román , who died less than a year later. Castilla refused to recognise Pedro Diez Canseco ,

588-653: A stamp gifted to him by the prison's chaplain. The image is reportedly visited by hundreds of devotees in its new location. Ram%C3%B3n Castilla Ramón Castilla y Marquesado ( Spanish pronunciation: [raˈmoŋ kasˈtiʝa] ; 31 August 1797 – 30 May 1867) was a Peruvian caudillo who served as President of Peru three times as well as the Interim President of Peru (Revolution Self-proclaimed President) in 1863. His earliest prominent appearance in Peruvian history began with his participation in

672-503: A strange feeling overcame him and was unable to carry out the act. The image was eventually moved to San Juan de Lurigancho , with the process beginning on September 23, 1964, and forgotten for a period until became the centre of attention again. This time, the Peruvian press was able to locate its author, Rubén Darío Muñiz Calvo, by that point in Iquitos , who stated that he had simply reproduced

756-631: A suitable cool climate. Thus, on 6 January 1535, Lima was founded with the name "City of the Kings", named in this way in honor of the epiphany , on territories that had been of the kuraka Taulichusco . The explanation of this name is due to the fact that "around the same time in January, the Spaniards were looking for the place to lay the foundation for the new city, [...] not far from the Pachacámac sanctuary, near

840-427: A thin layer of water that generally dries up by early afternoon. Winter temperatures vary little between day and night. They range from lows of 14 to 16 °C (57 to 61 °F) and highs of 16 to 19 °C (61 to 66 °F), rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) except in the easternmost districts. Relative humidity is always very high, particularly in the mornings. High humidity produces brief morning fog in

924-399: A very large group of men. The scholar John Rowe suggested that the valley had a population of about 150,000 during Inca times. Whatever the case, each recorded hunu of Pachacamac had a head town, corresponding to some of the most populated settlements in the valley: Caraguayllo ( Carabayllo ), Maranga, and Surco (or Sulco, also known as the archaeological site Armatambo). ... this valley

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1008-522: Is because its original Inca name is "Talking River" (the Incas spoke a highland variety of Quechua, in which the word for "talker" was pronounced [ˈrimɑq] ). However, the original inhabitants of the valley were not Incas. This name is an innovation arising from an effort by the Cuzco nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology of Cuzco Quechua . Later, as

1092-615: Is high, rainfall is very low due to strong atmospheric stability. The severely low rainfall impacts the city's water supply, which originates from wells and from rivers that flow from the Andes . Inland districts receive anywhere between 10 and 60 mm (0.4 and 2.4 in) of rainfall per year, which accumulates mainly during the winter. Coastal districts receive only 10 to 30 mm (0.4 to 1.2 in). As previously mentioned, winter precipitation occurs as persistent morning drizzle. These are locally called 'garúa', 'llovizna' or ' camanchacas '. On

1176-559: Is historically known as "Banner of the City of the Kings of Peru". It is formed by a golden-colored silk canvas and in the center is the embroidered coat of arms of the city. The coat of arms of Lima was granted by the Spanish Crown on 7 December 1537, through a real cédula signed in Valladolid by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother, Queen Joanna of Castile . It is formed by

1260-506: Is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland at the shore of the Rímac River, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydroelectric dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 of 43 districts of Lima Province , corresponding to an urban area centered around

1344-564: Is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín Rivers , in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The city is considered the political, cultural, financial and commercial center of Peru. Due to its geostrategic importance, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network has categorized it as a "beta" tier city. Jurisdictionally,

1428-442: The Peruvian coastal plain , within the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers. The city slopes gently from the shores of the Pacific Ocean into valleys and mountain slopes located as high as 1,550 meters (5,090 ft) above sea level. Within the city are isolated hills that are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills. The San Cristobal hill in

1512-663: The Rímac river . However, as had happened with the region, initially called New Castile and later Peru , the City of the Kings soon lost its name in favor of "Lima". Pizarro, with the collaboration of Nicolás de Ribera , Diego de Agüero and Francisco Quintero personally traced the Plaza Mayor and the rest of the city grid, building the Viceroyalty Palace (today transformed into the Government Palace of Peru , which hence retains

1596-659: The Spanish Army ). When San Martin resigned as "Protector of Peru", Castilla sided with José de la Riva Agüero , who in turn shortly became president in 1823. In 1824, when the Peruvian Congress named Simón Bolívar dictator or "Liberator of Peru", Castilla joined Simon Bolivar 's army, fighting in the decisive Battle of Ayacucho , which helped Peru gain its independence from Spain. In 1825 Bolivar named him as governor of his native province of Tarapacá . In 1833, Castilla married Francisca Diez Canseco. In 1839 Castilla beside

