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59-401: Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol ( LEAP ) is a proprietary wireless LAN authentication method developed by Cisco Systems . Important features of LEAP are dynamic WEP keys and mutual authentication (between a wireless client and a RADIUS server). LEAP allows for clients to re-authenticate frequently; upon each successful authentication, the clients acquire a new WEP key (with

118-448: A 2009 purchase of mobile specialist Starent Networks . Cisco continued to be challenged by both domestic competitors Alcatel-Lucent , Juniper Networks , and an overseas competitor Huawei . Due to lower-than-expected profit in 2011, Cisco reduced annual expenses by $ 1 billion. The company cut around 3,000 employees with an early-retirement program who accepted a buyout and planned to eliminate as many as 10,000 jobs (around 14 percent of

177-460: A Gigabit Ethernet startup focused on developing high-speed network switches . In 1996, Cisco Systems acquired the firm for $ 220 million, with Bechtolsheim owning 60%. He became vice president and general manager of Cisco's Gigabit Systems Business Unit, until leaving the company in December 2003 to head Kealia, Inc. Bechtolsheim founded Kealia in early 2001 with Stanford Professor David Cheriton ,

236-572: A cash-and-equity deal. Andy Bechtolsheim Bechtolsheim was born at Hängeberg am Ammersee , located in Finning , Landsberg , Bavaria, the second of four children. The isolated house had no television or close neighbors, so he experimented with electronics as a child. His family moved to Rome in 1963. Five years later, in 1968, the family relocated again, to Nonnenhorn on Lake Constance in Germany. At age 16, he designed an industrial controller for

295-410: A cloud API platform that simplifies the addition of real-time communications and collaboration capabilities within applications. On June 30, 2015, Cisco acquired privately held OpenDNS , the company best known for its DNS service that adds a level of security by monitoring domain name requests. On August 6, 2015, Cisco announced that it has completed the acquisition of privately held MaintenanceNet,

354-525: A cloud-based interface for mobile and computer websites in 2009. He was reportedly an early investor in Claria Corporation , which ceased operating in 2008. From 2015 to 2017, Bechtolsheim invested in PerimeterX, an automated attack mitigation SaaS . Bechtolsheim received a Smithsonian Leadership Award for Innovation in 1999 and a Stanford Entrepreneur Company of the year award. He was also elected

413-565: A decade virtually unchanged. The company was quick to capture the emerging service provider environment, entering the SP market with product lines such as Cisco 7000 and Cisco 8500. Between 1992 and 1994, Cisco acquired several companies in Ethernet switching , such as Kalpana , Grand Junction and most notably, Mario Mazzola 's Crescendo Communications, which together formed the Catalyst business unit. At

472-543: A definitive agreement to acquire Sourcefire for $ 2.7 billion. On August 14, 2013, Cisco Systems announced it would cut 4,000 jobs from its workforce, which was roughly 6%, starting in 2014. At the end of 2013, Cisco announced poor revenue due to depressed sales in emerging markets, caused by economic uncertainty and by fears of the National Security Agency planting backdoors in its products. In April 2014, Cisco announced funding for early-stage firms to focus on

531-734: A market capitalization of $ 224 million, and was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. On August 28, 1990, Lerner was fired. Upon hearing the news, her husband Bosack resigned in protest. Although Cisco was not the first company to develop and sell dedicated network nodes, it was one of the first to sell commercially successful routers supporting multiple network protocols. Classical, CPU-based architecture of early Cisco devices coupled with flexibility of operating system IOS allowed for keeping up with evolving technology needs by means of frequent software upgrades. Some popular models of that time (such as Cisco 2500 ) managed to stay in production for almost

590-480: A meaningful share of the packet-optical market, revenues were still not on par with US$ 7 billion price tag paid in 1999 for Cerent . Some of acquired technologies (such as Flip from Pure Digital) saw their product lines terminated. Cisco announced on March 15, 2012, that it would acquire NDS Group for $ 5bn. The transaction was completed on July 30, 2012. In January 2013, Cisco Systems acquired Israeli software maker Intucell for around $ 475 million in cash,

