Misplaced Pages

#430569

115-530: The ecologically minded "Cuyahoga" refers to the once heavily polluted Cuyahoga River that flows into Lake Erie at Cleveland , Ohio . The song includes the lyric we burned the river down , which refers to the several occasions (most famously in 1969) when the river actually caught fire . At the end of "Just a Touch" frontman Michael Stipe can be heard screaming the line "I'm so young, I'm so goddamn young", quoting longtime influence Patti Smith 's live cover version of The Who 's " My Generation " released on

230-417: A Stegosaurus and an alligator to form a sort of blended chimera , inspired by illustrations from an issue of Life magazine. To emphasize the monster's relationship with the atomic bomb, its skin texture was inspired by the keloid scars seen on the survivors of Hiroshima . The basic design has a reptilian visage, a robust build, an upright posture, a long tail and three rows of serrated plates along

345-541: A portmanteau of the Japanese words gorira ( ゴリラ , "gorilla") and kujira ( 鯨 （ クジラ ） , "whale") due to his burly build to resemble a gorilla and his habit to favor whale meat . The account has been acknowledged by Toho themselves, director Ishirō Honda , producer Tanaka, special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya , producer Ichirō Satō  [ ja ] , and production head Iwao Mori  [ ja ] , with Satō and Mori recalling that

460-427: A body cavity made of thin wires and bamboo wrapped in chicken wire for support and covered in fabric and cushions, which were then coated in latex. It was held together by small hooks on the back, though subsequent Godzilla suits incorporated a zipper. Prior to 1984, most Godzilla suits were made from scratch, thus resulting in slight design changes in each film appearance. The most notable changes from 1962 to 1975 were

575-417: A coal-burning power plant ; however, the hydropower operation was discontinued in 1958, and the coal-burning plant was decommissioned in 1991. Some environmental groups and recreational groups want the dam removed. Others contend that such an effort would be expensive and complicated, for at least two reasons: first, the formerly hollow dam was filled in with concrete in the early 1990s, and second, because of

690-582: A communal hunting ground, to be enjoyed by all tribes in the region, causing it to be regularly frequented by themselves, the Lenape, Shawnee and Seneca. The Ottawa, who lived clear at the western end of Lake Erie and who, themselves, had formed out of a similar circumstance to the Wyandot- captured Anishinaabeg stationed in the vicinity of what is now Detroit by the Iroquois- were apparently allowed to establish communities in

805-521: A distinctive disyllabic roar (transcribed in several comics as Skreeeonk! ), which was created by composer Akira Ifukube , who produced the sound by rubbing a pine tar-resin-coated glove along the string of a contrabass and then slowing down the playback. In the American version of Godzilla Raids Again (1955) titled Gigantis the Fire Monster (1959), Godzilla's roar was mostly substituted with that of

920-480: A filmographic metaphor for the United States, as well as an allegory of nuclear weapons in general. The earlier Godzilla films, especially the original, portrayed Godzilla as a frightening nuclear-spawned monster. Godzilla represented the fears that many Japanese held about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the possibility of recurrence. As the series progressed, so did Godzilla, changing into

1035-745: A fire-breathing monster in a commercial for the Honda Odyssey . The monster was never mentioned by name, being seen briefly on a video screen inside the minivan. The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society christened a vessel the MV Gojira . Its purpose is to target and harass Japanese whalers in defense of whales in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary. The MV Gojira was renamed the MV ; Brigitte Bardot in May 2011, due to legal pressure from Toho . Gojira

1150-456: A giant version of NBA player Charles Barkley . The commercial was subsequently adapted into a comic book illustrated by Jeff Butler . Godzilla has also appeared in a commercial for Snickers candy bars , which served as an indirect promo for the 2014 film. Godzilla's success inspired the creation of numerous other monster characters, such as Gamera , Reptilicus of Denmark, Yonggary of South Korea, Pulgasari of North Korea, Gorgo of

1265-425: A human to create the movements of the computer-generated Godzilla, but it was said to have ended up looking too much like a man in a suit. Tatopoulos subsequently reimagined the creature as a lean, digitigrade bipedal, iguana-like creature that stood with its back and tail parallel to the ground, rendered via CGI . Several scenes had the monster portrayed by stuntmen in suits. The suits were similar to those used in

SECTION 10

#1732868576431

1380-415: A laser-like high velocity projectile and unleashes it from its jaws in the form of a blue or red radioactive beam. Toho's special effects department has used various techniques to render the beam, from physical gas-powered flames to hand-drawn or computer-generated fire. Godzilla is shown to possess immense physical strength and muscularity. Haruo Nakajima, the actor who played Godzilla in the original films,

1495-533: A less destructive and more heroic character. Ghidorah (1964) was the turning point in Godzilla's transformation from villain to hero, by pitting him against a greater threat to humanity, King Ghidorah . Godzilla has since been viewed as an anti-hero . Roger Ebert cited Godzilla as a notable example of a villain-turned-hero, along with King Kong, Jaws ( James Bond ) , the Terminator and John Rambo . Godzilla

1610-581: A mound building people, which may show a continuity of such people for a few hundred years after the Hopewell Culture collapsed. Many other suspected mounds are also known and several other suspected mounds have been destroyed by industry since the 1790s. When the French first began exploring and mapping the Great Lakes region in the 17th century, it comes across that the entire area of northern Ohio belonged to

1725-597: A rain, at which point they can flash flood and be torrential. Default is standard order from mouth to upstream: Godzilla Godzilla ( / ɡ ɒ d ˈ z ɪ l ə / ɡod- ZIL -ə ) is a fictional monster, or kaiju , that debuted in the eponymous 1954 film , directed and co-written by Ishirō Honda . The character has since become an international pop culture icon , appearing in various media : 33 Japanese films produced by Toho Co., Ltd. , five American films , and numerous video games , novels, comic books , and television shows . Godzilla has been dubbed

