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44-571: A Greek–English Lexicon , often referred to as Liddell & Scott ( / ˈ l ɪ d əl / ) or Liddell–Scott–Jones ( LSJ ), is a standard lexicographical work of the Ancient Greek language originally edited by Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , Henry Stuart Jones , and Roderick McKenzie and published in 1843 by the Oxford University Press . It was most recently revised for its ninth edition of 1940. Abridged versions and

88-754: A book on the fragments of the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women . West edited Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey for the Bibliotheca Teubneriana , and the Homeric Hymns for the Loeb Classical Library . West was a DPhil and DLitt of Oxford University , and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , a Corresponding Member of the Akademie der Wissenschaften, Göttingen, and a Member of

132-592: A comprehensive Greek dictionary [...]. The ninth edition of LSJ has been freely available in electronic form since 2007, having been digitized by the Perseus Project . Diogenes, a free software package, incorporates the Perseus data and allows easy offline consultation of LSJ on Mac OS X, Windows , and Linux platforms. Marcion is another open source application that includes the Perseus LSJ. For mobile devices, both

176-438: A description of the language in general use. Such a dictionary is usually called a general dictionary or LGP dictionary (Language for General Purpose). Specialized lexicography focuses on the design, compilation, use and evaluation of specialized dictionaries, i.e. dictionaries that are devoted to a (relatively restricted) set of linguistic and factual elements of one or more specialist subject fields, e.g. legal lexicography . Such

220-402: A dictionary is usually called a specialized dictionary or Language for specific purposes dictionary and following Nielsen 1994, specialized dictionaries are either multi-field, single-field or sub-field dictionaries. It is now widely accepted that lexicography is a scholarly discipline in its own right and not a sub-branch of applied linguistics , as the chief object of study in lexicography

264-432: A dictionary), 'dictionary use' (or observing the reference acts and skills of dictionary users), and 'dictionary IT' (or applying computer aids to the process of dictionary compilation). One important consideration is the status of 'bilingual lexicography', or the compilation and use of the bilingual dictionary in all its aspects (see e.g. Nielsen 1994). In spite of a relatively long history of this type of dictionary, it

308-649: A dictionary. They are responsible for arranging lexical material (usually alphabetically ) to facilitate understanding and navigation. Coined in English 1680, the word "lexicography" derives from the Greek λεξικογράφος ( lexikographos ), "lexicographer", from λεξικόν ( lexicon ), neut. of λεξικός lexikos , "of or for words", from λέξις ( lexis ), "speech", "word" (in turn from λέγω ( lego ), "to say", "to speak" ) and γράφω ( grapho ), "to scratch, to inscribe, to write". Practical lexicographic work involves several activities, and

352-694: A junior research fellow at St John's College from 1960 to 1963. His doctoral thesis, a commentary on Hesiod 's Theogony , won the Conington Prize for the best classical dissertation of the year in 1965, and was edited as a printed book the following year. From the mid-sixties, West took especial interest in the relation of Greek literature to the Orient, and over several decades, culminating in his masterpiece The East Face of Helicon (1997), defended his view that Greek literature derives significant influences and inspiration from Near Eastern literature. He took up

396-556: A particular word. As of 2005, the most recent revision of the Supplement, published in 1996, contains 320 pages of corrections to the main text, as well as other materials. Here is a typical entry from the revised Supplement: ἐκβουτῠπόομαι to be changed into a cow , S. fr . 269a.37 R. The small "x" indicates that this word did not appear in the main text at all; "S. fr ." refers to the collected fragmentary works of Sophocles . One interesting new source of lexicographic material in

440-477: A position as tutorial fellow at University College, a position he filled from 1963 to 1974. In 1973 he became the second youngest person to be elected a Fellow of the British Academy , at the age of 35. He obtained a chair at Royal Holloway and Bedford New College , which he held from 1974 until 1991, when he became a fellow of All Souls College . West retired formally in 2004, but remained active in All Souls until

484-489: A supplement exist. It was initially the basis for the 2021 Cambridge Greek Lexicon , although subsequently that became a complete rewrite from scratch. The lexicon was begun in the 19th century, and is now in its ninth (revised) edition, published in 1940. It was based on the earlier Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache by the German lexicographer Franz Passow (first published in 1819, fourth edition 1831), which in turn

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528-422: A synonym for theoretical lexicography; others use it to mean a branch of linguistics pertaining to the inventory of words in a particular language. A person devoted to lexicography is called a lexicographer and is, according to a jest of Samuel Johnson , a "harmless drudge". Generally, lexicography focuses on the design, compilation, use and evaluation of general dictionaries, i.e. dictionaries that provide