649-580: A member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2000 for contributions to the design of computer workstations and high-performance network switching. Bechtolsheim gave the opening keynote speech at the International Supercomputing Conference in 2009. In 2012, he was voted by IT Pros as the person who contributed most to server innovation in the last 20 years. In 2024, Bechtolsheim settled insider trading allegations with

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708-540: A modified version of MS-CHAP , an authentication protocol in which user credentials are not strongly protected. Stronger authentication protocols employ a salt to strengthen the credentials against eavesdropping during the authentication process. Cisco's response to the weaknesses of LEAP suggests that network administrators either force users to have stronger, more complicated passwords or move to another authentication protocol also developed by Cisco, EAP-FAST , to ensure security. Automated tools like ASLEAP demonstrate

767-578: A move to expand its mobile network management offerings. In the same month, Cisco Systems acquired Cognitive Security, a company focused on Cyber Threat Protection. Cisco also acquired SolveDirect (cloud services) in March 2013 and UK -based Ubiquisys (mobile software) in April 2013 for $ 310 million. Cisco acquired cyber-security firm Sourcefire , in October 2013. On June 16, 2014, Cisco announced that it has completed

826-496: A nearby company based on the Intel 8008 , which he then programmed in binary code as he had no access to assemblers . Royalties from the product supported much of his education. Bechtolsheim entered the Jugend forscht contest for young researchers, and after entering for three years, won the physics prize in 1974. He began studying electrical engineering with a focus on data processing at

885-763: A partner in Granite Systems, to work on advanced server technologies using the Opteron processor from Advanced Micro Devices . In February 2004, Sun Microsystems announced it was acquiring Kealia in a stock swap. Due to the acquisition, Bechtolsheim returned to Sun again as senior vice president and chief architect. Kealia hardware technology was used in the Sun Fire X4500 storage product. Along with Cheriton, in 2005 Bechtolsheim launched another high-speed networking company, Arastra. Arastra later changed its name to Arista Networks . Bechtolsheim left Sun Microsystems to become

944-513: A product design consulting firm that helped develop Cisco's Flip video camera. Also in 2010, Cisco became a key stakeholder in e-Skills Week . In March 2011, Cisco completed the acquisition of privately held network configuration and change management software company Pari Networks. Although many buy-ins (such as Crescendo Networks in 1993, Tandberg in 2010) resulted in acquisition of flagship technology to Cisco, many others have failed—partially or completely. For instance, in 2010 Cisco occupied

1003-501: A variety of companies to spin products and talent into the company. In 1995–1996 the company completed 11 acquisitions. Several acquisitions, such as Stratacom , were one of the biggest deals in the industry when they occurred. During the Internet boom in 1999, the company acquired Cerent Corporation , a start-up company located in Petaluma, California , for about US$ 7 billion. It was

1062-850: Is also included in the S&;P 500 , Nasdaq-100 , the Russell 1000 , and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock indices. Cisco Systems was founded in December 1984 by Sandy Lerner along with her husband Leonard Bosack . Lerner was the director of computer facilities for the Stanford University Graduate School of Business . Bosack was in charge of the Stanford University computer science department's computers. Cisco's initial product has roots in Stanford University's campus technology. In

1121-451: The Internet of things (IoT), domain security , videoconferencing , and energy management with products including Webex , OpenDNS , Jabber , Duo Security, Silicon One, and Jasper . Cisco Systems was founded in December 1984 by Leonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner , two Stanford University computer scientists who had been instrumental in connecting computers at Stanford. They pioneered

1180-1002: The OpenFog Consortium , to promote interests and development in fog computing . In January 2016, Cisco invested in VeloCloud, a software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) start-up with a cloud offering for configuring and optimizing branch office networks. Cisco contributed to VeloCloud's $ 27 million Series C round, led by March Capital Partners. In February 2017, Cisco launched a cloud-based secure internet gateway, called Cisco Umbrella, to provide safe internet access to users who do not use their corporate networks or VPNs to connect to remote data centers. Immediately after reporting their fourth-quarter earnings for 2017, Cisco's price-per-share value jumped by over 7%, while its earnings per share ratio increased from 60 to 61 cents per share, due in part to Cisco's outperformance of analyst expectations. In September 2017, Chambers announced that he would step down from