1680-616: The Supreme Court of Peru . The Palace of Justice in Lima is seat of the Supreme Court of Justice the highest judicial court in Peru with jurisdiction over the entire territory of Peru. Lima is seat of two of the 28-second highest or Superior Courts of Justice . The first and oldest Superior Court in Lima is the Superior Court of Justice, belonging to the Judicial District and . Due to

1764-717: The Wari Empire during the height of its imperial expansion. It is during this time that the ceremonial center of Cajamarquilla was built. As Wari importance declined, local cultures regained autonomy, highlighting the Chancay culture . Later, in the 15th century, these territories were incorporated into the Inca Empire . From this time we can find a great variety of huacas throughout the city, some of which are under investigation. The most important or well-known huacas are those of Huallamarca , Pucllana , and Mateo Salado, all located in

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1848-462: The 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by migration from the Andean region, as rural people sought opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 600,000 in 1940, reached 1.9 million by 1960 and 4.8 million by 1980. At the start of this period, the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city's historic center , Callao and Chorrillos ; in

1932-544: The Battle of Carmen Alto. Nieto assumed the presidency but died a few months later. Castilla assumed the position on 17 February 1844 until 11 December of that year. After defeating the other caudillos around the country, Castilla reinstated Menéndez as president, in order to achieve a constitutional transition to democracy. In 1845, Castilla won the Peruvian presidential elections and was sworn in in April of that year. During this time,

2016-536: The Battle of La Palma on 5 January 1855. In 1859, Peru had a confrontation with neighboring Ecuador over disputed territory bordering the Amazon. Though Peru was considered successful, Castilla failed to secure a definitive agreement with Ecuador and the issue would haunt both countries until the end of the 20th century, when the 1997 Peace and Border Treaty of Itamaraty was signed by Peru and Ecuador in Brazil. In December 1860,

2100-751: The Central Market, the General Slaughterhouse, the Mental Asylum, the Penitentiary and the Hospital Dos de Mayo. There were also improvements in communications; in 1850 a railway line between Lima and Callao was completed and in 1870 an iron bridge was inaugurated over the Rímac River, baptized as Puente Balta. In 1872 the colonial City Walls were demolished by the US engineer Henry Meiggs under contract with

2184-660: The Chilean general Manuel Bulnes decided the victory of the Restorative Army in the battle of Yungay (War of the Confederation) and was named Minister of War and Minister of Finance in 1839 under Agustín Gamarra . Under the latter post, Castilla was responsible for Peru's first lucrative guano exportation. Meanwhile, president Gamarra had been harboring intentions of annexing Bolivia back to Peru and, in 1841, he led an invasion army to Bolivia, only to be defeated and killed by

2268-562: The Lima area was once called Itchyma , after its original inhabitants. However, even before the Inca occupation of the area in the 15th century, a famous oracle in the Rímac Valley had come to be known by visitors as Limaq ( Limaq , pronounced [ˈli.mɑq] , which means "talker" or "speaker" in the coastal Quechua that was the area's primary language before the Spanish arrival). This oracle

2352-626: The Peruvian government, in anticipation of further urban growth in the future. However, this period of economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, producing widespread social unrest. During the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), the Chilean army occupied Lima after defeating Peruvian troops and reserves in the battles of San Juan and Miraflores . The city suffered from the invaders, who looted museums, public libraries and educational institutions. At

2436-548: The Rímac District, which lies directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth. Metropolitan Lima covers 2,672.28 km (1,031.77 sq mi), of which 825.88 km (318.87 sq mi) (31%) comprise the actual city and 1,846.40 km (712.90 sq mi) (69%) the city outskirts. The urban area extends around 60 km (37 mi) from north to south and around 30 km (19 mi) from west to east. The city center

2520-637: The Second Vice President of the Republic as well as his brother-in-law, and claimed the presidency for himself. Diez Canseco, however, was chosen as interim president from April to August 1863, and was succeeded by Juan Antonio Pezet . He served as the President of the Senate in 1864. In 1864, Castilla condemned the international policies of Pezet, only to be jailed and exiled to Gibraltar . During his absence,