572-657: Is often said to be less developed in a number of respects than its unilingual counterpart, especially in cases where one of the languages involved is not a major language. Not all genres of reference works are available in interlingual versions, e.g. LSP , learners' and encyclopedic types, although sometimes these challenges produce new subtypes, e.g. 'semi-bilingual' or 'bilingualised' dictionaries such as Hornby's (Oxford) Advanced Learner's Dictionary English-Chinese , which have been developed by translating existing monolingual dictionaries (see Marello 1998). Traces of lexicography can be identified as early late 4th millennium BCE, with

616-631: Is the dictionary (see e.g. Bergenholtz/Nielsen/Tarp 2009). Lexicography is the practice of creating books, computer programs, or databases that reflect lexicographical work and are intended for public use. These include dictionaries and thesauri which are widely accessible resources that present various aspects of lexicology, such as spelling, pronunciation, and meaning. Lexicographers are tasked with defining simple words as well as figuring out how compound or complex words or words with many meanings can be clearly explained. They also make decisions regarding which words should be kept, added, or removed from

660-595: Is unlikely to replace it; however, it is still more comprehensive than the Middle Liddell, which it intends to replace. The Cambridge Greek Lexicon uses contemporary language for its definitions and, unlike the LSJ, no longer elides the meaning of words considered offensive in Victorian times. Lexicography There is some disagreement on the definition of lexicology , as distinct from lexicography. Some use "lexicology" as

704-715: The Bauer lexicon , which is a similar work focused on the Greek of the New Testament . The LSJ's definitions reflect the Victorian morality of its time, using euphemism. For example, χέζω ( chezo , 'to shit'), is translated as "ease oneself, do one's need"; βινέω ( bineo , 'to fuck') as "inire, coire, of illicit intercourse"; and λαικάζω ( laikazo , 'to suck cocks') as "to wench". Two condensed editions of LSJ were published by Oxford University Press and remain in print. In 1843,

748-647: The Kindle E-Ink and the iPhone / iPod Touch feature data ported from Perseus. The Android market also currently offers the intermediate LSJ as an offline downloadable app for free or for a small price. A CD-ROM version published and sold by Logos Bible Software also incorporates the Supplement's additions to the ninth edition of LSJ. A new online version of LSJ was released in 2011 by the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG). The TLG version corrects "a large number of typographical errors", and includes links to

792-489: The 'Upper Eighth' and sat for a scholarship to Balliol College a year early. His tutors included Donald Russell , Michael Stokes and Russell Meiggs . Among his peers were future Nobel Prize winner Anthony J. Leggett , and future Permanent Secretary Peter Gregson . West married fellow scholar Stephanie Pickard in 1960 at Nottingham , after meeting her at a lecture given by Eduard Fraenkel at Corpus Christi College , Oxford, whose seminars he attended. He became

836-541: The 15th century, lexicography flourished. Dictionaries became increasingly widespread, and their purpose shifted from a way to store lexical knowledge to a mode of disseminating lexical information. Modern lexicographical practices began taking shape during the 18th and 19th centuries, led by notable lexicographers such as Samuel Johnson , Vladimir Dal , the Brothers Grimm , Noah Webster , James Murray , Peter Mark Roget , Joseph Emerson Worcester , and others. During

880-452: The 20th century, the invention of computers changed lexicography again. With access to large databases, finding lexical evidence became significantly faster and easier. Corpus research also enables lexicographers to discriminate different senses of a word based on said evidence. Additionally, lexicographers were now able to work nonlinearly, rather than being bound to a traditional lexicographical ordering like alphabetical ordering . In

924-633: The Iliad appeared ten years later, and one on The Making of the Odyssey was published in 2014. Martin Litchfield West was born on 23 September 1937 at Eltham General Hospital ( Eltham , London ), the elder child (there being a younger daughter) of civil engineer Maurice Charles West and Catherine Baker, née Stainthorpe. His parents lived at that time in Orpington , but moved in 1939 to Hampton , where his father

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968-466: The compilation of well-crafted dictionaries requires careful consideration of all or some of the following aspects: One important goal of lexicography is to keep the lexicographic information costs incurred by dictionary users as low as possible. Nielsen (2008) suggests relevant aspects for lexicographers to consider when making dictionaries as they all affect the users' impression and actual use of specific dictionaries. Theoretical lexicography concerns

1012-474: The cooperation of many scholars". The Supplement primarily takes the form of a list of additions and corrections to the main text, sorted by entry. The supplemental entries are marked with signs to show the nature of the changes they call for. Thus, a user of the Lexicon can consult the Supplement after consulting the main text to see whether scholarship after Jones and McKenzie has provided any new information about

1056-499: The discipline begins to develop more steadily. Lengthier glosses started to emerge in the literary cultures of antiquity, including Greece, Rome , China, India, Sasanian Persia , and the Middle East. In 636, Isidore of Seville published the first formal etymological compendium. The word dictionarium was first applied to this type of text by the late 14th century. With the invention and spread of Gutenberg's printing press in