1239-635: The Technical University of Munich with the support of the German Academic Scholarship Foundation. Andreas was annoyed that the students did not have access to computers and frustrated by his studies at the time, he went to Carnegie Mellon University in 1975 with the help of a Fulbright scholarship , and obtained his Master's degree in Computer Engineering in 1976. In 1977, Bechtolsheim moved to Silicon Valley based on

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1298-522: The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), in which he agreed to pay a civil penalty of nearly $ 1 million, and is prohibited from serving as an officer or director of a public company for five years. The SEC accused him of misusing confidential knowledge of Cisco's proposed acquisition of Acacia Communications, stating that the illegal option trades netted over $ 400,000 in profits between his associate and relative, to whom he passed

1357-739: The "Silicon One" ASIC chip with the G100 model reaching a speed of 25.6 Tbit/s. The Silicon One competes against the Tomahawk series by Broadcom the Nvidia Spectrum , the Marvell Teralynx and the Intel Tofino. In 2023, the Silicon One G200 will offer a speed of 51.2 Tbit/sec. In March 2020, SVP and GM of Enterprise Networking David Goeckeler left to become CEO of Western Digital . and

1416-582: The 73,400 total employees before curtailment). During the 2011 analyst call, Cisco's CEO John Chambers called out several competitors by name, including Juniper and HP. On July 24, 2012, Cisco received approval from the EU to acquire NDS (a TV software developer) for US$ 5 billion. In 2013, Cisco sold its Linksys home-router unit to Belkin International Inc., signaling a shift to sales to businesses rather than consumers. On July 23, 2013, Cisco Systems announced

1475-567: The Chairman and Chief Development Officer of Arista in October, 2008, but stated he still was associated with Sun in an advisory role. Bechtolsheim and Cheriton were two of the first investors in Google , investing US$ 100,000 each in September 1998. When he gave the check to Larry Page and Sergey Brin , Google's founders, the company had not yet been legally incorporated. Claims that Bechtolsheim coined

1534-721: The Internet of Things. The investment fund was allocated to investments in IoT accelerators and startups such as The Alchemist Accelerator , Ayla Networks and EVRYTHNG . Later that year, the company announced it was laying off another 6,000 workers or 8% of its global workforce, as part of a second restructuring. On November 4, 2014, Cisco announced an investment in Stratoscale . On May 4, 2015, Cisco announced CEO and Chairman John Chambers would step down as CEO on July 26, 2015, but remain chairman. Chuck Robbins , senior vice president of worldwide sales & operations and 17-year Cisco veteran,

1593-561: The Reactivity team and product portfolio under its Datacenter Switching and Security Technology Group, which reported to the company's then senior vice president Jayshree Ullal . Throughout the mid-2000s, Cisco also built a significant presence in India, establishing its Globalization Centre East in Bangalore for $ 1 billion. Cisco also expanded into new markets by acquisition—one example being

1652-526: The Rome Call for AI ethics at the Vatican, endorsing the document's principles for responsible and ethical AI use. For the fiscal year 2023, Cisco reported earnings of US$ 12.6 billion, with an annual revenue of US$ 57 billion, an increase of 10.6% over the previous fiscal cycle. Cisco's shares traded at over $ 43 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$ 213.2 billion in September 2018. Cisco acquired

1711-600: The SUN project. Support was provided by the Computer Science Department and DARPA . The modular computer was used for research projects such as developing the V-System , and for early Internet routers . Bechtolsheim tried to interest other companies in manufacturing the workstations, but only got lukewarm responses. One of the companies building computers for VLSI design was Daisy Systems , where Vinod Khosla worked at

1770-550: The US-based company best known for its cloud-based contract management platform ServiceExchange. On the same month, Cisco acquired Pawaa, a privately held company in Bangalore, India that provides secure on-premises and cloud-based file-sharing software. On September 30, 2015, Cisco announced its intent to acquire privately held Portcullis Computer Security, a UK-based company that provides cybersecurity services to enterprise clients and