1840-437: A short period when the organ recycles. Various films, non-canonical television shows, comics, and games have depicted Godzilla with additional powers, such as an atomic pulse, magnetism, precognition, fireballs, convert electromagnetic energy into intensive body heat, converting shed blood into temporary tentacle limbs, an electric bite, superhuman speed, laser beams emitted from its eyes and even flight. Godzilla has

1955-490: A whim. It is generally not motivated to attack by predatory instinct; it does not usually eat people and instead sustains itself on nuclear radiation and an omnivorous or piscivorian diet consisting especially of cetaceans and large fish. When inquired if Godzilla was "good or bad", producer Shōgo Tomiyama likened it to a Shinto "God of Destruction" which lacks moral agency and cannot be held to human standards of good and evil. "He totally destroys everything and then there

2070-431: Is a rebirth. Something new and fresh can begin." Tomoyuki Tanaka noted in his book that Godzilla and humanity can become temporal allies against greater threats, however they are essentially enemies due to the difficulty to co-exist. Godzilla's signature weapon is its "atomic heat beam" (also known as "atomic breath" ), nuclear energy that it generates inside of its body, uses electromagnetic force to concentrate it into

2185-441: Is a relatively recent geologic formation, formed by the advance and retreat of ice sheets during the last ice age . The final glacial retreat, which occurred 10,000–12,000 years ago, caused changes in the drainage pattern near Akron. This change in pattern caused the originally south-flowing Cuyahoga to flow to the north. As its newly reversed currents flowed toward Lake Erie, the river carved its way around glacial debris left by

2300-600: Is a river located in Northeast Ohio that bisects the City of Cleveland and feeds into Lake Erie . As Cleveland emerged as a major manufacturing center, the river became heavily affected by industrial pollution , so much so that it caught fire at least 14 times. When it did so on June 22, 1969, news coverage of the event helped to spur the American environmental movement . Since then, the river has been extensively cleaned up through

2415-554: Is considered "the original radioactive superhero " due to his accidental radioactive origin story predating Spider-Man (1962 debut), though Godzilla did not become a hero until Ghidorah in 1964. By the 1970s, Godzilla came to be viewed as a superhero, with the magazine King of the Monsters in 1977 describing Godzilla as "Superhero of the '70s." Godzilla had surpassed Superman and Batman to become "the most universally popular superhero of 1977" according to Donald F. Glut. Godzilla

SECTION 20

#1732868576431

2530-581: Is questionable. Some think that it comes from the Seneca word for "jawbone". This explanation, however, is as uncertain as the Mohawk explanation. A close match in the Seneca language is Gayó'ha'geh , meaning "on your chin". The river's crooked form does vaguely resemble an animal's jawbone. It is possible that Europeans once wished to call it that, but the name "Cuyahoga" ended up becoming more prevalent and folk etymology took over, creating an accidental link between

2645-401: Is shown to have great vitality: it is immune to conventional weaponry thanks to its rugged hide and ability to regenerate , and as a result of surviving a nuclear explosion, it cannot be destroyed by anything less powerful. One incarnation possesses an electromagnetic pulse-producing organ in its body which generates an asymmetrical permeable shield, making it impervious to all damage except for

2760-506: Is the name of a French death metal band, formerly known as Godzilla; legal problems forced the band to change their name. In May 2015, Toho launched a lawsuit against Voltage Pictures over a planned picture starring Anne Hathaway . Promotional material released at the Cannes Film Festival used images of Godzilla. Steven Spielberg cited Godzilla as an inspiration for Jurassic Park (1993), specifically Godzilla, King of

2875-827: The Fantastic Four , and the Avengers , as well as DC Comics characters such as the Justice League , the Legion of Doom and the Green Lantern Corps . First appearing in 1954, Godzilla has starred in a total of 38 films: 33 Japanese films produced and distributed by Toho Co., Ltd. and five American films, one produced by TriStar Pictures and four produced by Legendary Pictures . He has also appeared in countless other entertainment mediums, which include comic book lines, novelizations , and video games; each appearance expands upon

2990-521: The King of the Monsters , an epithet first used in Godzilla, King of the Monsters! (1956), the American localization of the 1954 film. Originally and in most iterations of the creature, Godzilla is a colossal prehistoric reptilian or dinosaurian monster that is amphibious or resides partially in the ocean, awakened and empowered after many years by exposure to nuclear radiation and nuclear testing . With

3105-486: The Shinjuku ward of Tokyo named Godzilla a special resident and official tourism ambassador to encourage tourism. During an unveiling of a giant Godzilla bust at Toho headquarters, Shinjuku mayor Kenichi Yoshizumi stated, "Godzilla is a character that is the pride of Japan." The mayor extended a residency certificate to an actor in a rubber suit representing Godzilla, but as the suit's hands were not designed for grasping, it

3220-729: The Treaty of Greenville that ended the Northwest Indian War in the Ohio Country , effectively becoming the western boundary of the United States and remaining so briefly. On July 22, 1796, Moses Cleaveland , a surveyor charged with exploring the Connecticut Western Reserve , arrived at the mouth of the Cuyahoga and subsequently located a settlement there, which became the city of Cleveland. It appears that, in more ancient times,

