54-711: The Liffey Railway Bridge is a rail bridge spanning the River Liffey near Heuston railway station in Dublin in Ireland. It is a wrought iron box truss structure, and joins lines from Heuston Station to Connolly Station through the Phoenix Park Tunnel . Historically used primarily for freight traffic, in November 2016, the bridge and tunnel were reopened to more regular passenger traffic. The bridge and tunnel were built by
108-468: A 27 km (17 mi) course from Straffan to Islandbridge. The Normal Tidal Limit (NTL) of the river is Islandbridge (weir). The Liffey Swim takes place every year in late August or early September between Watling Bridge and The Custom House . The Islandbridge stretch of river accommodates a number of rowing clubs including Trinity College, UCD, Commercial , Neptune, and the Garda rowing club. The Liffey
162-527: A commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs." That is the first of a number of references to the Liffey in the Wake : insofar as the book has characters, the female protagonist of the novel, Anna Livia Plurabelle , is herself an allegory of the river. A skiff, a crumpled throwaway, Elijah is coming, rode lightly down the Liffey, under Loopline Bridge , shooting the rapids where water chafed around
216-455: A dream, And made love down by the Liffey. Flow Liffey waters, flow gently to the sea. Flow Liffey waters flow, and sing and dance for me. "Somebody once said that 'Joyce has made of this river the Ganges of the literary world,' but sometimes the smell of the Ganges of the literary world is not all that literary." "No man who has faced the Liffey can be appalled by the dirt of another river." "But
270-672: A non-Indo-European word borrowed from the original language spoken in Ireland before the arrival of the Celts. It was also known as the Anna Liffey , possibly from an anglicisation of Abhainn na Life, the Irish phrase that translates into English as "River Liffey". James Joyce embodies the river in Finnegans Wake as "Anna Livia Plurabelle". The Liffey rises in the Liffey Head Bog between
324-483: A predominantly English-speaking place, though bilingualism was still common. This created a divided linguistic geography, as the people of the countryside continued to use forms of Norman French , and many did not even know English. English became seen in the Channel Islands as "the language of commercial success and moral and intellectual achievement". The growth of English and the decline of French brought about
378-534: A range of recreational activities. Ptolemy 's Geography (2nd century AD) described a river, perhaps the Liffey, which he labelled Οβοκα ( Oboka ). Ultimately this led to the name of the River Avoca in County Wicklow . According to "Place Names from our Older Literature - IV." by Boswell, C. S. (1904 Connradh na Gaedhilge) the river takes its name from Magh Life, i.e. the plain of Kildare through which
432-471: A wooden bridge, Dubhghall's Bridge, dating to the 11th century, and was in turn replaced – the site is now occupied by Fr. Mathew Bridge ). The Bridge of Dublin was built by the Dominicans in 1428 , and survived well into the 18th century. This four-arch bridge included various buildings such as a chapel, bakehouse and possibly an inn. Island Bridge (a predecessor of the current bridge) was added in 1577 at
486-763: Is now the K Club ), and the Leinster Aqueduct – which carries the Grand Canal over the Liffey at Caragh . Art works along the river and its quays include the Famine Memorial Statues (near the IFSC ) and the World Hunger Stone. The song about Seamus Rafferty refers to the "bowsies on the quay"; However, from the late 20th-century there was some renewed development on the quays, with the addition of linear parks and overhanging boardwalks . There are quays on
540-527: Is widely used for recreational activities – such as canoeing, rafting, fishing, swimming, significant facilities are at Poulaphouca , Kilcullen , Newbridge , where a seven-acre Liffey Linear Park has been developed, and other facilities are located further downriver at Leixlip and other towns. The earliest stone bridge over the Liffey in Dublin of which there is solid evidence was the Bridge of Dublin, which replaced
594-961: The Bradogue River , River Poddle , Stein River and the River Dodder , some of which have numerous tributaries of their own. In earlier times, the River Tolka was also arguably a tributary of the Liffey or at least shared its mouth, but it now enters Dublin Bay distinctly, some distance to the north. There are dams for three ESB hydroelectric power stations along the river, at Poulaphouca , Golden Falls and Leixlip . Major reservoir facilities also exist at Poulaphouca. The Liffey does not feature natural lakes and has few islands. Significant falls at Poulaphouca and at Golden Falls were flooded by reservoir construction. There remain areas of rapids , including as