1829-588: The acquisition of ThreatGRID, a company that provided dynamic malware analysis and threat intelligence technology. On June 17, 2014, Cisco announced its intent to acquire privately held Tail-f Systems, a leader in configuration management software. On April 2, 2015, Cisco announced plans to buy Embrane, a software-defined networking startup. The deal will give Cisco Embrane's software platform, which provides layer 3–7 network services for things such as firewalls, VPN termination, server load balancers and SSL offload. On May 7, 2015, Cisco announced plans to buy Tropo,

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1888-531: The company's product lines. Limits of IOS and aging Crescendo architecture also forced Cisco to look at merchant silicon in the carrier Ethernet segment. This resulted in a new ASR 9000 product family intended to consolidate the company's carrier Ethernet and subscriber management business around EZChip -based hardware and IOS-XR . In March 2007, Cisco acquired Reactivity Inc, a privately held XML gateway provider based in Redwood City, California . Cisco placed

1947-479: The concept of a local area network (LAN) being used to connect distant computers over a multiprotocol router system . The company went public in 1990 and, by the end of the dot-com bubble in the year 2000, had a market capitalization of $ 500 billion, surpassing Microsoft as the world's most valuable company. Cisco stock (CSCO) was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average on June 8, 2009, and

2006-402: The early 1980s students and staff at Stanford, including Bosack, used technology on the campus to link all of the school's computer systems to talk to one another, creating a box that functioned as a multiprotocol router called the "Blue Box". The Blue Box used circuitry made by Andy Bechtolsheim , and software that was originally written at Stanford by research engineer William Yeager . Due to

2065-467: The executive chairman role at the end of his term on the board in December 2017. On December 11, 2017, Robbins was elected to succeed Chambers as executive chairman while retaining his role as CEO, and Chambers was given the title of "Chairman Emeritus". Reuters reported that "Cisco Systems Inc's (CSCO.O) product revenue in Russia grew 20 percent in 2017, ahead of Cisco's technology product revenue growth in

2124-493: The government sectors. On October 26, 2015, Cisco announced its intent to acquire ParStream, a privately held company based in Cologne, Germany, that provides an analytics database that allows companies to analyze large amounts of data and store it in near real-time anywhere in the network. On October 27, 2015, Cisco announced that it would acquire Lancope , a company that focuses on detecting threat activity, for $ 452.5 million in

2183-530: The hope that the WEP keys don't live long enough to be cracked). LEAP may be configured to use TKIP instead of dynamic WEP. Some 3rd party vendors also support LEAP through the Cisco Compatible Extensions Program. An unofficial description of the protocol is available. Cisco LEAP, similar to WEP , has had well-known security weaknesses since 2003 involving offline password cracking . LEAP uses

2242-686: The impossibility of re-exporting. In February 2023, Cisco also wrote off the debt of the Russian mobile operator MTS in the amount of 1.234 billion rubles. As expected, these are unpaid amounts for previous equipment deliveries. In 2023, Cisco announced plans to begin manufacturing equipment in India. On 15 February 2024, Cisco announced it would lay off more than 4,000 employees, or 5% of its global workforce, and lowered its annual revenue forecast due to economic challenges and reduced demand from telecom and cable service providers. On 24 April 2024, Chuck Robbins, CEO of Cisco, met with Pope Francis and signed

2301-404: The mid-to-late 1990s. Cisco introduced products ranging from modem access shelves (AS5200) to core GSR routers, making them a major player in the market. In late March 2000, at the height of the dot-com bubble , Cisco became the most valuable company in the world, with a market capitalization of more than $ 500 billion. As of July 2014, with a market cap of about US$ 129 billion, it

2360-557: The migration to new high-end hardware CRS-1 and software architecture IOS XR . As part of a rebranding campaign in 2006, Cisco Systems adopted the shortened name "Cisco" and created "The Human Network" advertising campaign. These efforts were meant to make Cisco a "household" brand—a strategy designed to support the low-end Linksys products and future consumer products. On the more traditional business side, Cisco continued to develop its routing, switching and security portfolio. The quickly growing importance of Ethernet also influenced