3335-702: The human condition . Godzilla has been featured alongside many supporting characters and, over the decades, has faced off against various human opponents, such as the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF), in addition to other gargantuan monsters, including Gigan , King Ghidorah , and Mechagodzilla . Godzilla has fought alongside allies such as Anguirus , Mothra , and Rodan and has had offspring, including Godzilla Junior and Minilla . Godzilla has also battled characters and creatures from other franchises in crossover media —such as King Kong — as well as various Marvel Comics characters, like S.H.I.E.L.D. ,

3450-710: The nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Lucky Dragon 5 incident still fresh in the Japanese consciousness, Godzilla was conceived as a metaphor for nuclear weapons . Others have suggested that Godzilla is a metaphor for the United States, a "giant beast" woken from its "slumber" that then takes terrible vengeance on Japan. As the film series expanded, some storylines took on less serious undertones, portraying Godzilla as an antihero or lesser threat who defends humanity. Later films address disparate themes and commentary, including Japan's apathy, neglect, and ignorance of its imperial past , natural disasters , and

3565-532: The "Athens Demos" on the 25th anniversary re-release of the album). After being initially skeptical, they embraced the new recording process with Gehman later stating that: "I liked to spend time on the arrangement and layer in the overdubs and comp the vocals—all this process which, to me, was normal record-making, they had never been through before. When they saw that kind of record-making process didn't take anything away—that it actually added another level of artistic expression—they were very excited by it." The album

Lifes Rich Pageant - Misplaced Pages Continue

3680-451: The 5.6-mile (9.0 km) navigation channel still preclude a robust fishery in that reach. Recreation water quality standards (using bacteria as indicators) are generally met during dry weather conditions, but are often exceeded during significant rains due to nonpoint sources and combined sewer overflows. In March 2019 the OEPA declared fish caught in the river safe to eat. Consequently, in 2024

3795-404: The American film Godzilla (2014) from Legendary Pictures , Godzilla was scaled to be 108.2 m (355 ft) and weighing 90,000 short tons (81,650 metric tons), making it the largest film version at that time. Director Gareth Edwards wanted Godzilla "to be so big as to be seen from anywhere in the city, but not too big that he couldn't be obscured". For Shin Godzilla (2016), Godzilla

3910-502: The B-side of her 1976 single " Gloria ", which she also uses at the end of her cover version of " Privilege (Set Me Free) " from her 1978 album Easter . During the first half of 1986, the band took a break from touring to recover energy. They wanted to make a change from the sound of their previous album, with Mills saying "We wanted to get away from the sort of murky feelings and sounds that we got out of Joe [ Boyd , producer on Fables of

4025-592: The City of Akron and members of the Gorge Dam Stakeholder Committee, including Summit Metro Parks, FirstEnergy, and the City of Cuyahoga Falls. As of 2024 the planned date of removal is 2026. The FirstEnergy Dam was built by the Northern Ohio Traction and Light Co. in 1912 to serve the dual functions of generating hydropower for its local streetcar system and providing cooling-water storage for

4140-704: The Cuyahoga River officially begins. It continues on its 84.9-mile (136.6 km) journey flowing southward to Akron and Cuyahoga Falls , where it turns sharply north and flows through the Cuyahoga Valley National Park in northern Summit County and southern Cuyahoga County . It then flows through Independence , Valley View , Cuyahoga Heights , Newburgh Heights and Cleveland to its northern terminus, emptying into Lake Erie . The Cuyahoga River and its tributaries drain 813 square miles (2,110 km ) of land in portions of six counties. The river

4255-571: The Cuyahoga was designated one of 14 American Heritage Rivers in 1998. Despite these efforts, pollution continues to exist in the Cuyahoga River due to other sources of pollution, including urban runoff , nonpoint source problems, combined sewer overflows , and stagnation due to water impounded by dams. For this reason, the Environmental Protection Agency classified portions of the Cuyahoga River watershed as one of 43 Great Lakes Areas of Concern . The most polluted portions of

4370-557: The Erie, but archaeology has since shown that the French, who only saw abandoned villages on the lake shore and never met any of the inhabitants, were mistaken. The entire Cuyahoga River Valley and last west of it actually belonged to a presumably Algonquian people never encountered by whites which we call the Whittlesey culture . They were destroyed during the Beaver Wars (1630-1701). Afterwards,

4485-628: The Great Lakes shipping season, depending on shipping schedules and weather conditions. Some attempts (including dams and dredging ) have been made to control flooding along the Cuyahoga River basin. As a result of speculative land development , buildings have been erected on many flat areas that are only a few feet above normal river levels. Sudden strong rain or snow storms can create severe flooding in these low-lying areas. The upper Cuyahoga River, starting at 1,093 feet (333 m) over 84 miles (135 km) from its mouth, drops in elevation fairly steeply, creating falls and rapids in some places;

4600-679: The Iroquois stationed a group of captured Hurons in this areas, who later broke free after the French aided several Native groups from the Mississippi River in pushing the Iroquois all the way back to what is now Pittsburg, and established themselves as their own tribe- the Wyandot. The Wyandot chose to set aside the entire region from the Cuyahoga River to the PA border and the Mahoning River to Lake Erie as

4715-469: The Monsters , portraying the character through performance capture . In Shin Godzilla , a majority of the character was portrayed via CGI, with Mansai Nomura portraying Godzilla through motion capture. In 2024, Godzilla Minus One was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , becoming the first Godzilla film nominated for an Oscar . At the 96th Academy Awards ceremony, it won

Lifes Rich Pageant - Misplaced Pages Continue

4830-558: The Monsters! (1956), which he grew up watching. Spielberg described Godzilla as "the most masterful of all the dinosaur movies because it made you believe it was really happening." Godzilla also influenced the Spielberg film Jaws (1975). Godzilla has also been cited as an inspiration by filmmakers Martin Scorsese and Tim Burton . A carnivorous dinosaur from the Triassic period