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#1733085875636648-467: The British government , and it was suggested that anglicisation would not only encourage loyalty and congeniality between the Channel Islands and Britain, but also provide economic prosperity and improved "general happiness". During the 19th century, there was concern over the practise of sending young Channel Islanders to France for education, as they might have brought back French culture and viewpoints back to
702-866: The Danish city København ( Copenhagen ), the Russian city of Moskva ( Moscow ), the Swedish city of Göteborg ( Gothenburg ), the Dutch city of Den Haag ( The Hague ), the Spanish city of Sevilla ( Seville ), the Egyptian city of Al-Qāhira ( Cairo ), and the Italian city of Firenze ( Florence ). The Indian city of Kolkata used to be anglicised as Calcutta , until the city chose to change its official name back to Kolkata in 2001. Anglicisation of words and names from indigenous languages occurred across
756-601: The English-speaking world in former parts of the British Empire . Toponyms in particular have been affected by this process. In the past, the names of people from other language areas were anglicised to a higher extent than today. This was the general rule for names of Latin or (classical) Greek origin. Today, the anglicised name forms are often retained for the more well-known persons, like Aristotle for Aristoteles, and Adrian (or later Hadrian ) for Hadrianus. During
810-588: The Great Southern and Western Railway (GSWR) company to connect Kingsbridge station to the Dublin docklands. Before the line was built the Midland & Great Western Railway (MGWR) company had built a railway along the Royal Canal which enabled them to transport goods directly from Spencer Dock to Broadstone station where MGWR was based. The GSWR had to transfer the goods from the docks by road to Heuston which
864-675: The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . Until the 19th century, most significant period for anglicisation in those regions was the High Middle Ages . Between 1000 and 1300, the British Isles became increasingly anglicised. Firstly, the ruling classes of England, who were of Norman origin after the Norman Conquest of 1066, became anglicised as their separate Norman identity, different from
918-823: The Morell River ), the Rye Water (with tributaries including the Lyreen) at Leixlip , and the Griffeen River and Silleachain Stream in Lucan . Within Dublin are the various Phoenix Park streams on the left bank, interspersed with right bank tributaries such as the Glenaulin Stream and Creosote Stream . Within the quays area tributaries include the River Camac , possibly Colman's Brook,
972-521: The Scottish people . In Wales , however, the Welsh language has continued to be spoken by a large part of the country's population due to language revival measures aimed at countering historical anglicisation measures such as the Welsh not . In the early parts of the 19th century, mostly due to increased immigration from the rest of the British Isles, the town of St Helier in the Channel Islands became
1026-565: The United Kingdom ; or linguistic , in which a non-English term or name is altered due to the cultural influence of the English language. It can also refer to the influence of English soft power , which includes media, cuisine, popular culture, technology, business practices, laws and political systems. Anglicisation first occurred in the British Isles , when Celts under the sovereignty of
1080-456: The Welsh educational system . English "was perceived as the language of progress, equality, prosperity, mass entertainment and pleasure". This and other administrative reforms resulted in the institutional and cultural dominance of English and marginalisation of Welsh, especially in the more urban south and north-east of Wales. In 2022, the Commission for Welsh-speaking Communities warned that
1134-814: The West-Link Bridge on the M50 motorway , Seán Heuston Bridge and O'Connell Bridge . There are 3 pedestrian bridges in the city: the Millennium Bridge , Seán O'Casey Bridge and the Ha'penny Bridge . 21st century additions include the Samuel Beckett Bridge (2009) and James Joyce Bridge (2003), both designed by Santiago Calatrava . Crossings further upriver include the Liffey Bridge at Celbridge , "The Bridge at 16" (a 19th-century pedestrian suspension bridge at what
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#17330858756361188-560: The Wicklow Mountains . ESB hydroelectric power stations exist along the river, at Poulaphouca , Golden Falls and Leixlip , in addition to a number of minor private installations. A well-known sight on the Liffey up to the 1990s, the Lady Patricia and Miranda Guinness cargo ships were used to export Guinness from the St. James's Gate Brewery . As of the early 21st century,