2604-557: The South Pacific anticyclone. Lima's climate (like most of coastal Peru) gets severely disrupted in El Niño events. Coastal waters usually average around 17–19 °C (63–66 °F), but get much warmer (as in 1998 when the water reached 26 °C (79 °F)). Air temperatures rise accordingly. Lima is the capital city of the Republic of Peru and Lima Province . As such, it is home to

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2688-558: The Spanish conquered their empire . The Spanish Crown named Francisco Pizarro governor of the lands he had conquered. Pizarro decided to found the capital in the Rímac river valley, after a failed attempt to establish it in Jauja . He considered that Lima was strategically located, close to a favorable coast for the construction of a port but prudently far from it in order to prevent attacks by pirates and foreign powers, on fertile lands and with

2772-580: The Spanish colonial army during the Peruvian War of Independence , fighting against the independence forces sent by Argentine general José de San Martín . Castilla became a prisoner of war, but managed to escape and returned to Peru in 1821, deserting the Spanish Army and offering his services to José de San Martín, who enrolled him in the Patriot Army with the rank of lieutenant (a rank he had held with

2856-569: The Spanish. The army arrived personally led by Contarhuancho (Kuntur-Wanchu), a secondary wife of the deceased Emperor Wayna Qhapaq and now a respected kuraka of half the province of Huaylas, the Hanan Huaylas or Upper Huaylas moiety. Contarhuancho came to Lima after receiving a plea for help in a quipu message from her daughter, the Huaylas-Inca princess Doña Inés Huaylas Yupanqui . In the following years, Lima gained prestige by being designated

2940-531: The Tiviliche desert. This last try, however, proved fatal, and Castilla died at Tiviliche, in his final attempt to pass through southern Peru on 30 May 1867. Lima Lima ( / ˈ l iː m ə / LEE -mə ; locally [ˈlima] ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes ( locally [sjuˈdat de los ˈreʝes] , Spanish for "City of Kings "), is the capital and largest city of Peru . It

3024-487: The army of José Ballivián during the Battle of Ingavi , leaving Peru without a leader. During that year various infights among caudillos occurred who constantly proclaimed themselves Presidents. Manuel Menéndez , then Vice President, assumed the presidency, but was overthrown by a coup d'état led by Juan Crisóstomo Torrico in 1842. Soon after, Castilla, along with Domingo Nieto , overthrew Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco during

3108-410: The building reflected a severe architectural style, showing its reclusive purpose and trying to project an impregnable image, while the layout of the rooms inside included areas where prisoners worked during the day and cells where they were confined in the nights. The building existed for more than 100 years and characters such as President Augusto B. Leguía were imprisoned there, confined there after

3192-438: The capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru (República del Perú). Around one-third of the national population now lives in its metropolitan area . In October 2013, Lima was chosen to host the 2019 Pan American Games ; these games were held at venues in and around Lima, and were the largest sporting event ever hosted by

3276-462: The capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and the seat of a Real Audiencia in 1543. Since the location of the coastal city was conditioned by the ease of communications with Spain , a close bond with the port of Callao was soon established. For the next century, it prospered as the center of an extensive trade network that integrated the viceroyalty with the Americas , Europe , and East Asia . But

3360-703: The cause of independence. The greatest political-economic impact that the city experienced at that time occurred with the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776, which changed the course and orientations imposed by the new mercantile traffic. Among the buildings built during this period there is the Coliseo de Gallos, the Acho Bullring and the General Cemetery. The first two were erected to regulate these popular activities, centralizing them in one place, while

3444-405: The cemetery put an end to the practice of burying the dead in churches, considered unhealthy by public authorities. A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean independence fighters led by General Don José de San Martín landed in southern Lima in 1820, but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and guerrilla action on the mainland, Viceroy José de la Serna was forced to evacuate

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3528-553: The city in July 1821 to save the Royalist army . Fearing a popular uprising and lacking the means to impose the order, the City Council invited San Martín to enter the city, signing a Declaration of Independence at his request. Proclaimed the independence of Peru in 1821 by General San Martín , Lima became the capital of the new Republic of Peru . Thus, it was the seat of the government of

3612-461: The city is articulated around its neighborhoods. Another threat was the presence of pirates and corsairs in the Pacific Ocean , which motivated the construction of the Walls of Lima between 1684 and 1687. The 1687 earthquake marked a turning point in the history of Lima , since it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as Buenos Aires . With

3696-410: The city was not without its dangers; violent earthquakes destroyed a large part of it between 1586 and 1687, leading to a great deal of construction activity. It is then when aqueducts , starlings and retaining walls appear before the flooding of the rivers, the bridge over the Rímac is finished, the cathedral is built, and numerous hospitals, convents and monasteries are built. Then we can see that