4945-582: The New Madrid Earthquake of 1811 was interpreted as a sign in his favor by many tribes across the eastern US, it appears the last of them in 1813 were leaving to migrate west, into the Great Black Swamp region- the last of Ohio's guaranteed Indian Territory- to live amongst the bulk of the Ottawa and Wyandot who were settled there. The Cuyahoga River, at times during the 20th century, was one of

5060-618: The Ottawa in northeast Ohio at a site called Pilgeruh, but mistakenly noted all the villages in the area were Ottawa. After the war, the military ordered the Natives to evict the region, but most of them stayed during the early decades of settlement, with the last of the local natives concentrating in the Cuyahoga River Valley before leaving between 1811-1813. While there is a chance some may have gone to southern Ohio and joined Tecumseh's brother's pan-Indian cult at his Prophetstown compound, as

5175-558: The R.E.M. canon. A lullaby of modern anxiety, it's flexible enough to serve as a potent metaphor for acid rain, nuclear warfare, satellite surveillance or any other modern phobia you choose". Stephen Deusner , writing for Pitchfork , calls it "invigorating", citing it as R.E.M.'s first transitional album, simultaneously their "most pop-oriented and accessible album up to that point" and "most overtly political collection, with songs addressing environmental crises and political malaise". Alexis Petridis of The Guardian says it "may represent

5290-655: The Reconstruction ] in London". They wanted a "really hard-driving record, but we also like to throw in a lot of things: pianos and organs and accordions and banjos and what-not" and considered working with Gehman as they liked the acoustic sound of his work with John Mellencamp . They initially met for a number of demo sessions at John Keane's Studio in Athens, Georgia , in January & March 1986 (These recordings would later be released as

5405-643: The Toho films, with the actors' heads being located in the monster's neck region and the facial movements controlled via animatronics. However, because of the creature's horizontal posture, the stuntmen had to wear metal leg extenders, which allowed them to stand two metres (six feet) off the ground with their feet bent forward. The film's special effects crew also built a 1 ⁄ 6 scale animatronic Godzilla for close-up scenes, whose size outmatched that of Stan Winston 's T. rex in Jurassic Park . Kurt Carley performed

5520-747: The United Kingdom and the Cloverfield monster of the United States. Dakosaurus is an extinct sea crocodile of the Jurassic Period , which researchers informally nicknamed "Godzilla". Paleontologists have written tongue-in-cheek speculative articles about Godzilla's biology, with Kenneth Carpenter tentatively classifying it as a ceratosaur based on its skull shape, four-fingered hands, and dorsal scutes and paleontologist Darren Naish expressing skepticism, while commenting on Godzilla's unusual morphology. Godzilla's ubiquity in pop culture has led to

5635-474: The album (the single version of the latter removed the sample from one of the Godzilla movies that began the album version). According to the review aggregator Metacritic , Lifes Rich Pageant received "universal acclaim" based on a weighted average score of 93 out of 100 from 20 critic scores. PopMatters included it in their list of the "12 Essential 1980s Alternative Rock Albums". Slant Magazine listed

5750-520: The album at #52 on its list of "Best Albums of 1980s" saying "Lifes Rich Pageant stands as a nearly seamless transition between the band's formative period and their commercial dominance." In 2000, it ranked at number 162 in the list of Virgin 's All-Time Album Top 1000 List. Anthony DeCurtis , writing a contemporary review for Rolling Stone , called it "brilliant and groundbreaking, if modestly flawed", praising it as "the most outward looking record R.E.M. has made." He found that it "carries on...  

5865-399: The album's producer) is good at layering things so there can be a lot of things going on but you can still hear everything. And as far as Michael's vocals go, it's a combination of things: Michael is getting better at what he's doing, and he's getting more confident at it. And I think that shows up in the projection of his voice. The overall sound of everything was so good, we didn't mind having

SECTION 50

#1732868576431

5980-464: The area, given the tribe's distance from it, with one noted in what is now Conneaut and several others noted along the Cuyahoga. But, it is historically established that not all the villages along the Cuyahoga at this time were Ottawa, with a Seneca community noted around Streetsboro under a chief named Big John and possibly some Wyandots nearby. During the Northwest Indian War (1785-1795), all

6095-439: The award. Godzilla is one of the most recognizable symbols of Japanese popular culture worldwide and remains an important facet of Japanese films, embodying the kaiju subset of the tokusatsu genre. Godzilla's vaguely humanoid appearance and strained, lumbering movements endeared it to Japanese audiences, who could relate to Godzilla as a sympathetic character, despite its wrathful nature. Audiences respond positively to

6210-406: The back. In the original film, the plates were added for purely aesthetic purposes, in order to further differentiate Godzilla from any other living or extinct creature. Godzilla is sometimes depicted as green in comics, cartoons, and movie posters, but the costumes used in the movies were usually painted charcoal gray with bone-white dorsal plates up until the film Godzilla 2000: Millennium . In

6325-555: The band at their absolute zenith... imbued with a swaggering confidence absent from its murky predecessor". Petridis also singles out "Fall on Me" for its "beautiful opacity" and the "sumptuousness of its melody". Andrew Mueller in Uncut argues that it represents R.E.M. embracing the mainstream: "For the first time, it had occurred to REM that they had a constituency – and, indeed, that it might be possible and desirable to build on that" with an album where "Every note... fizzes and crackles with

6440-560: The character because it acts out of rage and self-preservation and shows where science and technology can go wrong. In 1967, the Keukdong Entertainment Company of South Korea, with production assistance from Toei Company , produced Yongary, Monster from the Deep , a reptilian monster who invades South Korea to consume oil. The film and character has often been branded as an imitation of Godzilla. Godzilla has been considered