2419-596: The most expensive acquisition made by Cisco to that date, and only the acquisition of Scientific Atlanta has been larger. In 1999, Cisco also acquired a stake for $ 1 billion in KPMG Consulting to enable establishing Internet firm Metrius founded by Keyur Patel of Fuse. Several acquired companies have grown into $ 1Bn+ business units for Cisco, including LAN switching, Enterprise Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) platform Webex and home networking . The latter came as result of Cisco acquiring Linksys in 2003 and in 2010

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2478-537: The name "Google" are untrue. However, he did motivate the founders to officially organize the company under that name. As a result of investments like these, Bechtolsheim was seen as one of the most successful " angel investors ", particularly in areas such as electronic design automation (EDA), which refers to the software used by people designing computer chips. He has made a number of successful investments in EDA. In one such EDA company, Magma Design Automation , his stake

2537-574: The offer of an Intel internship from Justin Rattner . When Rattner moved to Oregon, Bechtolsheim instead went to Stanford University and became a Ph.D. student in electrical engineering . At Stanford, Bechtolsheim designed a powerful computer (called a workstation ) with built-in networking called the SUN workstation , a name derived from the initials for the Stanford University Network . It

2596-457: The other so-called BRIC countries of Brazil , China and India ." On May 1, 2018, Cisco Systems agreed to buy AI-driven business intelligence startup Accompany for $ 270 million. As of June 2018, Cisco Systems ranked 444th on Forbes Global 2000 list, with $ 221.3 billion market cap. In 2019, Cisco acquired CloudCherry, a customer experience management company, and Voicea, an artificial intelligence company. In 2019, Cisco also introduced

2655-567: The simplicity of getting unauthorized access in networks protected by LEAP implementations. Cisco Systems Cisco Systems, Inc. (using the trademark Cisco ) is an American multinational digital communications technology conglomerate corporation headquartered in San Jose, California . Cisco develops, manufactures, and sells networking hardware , software , telecommunications equipment and other high-technology services and products. Cisco specializes in specific tech markets, such as

2714-647: The team developing the BSD series of Unix operating systems at UC Berkeley ; Bill is usually counted as the fourth member of the founding team. For a while Bechtolsheim and Joy shared an apartment in Palo Alto, California . The first product, the Sun-1 , included the Stanford CPU board design with improved memory expansion, and a sheet-metal case. By the end of the year, the experimental Ethernet interface designed by Bechtolsheim

2773-435: The time, the company envisioned layer 3 routing and layer 2 ( Ethernet , Token Ring ) switching as complementary functions of different intelligence and architecture—the former was slow and complex, the latter was fast but simple. This philosophy dominated the company's product lines throughout the 1990s. In 1995, John Morgridge was succeeded by John T. Chambers . The Internet Protocol (IP) became widely adopted in

2832-529: The time. Khosla had graduated a couple of years earlier from the Stanford Graduate School of Business with Scott McNealy , who managed manufacturing at Onyx Systems . Khosla, McNealy and Bechtolsheim wrote a short business plan and quickly received funding from venture capitalists in 1982. Bechtolsheim left Stanford to co-found the company, Sun Microsystems , as employee number one, with McNealy and Khosla, and with Bill Joy , who had been part of

2891-545: The underlying architecture, and its ability to scale well, Yeager's well-designed invention became a key to Cisco's early success. In 1985, Bosack and Stanford employee Kirk Lougheed began a project to formally network Stanford's campus. They adapted Yeager's software into what became the foundation for Cisco IOS , despite Yeager's claims that he had been denied permission to sell the Blue Box commercially. On July 11, 1986, Bosack and Lougheed were forced to resign from Stanford and

2950-417: The university contemplated filing criminal complaints against Cisco and its founders for the theft of its software, hardware designs, and other intellectual properties. In 1987, Stanford licensed the router software and two computer boards to Cisco. In addition to Bosack, Lerner, Lougheed, Greg Satz (a programmer), and Richard Troiano (who handled sales), completed the early Cisco team. The company's first CEO