3780-489: The colonial period. In addition to Aymara and Quechua, the inhabitants of the northern part of the valley, specifically in the hunu of Carabayllo, spoke an additional language believed to be Quingnam . Regarding the pre-Hispanic settlement of Lima, it is recorded that this part of the valley, near the Rimac river, was administered by a curaca, or local lord, named Taulichusco. He was a former yana , or servant, of Mama Vilo, one of

3864-450: The country's economic stagnation and political disorder paralyzed its urban development. This situation was reversed in the 1850s, when the growing public and private income derived from the export of guano allowed a rapid expansion of the city. In the following twenty years, the State financed the construction of large public buildings to replace the old viceregal establishments, among these are

3948-550: The country, and the second most populous in the Americas after São Paulo. Together with the seaside city of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area , which encompasses a total of 10,151,200 inhabitants. When considering the constitutional province of Callao , the total agglomeration reaches a population of 11,342,100 inhabitants, one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in

4032-953: The country. It also hosted the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Meetings of 2008 and 2016, the Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group in October 2015, the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2014, and the Miss Universe 1982 contest. In November 2024, it hosted the APEC summit for the third time. According to early Spanish articles,

4116-534: The coup that removed him from power, although he did not die in prison but in the Bellavista Naval Hospital. There were several workshops in the penitentiary which produced a number of commodities using prison labor. Carpentry, shoemaking, baking, printing, bear law, and bookbinding were among the trades practiced. In 1934, Carlos E. Carrillo Velasquez was the General Administrator in charge of

4200-467: The creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717, the political demarcations were reorganized, and Lima only lost some territories that actually already enjoyed their autonomy. In 1746 a strong earthquake severely damaged the city and destroyed Callao , forcing a massive reconstruction effort by Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco . In the second half of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas about public health and social control influenced

4284-412: The development of the city. During this period, the Peruvian capital was affected by the Bourbon reforms as it lost its monopoly on foreign trade and its control over the important mining region of Upper Peru . This economic weakening led the elite of the city to depend on the positions granted by the viceregal government and the Church , which contributed to keeping them more linked to the Crown than to

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4368-622: The early summer and a usually persistent low cloud deck during the winter (generally develops in late May and persists until mid-November or even early December). The predominantly onshore flow makes the Lima area one of the cloudiest among the entire Peruvian coast. Lima has only 1284 hours of sunshine a year, 27.9 hours in August and 183 hours in April, which is exceptionally little for its latitude. By comparison, London has an average of 1653 hours, and Moscow 1731. Winter cloudiness prompts locals to seek sunshine in Andean valleys above 500 meters (1,600 ft) above sea level . While relative humidity

4452-406: The exponential growth of the capital's population and the consequent urban expansion. The new populations were settling on land near the center which was used as an agricultural area. The current districts of Lince , La Victoria to the south were populated; Breña and Pueblo Libre to the west; El Agustino , Ate and San Juan de Lurigancho to the east and San Martín de Porres and Comas to

4536-426: The following decades settlements spread to the north, beyond the Rímac River, to the east, along the Central Highway and to the south. The new migrants, at first confined to slums in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasions, which evolved into shanty towns, known as pueblos jóvenes . The urban area covers about 800 km (310 sq mi). It is located on mostly flat terrain in

4620-413: The guano export boom was rapidly expanding, largely due to treaties signed with the British company Antony Gibbs , which had commercialized the guano trade in Europe. Important urban projects began during this period, too, such as the first railroad from Lima to Callao , which helped in the transportation of guano from the production centers ready to be shipped abroad. After six years in power, Castilla

4704-404: The historic Battle of Callao took place, which became Spain's final and unsuccessful move to reconquer independent Peru. After he returned to Peru, he was again deported to Chile on the orders of then president Mariano Ignacio Prado . In a last effort to regain power for a fifth time, Castilla – now nearly seventy – and a group of followers landed in Pisagua and proceeded towards

4788-410: The historic Cercado de Lima district. The city is the core of the Lima Metro Area , one of the ten largest metro areas in the Americas . Lima is the world's third largest desert city, after Karachi , Pakistan, and Cairo , Egypt. Lima has a mild climate, despite its location in the tropics and in a desert . Lima's proximity to the waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to intense maritime moderation of