6555-550: The character, eventually making Godzilla as tall as 100 m (328 ft). This was done so that it would not be dwarfed by the newer, bigger buildings in Tokyo's skyline, such as the 243-metre-tall (797 ft) Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building which Godzilla destroyed in the film Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991). Supplementary information, such as character profiles, would also depict Godzilla as weighing between 20,000 and 60,000 metric tons (22,050 and 66,140 short tons). In

6670-414: The context of the Japanese films, Godzilla's exact origins vary, but it is generally depicted as an enormous, violent, prehistoric sea monster awakened and empowered by nuclear radiation. Although the specific details of Godzilla's appearance have varied slightly over the years, the overall impression has remained consistent. Inspired by the fictional Rhedosaurus created by animator Ray Harryhausen for

6785-762: The cover for a story on the Chappaquiddick incident in which Kennedy's automobile passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne , had drowned. The 1969 Cuyahoga River fire helped spur an avalanche of water pollution control activities, resulting in amendments extending the Clean Water Act , Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement , and the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA). Mayor Stokes gave Congressional testimony on his and other major big cities' struggles with polluting industries to restore

6900-403: The creation of numerous parodies and tributes, as seen in media such as Bambi Meets Godzilla , which was ranked as one of the "50 greatest cartoons", two episodes of Mystery Science Theater 3000 and the song " Godzilla " by Blue Öyster Cult . Godzilla has also been used in advertisements, such as in a commercial for Nike , where Godzilla lost an oversized one-on-one game of basketball to

7015-432: The creature's head. The Cybot Godzilla consisted of a hydraulically powered mechanical endoskeleton covered in urethane skin containing 3,000 computer operated parts which permitted it to tilt its head and move its lips and arms. In Godzilla (1998), special effects artist Patrick Tatopoulos was instructed to redesign Godzilla as an incredibly fast runner. At one point, it was planned to use motion capture from

SECTION 60

#1732868576431

7130-643: The dam In late 2012, two dams in Cuyahoga Falls, the Sheraton and LeFever Dams, were scheduled for demolition, as the result of an agreement between the City of Cuyahoga Falls, which owns the dams, and the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District, which will provide $ 1 million of funding to remove the dams. On December 12, 2012, the ACOE issued a permit, allowing the demolition to proceed. As part of

7245-612: The dark Southern folk artistry of last year's Fables of the Reconstruction " and "paints a swirling, impressionistic portrait of a country at the moral crossroads". Robert Christgau gave the album B+ in a dismissive review that complained of a lack of progress from earlier albums. Retrospective reviews of the album in the context of the band's later work (beginning with the following original studio album, Document ) have been positive. Gavin Edwards , writing in 2003, gave it four stars, praising "Fall on Me" in particular as "the finest song in

7360-588: The efforts of Cleveland's city government and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA). In 2019, the American Rivers conservation association named the Cuyahoga " River of the Year " in honor of "50 years of environmental resurgence". The name Cuyahoga is believed to mean "crooked river" from the Mohawk name Cayagaga , although the Mohawk were never in the region alongside European settlers, so this explanation

7475-553: The employee was Amikura. However, Honda's widow Kimi dismissed the employee-name story as a tall tale in a 1998 BBC documentary on Godzilla, believing that Honda, Tanaka, and Tsuburaya gave "considerable thought" to the name of the monster, stating, "the backstage boys at Toho loved to joke around with tall stories, but I don't believe that one". Honda's longtime assistant director Kōji Kajita  [ ja ] added: "Those of us who were closest to them don't even know how and why they came up with Gojira ." Toho later translated

7590-475: The environmental health of their communities. As a result, large point sources of pollution on the Cuyahoga have received significant attention from the OEPA in subsequent decades. These events are referred to in Randy Newman 's 1972 song " Burn On ", R.E.M. 's 1986 song " Cuyahoga ", and Adam Again 's 1992 song "River on Fire". Great Lakes Brewing Company of Cleveland named its Burning River Pale Ale after

7705-456: The event. In December 1970 a federal grand jury investigation led by U.S. Attorney Robert Jones began, of water pollution allegedly being caused by about 12 companies in northeastern Ohio; it was the first grand jury investigation of water pollution in the area. The Attorney General of the United States, John N. Mitchell, gave a Press Conference December 18, 1970 referencing new pollution control litigation, with particular reference to work with

7820-554: The falls for which the City of Cuyahoga Falls was named; more to the point of water quality, it has created a large stagnant pool with low dissolved oxygen . On April 9, 2019, officials from the U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA announced a plan to remove the Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam by 2023 at a cost of $ 65 to $ 70 million. Funding for the project was authorized through the Great Lakes Legacy Act with funds coming from

7935-425: The film The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms , Godzilla's character design was conceived as that of an amphibious reptilian monster based around the loose concept of a dinosaur with an erect standing posture, scaly skin, an anthropomorphic torso with muscular arms, lobed bony plates along its back and tail, and a furrowed brow. Art director Akira Watanabe combined attributes of a Tyrannosaurus , an Iguanodon ,

8050-543: The films by an actor wearing a latex costume , though the character has also been rendered in animatronic , stop-motion and computer-generated form. Taking inspiration from King Kong , special effects artist Eiji Tsuburaya had initially wanted Godzilla to be portrayed via stop-motion, but prohibitive deadlines and a lack of experienced animators in Japan at the time made suitmation more practical. The first suit, weighing in excess of 100 kg (220 lb), consisted of

