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33-431: The Civic Center was an original idea of the first government of the architect Fernando Belaúnde Terry , conceived in 1966. Later, after the coup d'état by the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado , construction was carried out. Initially it came to house a large number of offices and state dependencies, becoming an important center of activity in the city. However, after the events of February 5, 1975, known as

66-571: A bill to declare null the Agreement and Award Paris Convention (signed in time Augusto B. Leguia and favoring IPC) and requested that the fields of La Brea and Pariñas pass to Power of Attorney Oil Company (government agency). Congress gave the Law No. 14,696, which declared invalid the Award, but did not rule on the second point. The Executive Branch enacted the law on November 4, 1963, is hereby authorized to seek

99-454: A coup less than a month later, accusing the government of "betrayal". About "page 11" has been written extensively in Peru. Some attributed great importance because, apparently, contained valuable information on costs, others argued that it was only a blank page and there were even some who denied their existence. On October 1, 1963, Oswaldo Hercelles García resigned as Prime Minister of Peru , and

132-516: A housing plan to meet thousands of Peruvians homeless and also as an engine of development of the economy. Another important announcement was the start of a road traffic plan that would give birth to the Marginal Highway. During his tenure there were some peasant uprisings and guerrilla outbreaks in Andean areas affected by poverty and oppression of the landlords and quickly suppressed with the help of

165-631: A mechanical playground for children, among other services. The investment was 30 million dollars. It has a direct connection with the Central Station of the Metropolitan bus system. The architectural style is Brutalist, a current in vogue in Peruvian architecture of that time, which gives the impression of rigidity and firmness to the complex. The main building of the Civic Center of Lima has 33 floors and

198-410: A post he would retain until 1904, when the former Prime Minister José Pardo became president. Pardo offered the position of Prime Minister to Leguía, who accepted and remained so until 1907, when he resigned to run for the presidency the following year. In 1908 he succeeded José Pardo (a succession event that would occur again in 1919) after being elected president for the first time by an alliance of

231-503: A section of the press announced that it had imposed conditions to the IPC Act for the signing scandal. The highlight came when the EPF president, engineer Carlos Loret de Mola, resigned and reported a missing page in the contract that had set the price of crude oil for purchase from EPF (September 10, 1968). That was the famous "Page 11" that would serve as a pretext for a group of army officers to give

264-586: A solution to the old problem. In July 1968, under pressure from the economic power groups, treatment began with the IPC at the Government Palace. On August 13, it was signed on Act of Talara by which all oil fields passed into the hands of the Fiscal Petroleum Company (EPF), while retaining the refinery, the distribution system and fuel national Concessions calls Lima. The IPC was required to purchase all

297-468: A successful military coup, which led Leguía to succeed Pardo as an interim president. He then proceeded to dissolve Congress and the new parliament elected him constitutional president of Peru. Leguía changed the Peruvian constitution (which had the longest continuance since 1860), and promulgated a new one in 1920, which was more liberal than its predecessor and provided more civil guarantees and unlimited reelections. Nevertheless, having himself promulgated

330-575: Is 109 meters high. The project also included a hotel tower, the Sheraton Lima Historic Center , which was inaugurated in 1973. 12°03′22″S 77°02′14″W  /  12.0562°S 77.0371°W  / -12.0562; -77.0371 First presidency of Fernando Bela%C3%BAnde The first term of Fernando Belaúnde Terry started July 28, 1963 and culminated in the coup Juan Velasco Alvarado on October 3, 1968. The presidency started on July 28, 1963. At Belaúnde's inauguration in

363-448: The Limazo , the facilities suffered great damage, when part of it caught fire and was destroyed. It was the last emblematic work erected in the historic centre of Lima before the arrival of the nineties. In mid-2008, a total remodeling of the complex was carried out, to be reopened as a shopping center. The brutalist finish of the Civic Center buildings disappeared with the remodeling, when