4872-410: The letters and two crowned sabre -faced eagles embracing them, which hold the coat of arms. The anthem of Lima was heard for the first time on 18 January 2008, in a solemn session that was attended by the then President of Peru Alan García , the mayor of the city Luis Castañeda Lossio and various authorities. Those in charge of creating the anthem were the councillors Luis Enrique Tord (author of

4956-420: The liberator and also the seat of the first Constituent Congress that the country had. The war lasted for two more years, during which the city changed hands many times and suffered abuses from both sides. By the time the war was decided, on 9 December 1824, at the Battle of Ayacucho , Lima had been considerably impoverished. After the War of Independence, Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru , but

5040-409: The lyrics), Euding Maeshiro (composer of the melody) and the musical producer Ricardo Núñez (arranger). Although the history of the city of Lima began with its Spanish foundation in 1535, the territory formed by the valleys of the Rímac , Chillón and Lurín rivers was occupied by pre-Inca settlements, which were grouped under the Lordship of Ichma . The Maranga culture and the Lima culture were

5124-411: The metropolis extends mainly within the province of Lima and in a smaller portion, to the west, within the Constitutional Province of Callao , where the seaport and the Jorge Chávez Airport are located. Both provinces have regional autonomy since 2002. The 2023 census projection indicates that the city of Lima has an estimated population of 10,092,000 inhabitants, making it the most populated city in

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5208-420: The middle of Lima districts with very high urban growth, so they are surrounded by business and residential buildings; however, that does not prevent its perfect state of conservation. During the time of the Incas, the valley of Lima was highly populated and organized into an Inca province, or huamani (wamani), called Pachacamac. The colonial Spanish historian Bernabé Cobo mentions that the huamani of Pachacamac

5292-417: The north. As an emblematic point of this expansion, in 1973 the self-managed community of Villa El Salvador (current district of Villa El Salvador ) was created, located 30 km south of the city center and currently integrated into the metropolitan area . In the 1980s, terrorist violence added to the disorderly growth of the city the increase of settlers who arrived as internally displaced persons. In

5376-409: The ones that established and forged an identity in these territories. During those times, the sanctuaries of Lati (current Puruchuco ) and Pachacámac (the main pilgrimage sanctuary during the time of the Incas) were built, it was built from 3rd century to 15th century by several civilizations, and which was used even until the time the Spanish conquistadors arrived. These cultures were conquered by

5460-410: The original inhabitants died out and the local Quechua became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed. Nowadays, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river that runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river; however, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to be true. The Flag of Lima

5544-448: The other hand, summer rain is infrequent and occurs in the form of isolated light and brief showers. These generally occur during afternoons and evenings when leftovers from Andean storms arrive from the east. The lack of heavy rainfall arises from high atmospheric stability caused, in turn, by the combination of cool waters from semi-permanent coastal upwelling and the presence of the cold Humboldt Current and warm air aloft associated with

5628-413: The same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian colony, looting their properties and businesses. At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of avenues that would serve as a matrix for the development of the city began. The avenues Paseo de la República , Leguía (today called Arequipa), Brasil and the landscaping Salaverry that headed south and Venezuela and Colonial avenues to

5712-414: The seat of the Superior Court of Justice of Lima ), the Ministry of Health , the Ministry of Labor and the Hospitals of the Workers' Insurance and of the Employee as well as the National Stadium and several large housing units. Also in those years a phenomenon began that changed the configuration of the city, which was the massive immigration of inhabitants from the interior of the country, producing

5796-407: The site where the Cathedral of Lima is now, and the Municipal Theatre of Lima is situated where a pre-Columbian structure, referred to as Huaca El Cabildo by the Spaniards, once stood. These buildings were centered around a plaza, which was later expanded to become the Plaza Mayor . The Huaca de Aliaga and Huaca Riquelme were other major buildings near the plaza. Other nearby constructions included

5880-409: The sky commonly turns shades of orange, pink, and red around 7 pm. During winter, June through October, the weather is dramatically different. Grey skies, breezy conditions, higher humidity, and cooler temperatures prevail. Long 10 to 15-day stretches of dark overcast skies are not uncommon. Persistent morning drizzle ( garúa ) frequently occurs from June through September, coating the streets with

5964-495: The temperatures, thereby making the climate much milder than those to be expected for a tropical desert, and thus Lima can be classified as a desert climate ( Köppen : BWh ) with subtropical temperature ranges. Temperatures rarely fall below 12 °C (54 °F) or rise above 30 °C (86 °F). Two distinct seasons can be identified: summer, December through April, and winter from June through September/October. May and October/November are generally transition months, with