8165-541: The first and only river fire incident on the Cuyahoga since June 1969. However, as scholar Anne Jefferson notes: The Brecksville Dam at river mile 20 was the first dam upstream of Lake Erie. It affected fish populations by restricting their passage. The dam was removed in 2020. The largest dam is the Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam, also known as the FirstEnergy Dam, on the border between Cuyahoga Falls and Akron. This 57-foot (17 m) dam has for over 90 years submerged

8280-422: The first ever steelhead trout stocking in the river occurred. The lower Cuyahoga River, just west of present-day downtown Cleveland , has been subjected to numerous changes. Originally, the Cuyahoga river met Lake Erie approximately 4,000 feet (1.2 km) west of its current mouth, forming a shallow marsh. The current mouth is human-made, created in 1827, and allows shipping traffic to flow freely between

8395-431: The illusion of great size. In the original 1954 film , Godzilla was scaled to be 50 m (164 ft) tall. This was done so Godzilla could just peer over the largest buildings in Tokyo at the time. In the 1956 American version , Godzilla is estimated to be 121.9 m (400 ft) tall, because producer Joseph E. Levine felt that 50 m did not sound "powerful enough". As the series progressed, Toho would rescale

8510-412: The industrial history of Cuyahoga Falls, the sediment upstream of the dam is expected to contain hazardous chemicals, possibly including heavy metals and PCBs . The Ohio EPA estimated removal of the dam would cost $ 5–10 million, and removal of the contaminated sediments, a further $ 60 million. The dam is licensed through 2041. In 2023 however, after funding was secured, the decision was made to remove

8625-501: The intricate interaction between the rhythm section". All songs written by Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills and Michael Stipe , except "Superman" by Mitchell Bottler and Gary Zekley . Original release: Side one – "Dinner side" Side two – "Supper side" R.E.M. Production Notes Cuyahoga River The Cuyahoga River ( / ˌ k aɪ . ə ˈ h ɒ ɡ ə / KY -ə- HOG -ə or / ˌ k aɪ . ə ˈ h oʊ ɡ ə / KY -ə- HOH -gə )

8740-512: The late 1960s, when new mayor Carl Stokes and his utilities director rallied voters to approve a $ 100 million bond to rehabilitate Cleveland's rivers. Then, the mayor seized the opportunity of a June 22, 1969 river fire triggered by a spark from a passing rail car igniting an oil slick to bring reporters to the river to raise attention to the issue. The 1969 fire caused approximately $ 50,000 in damage, mostly to an adjacent railroad bridge, but despite Mayor Stokes' efforts, very little attention

8855-447: The legs from the suits' steel wire reinforcements wearing through the rubber padding. The ventilation problem was partially solved in the suit used in 1994's Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla , which was the first to include an air duct that allowed suit actors to last longer during performances. In The Return of Godzilla (1984), some scenes made use of a 16-foot high robotic Godzilla (dubbed the "Cybot Godzilla") for use in close-up shots of

8970-488: The lower gradient in their respective reaches. For this reason, the Ohio EPA required the communities to mitigate the effects of the dams. The Munroe Falls Dam was modified in 2005. Work on this project uncovered a natural waterfall. Given this new knowledge about the riverbed, some interested parties, including Summit County, campaigned for complete removal of the dam. The revised plan, initially denied on September 20, 2005,

9085-451: The lower Cuyahoga River banks in Cleveland's Flats district . The Corps of Engineers has also straightened river banks and widened turning basins in the federal navigation channel on the lower Cuyahoga River to facilitate maritime operations. The United States Coast Guard sometimes conducts fall and spring ice-breaking operations along Lake Erie and the lower Cuyahoga River to prolong

9200-443: The lower Cuyahoga River only drops several feet along the last several miles of the lower river to 571 feet (174 m) at the mouth on Lake Erie, resulting in relatively slow-moving waters that can take a while to drain compared to the upper Cuyahoga. Some tributary elevations above are higher than the Cuyahoga River elevation, because of small waterfalls at or near their confluences; and distances are measured in "river miles" along

9315-455: The mistaken assumption that the character is in the public domain , resulting in litigation by Toho to protect their corporate asset from becoming a generic trademark . In April 2008, Subway depicted a giant monster in a commercial for their Five Dollar Footlongs sandwich promotion. Toho filed a lawsuit against Subway for using the character without permission, demanding $ 150,000 in compensation. In February 2011, Toho sued Honda for depicting

9430-440: The monster Anguirus . From The Return of Godzilla (1984) to Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991), Godzilla was given a deeper and more threatening-sounding roar than in previous films, though this change was reverted from Godzilla vs. Mothra (1992) onward. For the 2014 American film, sound editors Ethan Van der Ryn and Erik Aadahl refused to disclose the source of the sounds used for their Godzilla's roar. Aadahl described

9545-580: The monster is referred to as a male and is depicted laying eggs through parthenogenesis . In the Legendary Godzilla films, Godzilla is referred to as a male. Godzilla's allegiance and motivations, as well as its level of intelligence, have changed from film to film to suit the needs of the story. Although Godzilla does not like humans, it will fight alongside humanity against common threats. However, it makes no special effort to protect human life or property and will turn against its human allies on

9660-470: The monster's Japanese name as "Godzilla" for overseas distribution. The first recorded foreign usage of "Godzilla" was printed in the Hawaii Tribune-Herald on November 20, 1955. During the development of the American version of Godzilla Raids Again (1955), Godzilla's name was changed to "Gigantis" by producer Paul Schreibman, who wanted to create a character distinct from Godzilla. Within

9775-424: The most polluted rivers in the United States. The reach from Akron to Cleveland was devoid of fish. A 1968 Kent State University symposium described one section of the river: At least 13 fires have been reported on the Cuyahoga River, the first occurring in 1868. The largest river fire, in 1952, caused over $ 1 million in damage to boats, a bridge, and a riverfront office building. Things began to change in