3009-468: Was Bill Graves, who held the position from 1987 to 1988. In 1988, John Morgridge was appointed CEO. The name "Cisco" was derived from the city name San Francisco , which is why the company's engineers insisted on using the lower case "cisco" in its early years. The logo is a stylized depiction of the two towers of the Golden Gate Bridge . On February 16, 1990, Cisco Systems went public with

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3068-649: Was announced as the next CEO. On July 23, 2015, Cisco announced the divestiture of its television set-top-box and cable modem business to Technicolor SA for $ 600 million, a division originally formed by Cisco's $ 6.9 billion purchase of Scientific Atlanta . The deal came as part of Cisco's gradual exit from the consumer market, and as part of an effort by Cisco's new leadership to focus on cloud-based products in enterprise segments. Cisco indicated that it would still collaborate with Technicolor on video products. On November 19, 2015, Cisco, alongside ARM Holdings , Dell , Intel , Microsoft and Princeton University , founded

3127-570: Was inspired by the Xerox Alto computer developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center . Bechtolsheim was a "no fee consultant" at Xerox, meaning he was not remunerated directly but had free access to the research being done there. At the time, Lynn Conway was using workstations to design very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits. Bechtolsheim's advisor was Forest Baskett . In 1980, Vaughan Pratt also provided leadership to

3186-534: Was integrated into the Cisco Security business unit. Ironport's Senderbase was renamed as Sensorbase to take account of the input into this database that other Cisco devices provide. SensorBase allows these devices to build a risk profile on IP addresses, therefore allowing risk profiles to be dynamically created on http sites and SMTP email sources. In 2010, Cisco bought Starent Networks (a mobile packet core company) for $ 2.9 billion and Moto Development Group,

3245-617: Was replaced by Todd Nightingale, head of Cisco Meraki . In October 2022, Cisco announced a partnership adding the Microsoft Teams app to its meeting devices. In 2022, Cisco completely curtailed sales of its equipment in Russia due to Russian invasion of Ukraine , and completely discontinued service for already-sold devices. In April 2023, it became known that the company had destroyed equipment, spare parts, and even vehicles and office furniture worth 1.86 billion rubles (about $ 23 million) due to

3304-505: Was replaced by a commercial board from 3Com . Sun Microsystems had its initial public offering in 1986 and reached $ 1 billion in sales by 1988. Bechtolsheim formed a project code-named UniSun around this time to design a small, inexpensive desktop computer for the educational market. The result was the SPARCstation 1 (known as "campus"), the start of another line of Sun products. In 1995, Bechtolsheim left Sun to found Granite Systems,

3363-576: Was still one of the most valuable companies. The perceived complexity of programming routing functions in silicon led to the formation of several startups determined to find new ways to process IP and MPLS packets entirely in hardware and blur boundaries between routing and switching. One of them, Juniper Networks , shipped their first product in 1999 and by 2000 chipped away about 30% from Cisco SP Market share. In response, Cisco later developed homegrown ASICs and fast processing cards for GSR routers and Catalyst 6500 switches. In 2004, Cisco also started

3422-509: Was supplemented with new product line dubbed Cisco Valet . Cisco announced on January 12, 2005, that it would acquire Airespace for US$ 450 million to reinforce the wireless controller product lines. Cisco announced on January 4, 2007, that it would buy IronPort in a deal valued at US$ 830 million and completed the acquisition on June 25, 2007. IronPort was best known for its IronPort AntiSpam, its SenderBase email reputation service and its email security appliances. Accordingly, IronPort

3481-834: Was valued around $ 60 million. He was an early investor in another EDA start-up company, Co-Design Automation, which developed SystemVerilog which is used to design almost all digital hardware. Bechtolsheim invested in Tapulous , the maker of music games for the Apple iPhone . Tapulous was acquired by the Walt Disney Company in 2010. He joined George T. Haber, a former colleague at Sun, to invest in wireless chip company CrestaTech in 2006 and 2008. Bechtolsheim invested in all of Haber's previous startups: CompCore purchased by Zoran , GigaPixel purchased by 3Dfx and Mobilygen purchased by Maxim Integrated Products in 2008, as well as Moovweb ,

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