6048-570: The temple-oracle of Rímac, one of the main places of worship in the valley, also known as the so-called "huaca grande" that once stood in Barrios Altos . In 1532, the Spanish and their indigenous allies (from the ethnic groups subdued by the Incas) under the command of Francisco Pizarro took monarch Atahualpa prisoner in the city of Cajamarca . Although a ransom was paid, he was sentenced to death for political and strategic reasons. After some battles,

6132-609: The three branches of the Government of Peru . The executive branch is headquartered in the Government Palace , located in the Plaza Mayor . All ministries are located in the city. The legislative branch is headquartered in the Legislative Palace and is home to the Congress of the Republic of Peru . The Judicial branch is headquartered in the Palace of Justice and is home to

6216-569: The traditional name of Casa de Pizarro ) and the Cathedral , whose first stone Pizarro laid with his own hands. In August 1536, the flourishing city was besieged by the troops of the Inca general Quizu Yupanqui under orders from the monarch Manco Inca Yupanqui who was in Cusco, but the Spanish and their indigenous allies managed to defeat them. The Huaylas (Wayllas) army's assistance was of special importance to

6300-566: The west joining the port of Callao . In the 1930s the great constructions began with the remodeling of the Government Palace of Peru and the Palacio Municipal . These constructions reached their peak in the 1950s, during the government of Manuel A. Odría , when the great buildings of the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Education were built ( Javier Alzamora Valdez Building , currently

6384-403: The wives of Emperor Huayna Capac. Lima was awarded to Taulichusco in recognition of his services to the Inca royalty. Some of Peru's most important buildings were erected on the sites of major constructions of the pre-Hispanic settlement. For example, the residential palace of Taulichusco was located where the modern Palacio de Gobierno of Peru stands today. A temple called Puma Inti once occupied

6468-596: The workshops. The prison operated until June 1961, later being demolished in August. Before its demolition, all inmates were moved out to El Frontón prison. In its place are currently the Lima Civic Center and the Sheraton Lima Hotel & Convention Center , which were built during the government of Juan Velasco Alvarado . During the prison's slow demolition process, an image of Jesus Christ on Mount Golgotha

6552-417: The world . The city is marked by severe urban segregation between the poor pueblos jóvenes , populated in large part by immigrants from the Andean highlands, and wealthy neighbourhoods. From 1985 onwards, barriers known as "walls of shame" run across much of the city separating rich areas from the poor. Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq . It became

6636-508: Was discovered painted on a wall of a prison cell in June 1964, becoming a point of attraction for local neighbours and other visitors from the city. The image's planned demolition became controversial: despite being supported by the Catholic Church in Peru , it was opposed by the crowds that surrounded the image, and on the date where the demolition was to take place, the crane operator claimed that

6720-448: Was divided, according to the government of the Inca kings, into three 'unos' or governorships of ten thousand families each; the town of Caraguayllo was the head of the first; that of Maranga, which is situated in the middle of the valley, of the second, and the third, that of Surco; this last town was the largest of all ... The inhabitants of the pre-Columbian town of Surco were relocated to the modern district of Santiago de Surco early in

6804-428: Was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted: the chronicles show "Límac" replacing "Ychma" as the common name for the area. Modern scholars speculate that the word "Lima" originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq. Linguistic evidence seems to support this theory, as spoken Spanish consistently rejects stop consonants in word-final position. The city

6888-494: Was founded in 1535 under the name City of Kings (Spanish: Ciudad de los Reyes ), because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the Epiphany . This name quickly fell into disuse, and Lima became the city's name of choice; on the oldest Spanish maps of Peru, both Lima and Ciudad de los Reyes can be seen together. The river that feeds Lima is called Rímac , and many people erroneously assume that this

6972-497: Was subdivided into three hunu of tributary men, rather than the conventional four hunu. It has also been argued that a fourth hunu may have existed but was not recorded. The primary meaning of the word hunu in Quechua is 10,000, leading to the assumption that 30,000 families lived in the valley. This assumption has been criticized, including by the historian Åke Wedin, because hunu can also mean countless, and therefore could simply refer to

7056-418: Was succeeded by José Rufino Echenique . In 1854, however, another rebellion was led in Peru's second-largest city, Arequipa , by Castilla himself, who was largely urged by other Peruvian liberals to help in the suppression of slavery in the country. On 3 December 1854, in the city of Huancayo , an abolition of slavery law was passed. As this law was being applied, Castilla confronted and defeated Echenique in

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