9890-546: The nation. (No pictures of the 1969 fire are known to exist, as local media did not arrive on the scene until after the fire was under control. ) The article launched Time 's new "Environment" section, and gained wide readership not only on its own merit, but because the same issue featured coverage of astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landing on the Moon the previous week in the Apollo 11 mission, and had Senator Ted Kennedy on

10005-643: The new Environmental Protection Agency, and announcing the filing of a law suit that morning against the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation for discharging substantial quantities of cyanide into the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland. Jones filed the misdemeanor charges in District Court, alleging violations of the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act. There were multiple other suits filed by Jones. Water quality has improved and, partially in recognition of this improvement,

10120-467: The original Japanese films, Godzilla and all the other monsters are referred to with gender-neutral pronouns equivalent to "it", while in the English dubbed versions, Godzilla is explicitly described as a male. In his book, Godzilla co-creator Tomoyuki Tanaka suggested that the monster was probably male; but also suggested that the original 1954 version could have been female. In the 1998 film Godzilla ,

10235-694: The project, a water trail was developed. In early June 2013, dam removal began, and ended in August 20, 2013. This brought about a mile of the river back to its natural state, removed 35 feet (11 m) of structures, and exposed an equivalent quantity of whitewater for recreation. In 2019, attempts by the city to address increased erosion as a result of the removal of these and other area dams were publicized. Two other dams, in Kent and in Munroe Falls , though smaller, have had an even greater impact on water quality due to

10350-447: The receding ice sheet, resulting in the river's winding U-shape. These meanderings stretched the length of the river (which was only 30 miles (50 km) when traveled directly) into a 100-mile (160 km) trek from its headwaters to its mouth. The depth of the river (except where noted below) ranges from 3 to 6 ft (1 to 2 m). The river was one of the features along which the "Greenville Treaty Line" ran beginning in 1795, per

10465-499: The reduction in Godzilla's number of toes and the removal of the character's external ears and prominent fangs, features which would all later be reincorporated in the Godzilla designs from The Return of Godzilla (1984) onward. The most consistent Godzilla design was maintained from Godzilla vs. Biollante (1989) to Godzilla vs. Destoroyah (1995), when the suit was given a cat-like face and double rows of teeth. Several suit actors had difficulties in performing as Godzilla due to

10580-520: The river and the lake. Additionally, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers periodically dredges the navigation channel of the otherwise shallow river to a depth of 27 feet (8.2 m), along the river's lower 5 miles (8.0 km), from its mouth up to the Mittal Steel Cleveland Works steel mills, to accommodate Great Lakes freighter traffic which serves the bulk (asphalt, gravel, petroleum, salt, steel, and other) industries located along

10695-536: The river fully attaining the designated Ohio water quality standards. According to the United States Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System , the Cuyahoga River has also been known as: The name "White River" has also been applied. Download coordinates as: Generally, rivers are larger than creeks, which are larger than brooks, which are larger than runs. Runs may be dry except during or after

10810-487: The river now generally meet established aquatic life water quality standards except near dam impoundments. The reasons for not meeting standards near the dam pools are habitat and fish passage issues rather than water quality. River reaches that were once devoid of fish now support 44 species. The most recent survey in 2008 revealed the two most common species in the river were hogsuckers and spotfin shiners , both moderately sensitive to water quality. Habitat issues within

10925-575: The river was inhabited by some branch of Mound Building culture related to the Hopewell. The only mound formally excavated was Towner's Mound outside of Kent, which appears identical in construction to two other mounds excavated in North Benton, OH and Warren, PA that are related to the New York Hopewell offshoot. The Iroquois say that, when the Erie first moved into western Pennsylvania, they pushed out

11040-472: The river's length from its mouth on Lake Erie. On August 25, 2020, a Holland Oil and Gas fuel tanker crashed on Route 8 near Akron and Cuyahoga Falls, killing one individual and causing a fire that leaked fuel into the southern section of the river. The fire was extinguished by the Akron Fire Department and the river section and surrounding area were promptly cleaned up. The fatal road crash marked

11155-599: The southernmost Japanese island, is named the Godzilla Megamullion . The Japan Coast Guard played a role in name, reaching an agreement with Toho. Toho's Chief Godzilla officer Keiji Ota stated that "I am truly honored that (the megamullion) bears Godzilla's name, the Earth's most powerful monster." In a 2007 interview, Japanese defense minister Shigeru Ishiba said that he would mobilize the Japan Self-Defense Forces in response to an appearance by Godzilla. In April 2015,

11270-559: The suitmation sequences for the adult Godzilla. In Godzilla (2014), the character was portrayed entirely via CGI. Godzilla's design in the reboot was intended to stay true to that of the original series, though the film's special effects team strove to make the monster "more dynamic than a guy in a big rubber suit." To create a CG version of Godzilla, the Moving Picture Company (MPC) studied various animals such as bears, Komodo dragons , lizards, lions and wolves , which helped

11385-412: The suits' weight, lack of ventilation and diminished visibility. Haruo Nakajima , who portrayed Godzilla from 1954 to 1972, said the materials used to make the 1954 suit (rubber, plastic, cotton, and latex) were hard to find after World War II . The suit weighed 100 kilograms after its completion and required two men to help Nakajima put it on. When he first put it on, he sweated so heavily that his shirt

11500-551: The time to be the band's most commercially successful album in the United States, peaking at number 21 on the Billboard charts and heralding the band's first gold record . In the UK, the album managed a number 43 peak. The ecologically conscious " Fall on Me " (a personal favorite of Michael Stipe) and a cover of the Clique 's " Superman ", sung by Mike Mills, were the only singles released from