1242-677: The conquest of Wales by Edward I , which involved English and Flemish settlers being "planted" in various newly established settlements in Welsh territory. English settlers in Ireland mostly resided in the Pale , a small area concentrated around Dublin . However, much of the land the English settled was not intensively used or densely populated. The culture of settling English populations in Wales and Ireland remained heavy influenced by that of England. These communities were also socially and culturally segregated from
1296-555: The king of England underwent a process of anglicisation. The Celtic language decline in England was mostly complete by 1000 AD, but continued in Cornwall and other regions until the 18th century. In Scotland , the decline of Scottish Gaelic began during the reign of Malcolm III of Scotland to the point where by the mid-14th century the Scots language was the dominant national language among
1350-529: The Angelus Bell o'er the Liffey's swell rang out through the foggy dew." "You can keep your Michael Flatley with his tattoos on his chest Fare thee well, Sweet Anna Liffey, it's the Ganges I love best I found a place in India so far across the foam You can call me Punjab Paddy, boys, I'm never comin' home!" Fare thee well sweet Anna Liffey, I can no longer stay I watch the new glass cages, that spring up along
1404-646: The Athdown Brook, Shankill River, Ballylow Brook, Brittas River and Woodend Brook. The substantial King's River, which formerly joined the Liffey near Blessington, and may in fact have held the larger flow, now merges in within Poulaphouca Reservoir. Downstream of Poulaphouca are the Lemonstown Stream, Kilcullen Stream and Pinkeen Stream, followed by the Painestown River (with tributaries including
1458-591: The Islands. The upper class in the Channel Islands supported anglicising the Islands, due to the social and economic benefits it would bring. Anglophiles such as John Le Couteur strove to introduce English culture to Jersey . Anglicisation was an essential element in the development of British society and of the development of a unified British polity. Within the British Isles , anglicisation can be defined as influence of English culture in Scotland , Wales , Ireland ,
1512-542: The Life flows. This in turn takes its name from Life, daughter of Canann Curthach, who eloped with and married Deltbanna mac Druchta, cup-bearer to Conaire Mór High King of Ireland. Life took a liking to this plain, and demanded that it should bear her name, and Deltbanna refused to serve any more drink to the men of Éire till the request was granted. The Liffey was previously named An Ruirthech , meaning "fast (or strong) runner". The word Liphe (or Life ) referred originally to
1566-468: The Liffey to which tall ships may travel, as all bridges downriver of it are either swingbridges or bascule . Around 60% of the Liffey's flow is abstracted for drinking water and to supply industry. Much of this makes its way back into the river after purification in wastewater treatment plants. Despite a misconception that the Guinness brewery is one such commercial user, the facility uses water piped from
1620-484: The Liffey's bridges. Downstream of the East-Link bridge, the river is still mainly used for commercial and ferry traffic, with some recreational use also. High speed trips out the mouth of the Liffey were also previously available from Sea Safari. Upstream from the city, at Chapelizod , the river is used by private, university and Garda rowing clubs. The Liffey Descent Canoe Race , held each year since 1960, covers
1674-692: The Liffey. One such stone bridge, at Harristown Estate in County Kildare, was built for John LaTouche in 1788. This remains in private use and is near the disused Harristown viaduct (over the Liffey) which was on the Sallins Tullow rail line and was last used in 1959. Dividing the Northside of Dublin from the Southside , the Liffey is today spanned by numerous bridges, mostly open to vehicular traffic. These include
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1728-586: The Muglin Rocks. It crosses from County Wicklow into County Kildare at Poulaphouca and from County Kildare into County Dublin at Leixlip , with the greatest part of its length being in Kildare. The catchment area of the Liffey is 1,256 km (485 sq mi). The long term average flow rate of the river is 18.0 m /s (640 cu ft/s). The Liffey system includes dozens of smaller rivers and more than 100 named streams. Early tributaries include
1782-419: The Welsh people did not move abroad in search of employment during the early modern era, and thus did not have to learn to speak English. Furthermore, migration patterns created a cultural division of labour, with national migrants tending to work in coalfields or remain in rural villages, while non-national migrants were attracted to coastal towns and cities. This preserved monocultural Welsh communities, ensuring