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396-683: The Legislative Palace , the President of the Senate, Julio de la Piedra gave him the presidential sash, followed by, the first vice president Edgardo Seoane 's oath. The ceremony was attended by representatives of 41 states, among them being the Minister of Information and Tourism of Spain, Manuel Fraga . He gave an address to the nation, which announced government measures such as holding election councilors to make direct democracy for Peru. He also announced

429-530: The Palace of Torre Tagle and then burst into it. The ministers left the room singing the National Anthem. Meanwhile at the airport was ready to leave a plane that the military rebels had prepared to escape on it in case the coup failed, or deport President Belaúnde if triumphed. At 8 am arrived President Belaúnde was guarded by 3 officers and 20 investigators, who forced him to board the plane. The deposed president

462-672: The United Kingdom and the United States , where he learned methods of banking and finance that he would later apply in Peru. During this time, Leguia was already in conflict with the Civilista Party and left its organization. In 1919, he again sought the presidency of Peru by trying to succeed José Pardo. Fearing that the former president's government along with the Civilist Parliament would not recognise his victory, he launched

495-500: The Civil and Constitutional parties. Some of Leguía's first actions were to institute social and economic reforms in an attempt to industrialize Peru and turn it into a modern capitalist society. On 29 May 1909, a group of citizens (supporters of Piérola's Democratic Party ) managed to force their entry into the Palacio de Gobierno demanding the resignation of Leguía. Among the group were

528-399: The army. Also during the early years of his administration, it experienced a period of remarkable economic boom, which was reflected in the performance of a number of large infrastructure projects designed to improve the existing left by his predecessors Manuel A. Odría and Manuel Prado Ugarteche , but financed mainly on foreign loans. Upon assuming the presidency, Belaúnde offered to solve

561-583: The brother and sons of Piérola; Carlos de Piérola , Isaías de Piérola and Amadeo de Piérola . Since Leguía did not resign as planned, they kidnapped him and took him in front of the Bolivar Monument (located in Plaza inquisicion in Lima). Once there, Leguía did not acquiesce to their demands, and the police had to forcibly rescue the president in the midst of a fight that caused at least 100 deaths. During this period

594-478: The constitution, Augusto B. Leguía almost completely ignored it. The years of his tenure were marked with a dictatorial style of ruling by suppressing all opposition harshly. Although he represented the Peruvian oligarchy, the oligarchs revolted against him when he came to power, and it was his loyal supporters who installed him. Therefore he broke ties with the oligarchy, who protested his coup. Various political opponents of his government were exiled, of which

627-474: The country was also confronting boundary disputes with five of its neighbors. Leguía succeeded in reaching agreements with two of them, Bolivia and Brazil . The boundary with Brazil was settled with the signing of the Treaty of Velarde-Río Branco . This provided that two rivers ( Yaravi and Yaverija ) would compose most of the border for both countries. With Bolivia , The Treaty of Polo-Bustamante determined

660-636: The most prominent was Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre , who while in exile in Mexico founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) in 1924. It became one of modern Peru's most active and controversial political parties. Another important political figure that would emerge during this era was José Carlos Mariátegui , leader of the Communist Party of Peru . Among the positive initiatives that occurred during Leguía's second term

693-510: The next day, Fernando Belaúnde sworn in a new cabinet headed by Miguel Mujica Gallo as Prime Minister. On October 3, 1968, a few months after finishing his government, Belaúnde was overthrown by a group of socialist-leaning military, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado , at the time President of the Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru . At the dawn of October 3, 1968, the approach of

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726-673: The oil that the EPF would like to sell, for processing at its refinery in Talara obsolete. The Act was signed by President Belaúnde, the President of the Senate Carlos Manuel Cox and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies Andrés Townsend Ezcurra and the high officials of the IPC. All press echoed this event and published on the front page to the "Problem of Brea and Pariñas" exploding throughout Peru in joy. However, public opinion changed when

759-569: The partition of the Lake Titicaca and provided a much more accurate definition of the Peruvian-Bolivian border. This treaty also delimited the borders with Tacna (which was until then in Chilean control). When Leguía's term ended in 1912, he was succeeded by Guillermo Billinghurst , a millionaire businessman who had been the former mayor of Lima . During the following years, Leguía travelled in