11615-543: The tribes in Ohio were ordered to give up most of Ohio for settlement, leading to a mass military revolt of all tribes in the Great Lakes region under a war chief named Little Turtle, with most of the fighting occurring along the Ohio-Indiana border. At this time, some Moravian missionaries who had been looking to establish a mission amongst the Ottawa were warned away due to the conflict, so they appear to have chosen to settle amongst

11730-653: The two names that did not actually exist. Early maps from the era of French control of the region, when the Wyandot were the only tribe there, mark the river as "Cuyahoga", although the Wyandot name for the river is Yažaʔyeh. The Cuyahoga watershed begins its 100-mile (160 km) journey in Hambden, Ohio , flowing southward to the confluence of the East Branch Cuyahoga River and West Branch Cuyahoga River in Burton , where

11845-431: The two syllables of the roar as representing two different emotional reactions, with the first expressing fury and the second conveying the character's soul. Godzilla's size is inconsistent, changing from film to film and even from scene to scene for the sake of artistic license. The miniature sets and costumes were typically built at a 1 ⁄ 25 – 1 ⁄ 50 scale and filmed at 240 frames per second to create

11960-430: The universe created by the films. Although the process of creating Godzilla's first film is comprehensively recorded, exactly how its name came to be remains unclear. The most widely accepted report of its origin is that producer Tomoyuki Tanaka named the monster after sturdy Toho worker Shirō Amikura, the later chief of the theater club of Toho, who was jokingly dubbed " Gujira " ( グジラ ) then " Gojira " ( ゴジラ ) ,

12075-461: The urgency of people who’ve made their minds up". Both DeCurtis and Deusner praise the production work of Don Gehman, comparing it favorably to their previous album Fables of the Reconstruction . DeCurtis said Gehman "has done an outstanding job of hardening R.E.M.’s sonic jolt" while Deusner stated of Gehman that by "giving the melodic leads their own space, he emphasizes the muscle in Berry's beats and

12190-461: The visual effects artists visualize Godzilla's body structure, like that of its underlying bone, fat and muscle structure, as well as the thickness and texture of its scales. Motion capture was also used for some of Godzilla's movements. T. J. Storm provided the performance capture for Godzilla by wearing sensors in front of a green screen. Storm reprised the role of Godzilla in Godzilla: King of

12305-588: The vocals mixed as loud as they were." The album title is based on an English idiom . Its use is very old, but R.E.M.'s use is, according to guitarist Peter Buck , from the 1964 film A Shot in the Dark , minus the apostrophe: The cover of the album is a photograph of drummer Bill Berry , on the upper half, and a pair of bison , signifying an environmental theme, on the lower half. It also alludes to Buffalo Bill . With R.E.M.'s fan base beginning to grow beyond its college rock boundaries, Lifes Rich Pageant proved at

12420-402: Was a black belt in judo and used his expertise to choreograph the battle sequences. Godzilla is amphibious : it has a preference for traversing Earth's hydrosphere when in hibernation or migration, can breathe underwater due to pore-shaped gills and is described in the original film by the character Dr. Yamane as a transitional form between a marine and a terrestrial reptile. Godzilla

12535-948: Was also voted the most popular movie monster in The Monster Times poll in 1973, beating Count Dracula , King Kong , the Wolf Man , the Mummy , the Creature from the Black Lagoon and the Frankenstein Monster . In 1996, Godzilla received the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award , as well as being given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2004 to celebrate the premiere of the character's 50th anniversary film, Godzilla: Final Wars . Godzilla's pop-cultural impact has led to

12650-467: Was approved by the Munroe Falls City Council a week later. The 11.5-foot (3.5 m) sandstone dam has since been removed, and in its place now is a natural ledge with a 4.5-foot (1.4 m) drop at its greatest point. The Kent Dam was bypassed in 2004 and was the first dam modification project in the state of Ohio that was made solely for water quality issues. The modification resulted in

12765-524: Was initially given to the incident, and it was not considered a major news story in the Cleveland media. However, the incident did soon garner the attention of Time magazine, which used a dramatic photo of the even larger 1952 blaze in an article on the pollution of America's waterways. The article described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays" and listed other badly-polluted rivers across

12880-487: Was made even taller than the Legendary version, at 118.5 m (389 ft). In Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters (2017), Godzilla's height was increased further still to 300 m (984 ft). In Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019) and Godzilla vs. Kong (2021), Godzilla's height was increased to 119.8 m (393 ft) from the 2014 incarnation. Godzilla's appearance has traditionally been portrayed in

12995-540: Was named Gojirasaurus in 1997 . The main-belt asteroid 101781 Gojira , discovered by American astronomer Roy Tucker at the Goodricke-Pigott Observatory in 1999, was named in honor of the creature. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on July 11, 2018 ( M.P.C. 110635 ). The largest megamullion , located 600 kilometers to the south-east of Okinotorishima ,

13110-512: Was recorded at Mellencamp's Belmont Mall Recording Studio in Belmont, Indiana , in April and May 1986. The recording studio was larger and had newer technology than they were used to, and they enjoyed the area, attending many concerts in nearby Bloomington while there. The band were also happy with the production of the record and the extra clarity of the vocals, bassist Mike Mills saying: "Don (Gehman,

13225-409: Was soaked within seconds. Kenpachiro Satsuma in particular, who portrayed Godzilla from 1984 to 1995, described how the Godzilla suits he wore were even heavier and hotter than their predecessors because of the incorporation of animatronics. Satsuma himself suffered numerous medical issues during his tenure, including oxygen deprivation , near-drowning, concussions, electric shocks and lacerations to

#430569