1836-464: The adoption of more values and social structures from Victorian era England. Eventually, this led to the Channel Islands's culture becoming mostly anglicised, which supplanted the traditional Norman-based culture of the Islands. From 1912, the educational system of the Channel Islands was delivered solely in English, following the norms of the English educational system . Anglicisation was supported by
1890-523: The anglicisation of the Welsh culture and language. Motives for anglicising Wales included securing Protestant England against incursions from Catholic powers in Continental Europe and promoting the power of the Welsh Tudor dynasty in the rest of England. Scholars have argued that industrialisation prevented Wales from being anglicised to the extent of Ireland and Scotland, as the majority of
1944-539: The bridge and tunnel were reopened to more regular passenger traffic. River Liffey The River Liffey ( Irish : An Life , historically An Ruirthe(a)ch ) is a river in eastern Ireland that ultimately flows through the centre of Dublin to its mouth within Dublin Bay . Its major tributaries include the River Dodder , the River Poddle and the River Camac . The river supplies much of Dublin's water and supports
1998-411: The bridgepiers, sailing eastward past hulls and anchorchains, between the Custom House old dock and George's quay. She asked that it be named for her. – The river took its name from the land. – the land took its name from the woman. That there, that's not me – I go where I please – I walk through walls, I float down the Liffey – I'm not here, this isn't happening O'h I've seen her face and I touched
2052-405: The city up to recent times. It is connected to the River Shannon via the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal . There is no major navigation on the river itself above the East-Link bridge in modern times, but shipping used to enter Dublin city centre, with major docking points up to the St James' Gate area. Since its construction in 1978, the Talbot Memorial Bridge marks the furthest point up to
2106-445: The continued prominence of the Welsh language and customs within them. However, other scholars argue that industrialisation and urbanisation led to economic decline in rural Wales, and given that the country's large towns and cities were anglicised, this led to an overall anglicisation of the nation. The Elementary Education Act 1870 and the Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 introduced compulsory English-language education into
2160-444: The emigration of Anglophones to Welsh-speaking villages and towns was putting the Welsh language at risk. During the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a nationwide effort in the United States to anglicise all immigrants to the US . This was carried out through methods including (but not limited to) mandating the teaching of American English and having all immigrants change their first names to English-sounding names. This movement
2214-437: The end of a tunnel and connected Farmleigh estate to Palmerstown . The Millennium Bridge was opened in December 1999, and 21st century additions include Seán O'Casey Bridge (2005), Samuel Beckett Bridge (2009), and Rosie Hackett Bridge (2014). There are records regarding several bridges in County Kildare. A bridge was built in Kilcullen in 1319. There are also a number of historic private and disused bridges over
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2268-403: The identity of the native Anglo-Saxons , became replaced with a single English national identity . Secondly, English communities in Wales and Ireland emphasised their English identities, which became established through the settlement of various parts of Wales and Ireland between the 11th and 17th centuries under the guidance of successive English kings. In Wales, this primarily occurred during
2322-414: The mountains of Kippure 742 metres (2,434 ft) and Tonduff 642 metres (2,106 ft) in the northern section of the Wicklow Mountains , forming from many streamlets near the Sally Gap. It flows for 132 km (82 mi) through counties Wicklow , Kildare and Dublin before entering the Irish Sea at its mouth at the midpoint of Dublin Bay , on a line extending from the Baily lighthouse to
2376-400: The name of the plain through which the river ran, but eventually came to refer to the river itself. The word may derive from the same root as Welsh llif (flood, flow, stream), namely Proto-Indo-European lē̆i-4 , referring to the historic propensity of areas such as Phoenix Park and Waterstown Park to be inundated, but Gearóid Mac Eoin has more recently proposed that it may derive from