792-641: The place of Congress, the prefecture, the headquarters of the political parties, the National Radio, the Ministry of Interior and TV stations. At 5 am the cabinet met in the Palace of Torre Tagle without the Ministers of War and Navy. It was agreed that the Second Vice President of Peru Mario Polar should take office and was raised a dismiss to all officers from the coup. At 6:00, police officers surrounded

825-542: The problem of La Brea and Pariñas in 90 days. This was an embarrassing lawsuit for the nation and unresolved several decades, was that the American International Petroleum Company , that had been illegally exploiting the oilfields of La Brea and Pariñas, located in the north of Peru, without providing the amount owed to the Treasury, which had been accumulating over the years. Belaúnde sent Congress

858-508: The three army tanks arrived to the main square. From the Government Palace, Fernando Belaúnde called the ministers of War, Navy and Aeronautics and asked them to take more drastic measures. The army broke the gates and entered the Government Palace, then a group of soldiers under Commander Enrique Gallegos arrived at the rooms and they drove Belaúnde to a truck that brought him to the Armored Division Headquarters. Other tanks took

891-568: The walls were painted and covered with synthetic finishes. On August 27, 2007, Peruvian company Urbi Propiedades , the real estate arm of the Interbank Group , won the thirty-year concession for the Civic Center. This began the construction of the Real Plaza Centro Cívico Shopping Center  [ es ] , which houses a large number of retail stores, a supermarket, bank agencies, a food court, movie theaters, and

924-585: The war he moved to the United States and became an insurance executive with the New York Life Insurance Company . By the 1900s, Leguía had become very wealthy and decided to return to Peru. He entered politics in 1903 at the urging of Manuel Candamo (the then-leader of the Civilista Party ) and also of José Pardo , who was prime minister . Leguía took the position of Minister of Finance ,

957-686: Was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru from 1908 to 1912 and from 1919 to 1930, the latter term known as the " Oncenio " after its eleven-year length. Augusto Leguía was born in Lambayeque in 1863, and later married into one of the most distinguished families of the Peruvian oligarchy. Educated in Valparaíso , Chile , he served in the Peruvian Army during the War of the Pacific (1879–1881). After

990-573: Was a program to modernize Lima by planning and starting public works through various loans. These included improving the health-care system by founding hospitals and building drainage systems around the cities. Peru's Government Palace ("Palacio de Gobierno") was also remodeled in 1926. Banks such as the Banco Central de Reserva del Perú and Banco Hipotecario of Peru were also created during his second presidency. Treaties of limits with Colombia and Chile were also signed. The boundary with Colombia

1023-789: Was overthrown. The coup, on 22 August 1930, was led by Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in Arequipa . Leguía was arrested and charged with misappropriating government funds. He remained in confinement in the Panopticon of Lima , and died at a naval hospital on 6 February 1932. Leguía is depicted as a tyrant in the 1937 novel Pity the Tyrant by American novelist Hans Otto Storm . American travel writer Richard Halliburton met Leguía during his Latin American travels chronicled in New World to Conquer . He describes Leguía as

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1056-501: Was settled with the secession of all the lands between the Putumayo and Caquetá rivers. This was officially solved with the signing of the Treaty of Salomón-Lozano in 1922, published after Leguía's 1930 overthrow. The Tacna–Arica compromise signed with Chile led to economic depression in later years and criticism of Leguía. The Great Depression had drained foreign investment in Peru and after eleven years in power, Leguía's government

1089-634: Was taken to Ezeiza International Airport , Argentina . Juan Velasco Alvarado , then President of the Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru , introduced himself as the President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces . He accused the government of colluding with the interests of international capital and not having the will to carry out social reforms that were considered necessary. Augusto B. Leguia Augusto Bernardino Leguía y Salcedo (19 February 1863 – 6 February 1932)

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