2430-427: The native Irish and Welsh, a distinction which was reinforced by government legislation such as the Statutes of Kilkenny . During the Middle Ages , Wales was gradually conquered by the English. The institutional anglicisation of Wales was finalised with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 , which fully incorporated Wales into the Kingdom of England . This not only institutionally anglicised Wales, but brought about
2484-507: The north and south banks of the Liffey, extending from the weir at Islandbridge to Ringsend bridge over the river Dodder, just before the East-Link toll bridge. From west to east, the quays on the north bank are: From west to east, the quays on the south bank are: In the Annals of Inisfallen for the year 808, an entry reads: From Joyce to Radiohead , the Liffey is often referenced in literature and song: "riverrun, past Eve and Adam's , from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by
2538-408: The oldest bridge which connected Church Street and Bridge Street . It was replaced with Whitworth Bridge in 1816. The oldest bridge still standing is Mellows Bridge , (originally Queens Bridge) constructed in 1764 on the site of Arran Bridge, which was destroyed by floods in 1763. The first iron bridge was the Ha'penny Bridge built in 1816. Farmleigh Bridge , also iron, was built around 1872 at
2592-525: The only regular traffic on the river within the city is the Liffey Voyage water tour bus service, which runs guided tours along the River Liffey through Dublin City centre. Departing from the boardwalk downstream of the Ha'penny Bridge , the Spirit of the Docklands was built by Westers Mekaniska in Sweden as a 50-passenger water taxi . Its variable ballast tanks (not unlike a submarine ) and low air draught mean that at low tide it can float high, but at high tide it can ride low and still pass below
2646-493: The quay My mind's too full of memories, too old to hear new chimes I'm part of what was Dublin in the rare ould times Anglicisation Anglicisation or Anglicization is a form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into or influenced by the culture of England . It can be sociocultural, in which a non-English or place adopts the English language or culture; institutional, in which institutions are influenced by those of England or
2700-424: The river approaches Dublin city. Towns along the river include Blessington , Ballymore Eustace , Kilcullen , Athgarvan , Newbridge , Caragh , Clane , Celbridge , Leixlip and Lucan before the river passes the suburb of Chapelizod and then runs through the city of Dublin all the way to its mouth. The River Liffey in Dublin city has been used for many centuries for trade, from the Viking beginnings of
2754-448: The upper tidal extremities of the river between Islandbridge and western Chapelizod. With the development of commercial Dublin in the 17th century, four new bridges were added in Dublin between 1670 and 1684: Barrack, or Bloody Bridge, (the forerunner of the current Rory O'More Bridge ), Essex Bridge ( Grattan Bridge ), Ormond Bridge ( O'Donovan Rossa Bridge ) and Arran Bridge. Flooding in December 1801 following 36 hours of rain destroyed
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#17330858756362808-650: Was known as Americanization and is considered a subset of Anglicization due to English being the dominant language in the United States. Linguistic anglicisation is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce or understand in English . The term commonly refers to the respelling of foreign words, often to a more drastic degree than that implied in, for example, romanisation . Non-English words may be anglicised by changing their form and/or pronunciation to something more familiar to English speakers. Some foreign place names are commonly anglicised in English. Examples include
2862-425: Was occasional match-day services carrying Gaelic Athletic Association fans from southern lines to Connolly Station for Croke Park stadium. However, from the early 21st century, rail transport planners and interest groups such as Platform 11 debated the use of the bridge and tunnel to link the operationally separate passenger lines which then terminated at Heuston and Connolly stations. Ultimately, in November 2016,
2916-470: Was time-consuming and costly so they built the line to connect with the MGWR line at Cabra . Later, because of the cost that MGWR were charging GSR for the use of its line to the docklands, a new line was built directly to the docklands. For some time, the bridge and tunnel were not used for regular passenger services, and traffic over the bridge was largely limited to freight traffic and for shunting of engines between Connolly and Heuston. An exception to this
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