1100-579: The early 21st century, the increasing ubiquity of artificial intelligence began to impact the field, which had traditionally been a time-consuming, detail-oriented task. The advent of AI has been hailed by some as the "end of lexicography". Others are skeptical that human lexicographers will be outmoded in a field studying the particularly human substance of language. Martin Litchfield West Martin Litchfield West , OM , FBA (23 September 1937 – 13 July 2015)

1144-472: The end of his life. West died of a heart attack in 2015 in Oxford at the age of 77. Fellow Oxford academic Armand D'Angour paid tribute to him as "a man of few words in seven languages". West edited and commented Hesiod 's Theogony and Works and Days . In 1967, he published with Reinhold Merkelbach Fragmenta Hesiodea , an edition containing other fragmentary poems attributed to Hesiod. He also edited

1188-426: The extensive TLG textual corpus. A Kindle version, the "Complete Liddell & Scott's Lexicon with Inflections", is also available: it allows searches of most Classical Greek word-forms and supports a growing number of Ancient/Classical Greek texts for the device. The Lexicon has been translated into Modern Greek by Xenophon Moschos, ed.: Michael Konstantinidis and was published by Anestis Konstantinidis in 1904 with

1232-572: The first known examples being Sumerian cuneiform texts uncovered in the city of Uruk . Ancient lexicography usually consisted of word lists documenting a language's lexicon . Other early word lists have been discovered in Egyptian , Akkadian , Sanskrit , and Eblaite , and take the shape of mono- and bilingual word lists. They were organized in different ways including by subject and part of speech. The first extensive glosses , or word lists with accompanying definitions, began to appear around 300 BCE, and

1276-461: The ninth (1925) edition, the creation of the Lexicon was originally proposed by David Alphonso Talboys , an Oxford publisher. It was published by the Clarendon Press at Oxford rather than by Talboys, who died before the first edition (1843) was complete. The second through seventh editions appeared in 1845, 1849, 1855, 1861, 1869, and 1883. The first editor of the LSJ, Henry George Liddell ,

1320-514: The ninth edition in 1940, and shortly after the deaths of both Stuart Jones and McKenzie, the OUP maintained a list of addenda et corrigenda ("additions and corrections"), which was bound with subsequent printings. However, in 1968, these were replaced by a Supplement to the LSJ. Neither the addenda nor the Supplement has ever been merged into the main text, which still stands as originally composed by Liddell, Scott, Jones, and McKenzie. The Supplement

1364-411: The private preparatory school of Denmead . At 11, he lost a scholarship at Colet Court (now St Paul's Juniors ), but was offered a feepaying place instead. West discovered at Colet his interest in languages and invented at 14 a competitor of Esperanto he labelled 'Unilingua'. In 1951, he won a scholarship to the main school, St Paul's . Excelling at both linguistics and mathematics, he was advanced to

A Greek–English Lexicon - Misplaced Pages Continue

1408-469: The reconstitution of Indo-European mythology and poetry and its influence on Ancient Greece , notably in the 2007 book Indo-European Poetry and Myth ( IEPM ). West also produced an edition of Homer 's Iliad for the Bibliotheca Teubneriana , accompanied by a study of its critical tradition and overall philology entitled Studies in the Text and Transmission of the Iliad. A further volume on The Making of

1452-558: The revised Supplement is the Mycenean inscriptions. The 1996 revised Supplement's Preface notes: At the time of the publication of the first Supplement it was felt that the Ventris decipherment of the Linear B tablets was still too uncertain to warrant the inclusion of these texts in a standard dictionary. Ventris's interpretation is now generally accepted and the tablets can no longer be ignored in

1496-446: The same aspects as lexicography, but aims to develop principles that can improve the quality of future dictionaries, for instance in terms of access to data and lexicographic information costs. Several perspectives or branches of such academic dictionary research have been distinguished: 'dictionary criticism' (or evaluating the quality of one or more dictionaries, e.g. by means of reviews (see Nielsen 1999), 'dictionary history' (or tracing

1540-461: The same year as the full lexicon's publication, A Lexicon: Abridged from Liddell and Scott's Greek–English Lexicon , sometimes called "the Little Liddell" was published. Several revised editions followed. For example, a reprint, re-typeset in 2007, of the 1909 edition is available from Simon Wallenberg Press. In 1889, an intermediate edition of the lexicon, An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon ,

1584-479: The title H. Liddell – R. Scott – Α. Κωνσταντινίδου ( Μέγα Λεξικόν τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς Γλώσσης ). Reprinted also by other publishers. Also, a supplement compiled by a group of Greek philologists. An Italian translation of the Intermediate Liddell-Scott , entitled Dizionario illustrato Greco-Italiano was published in 1975 by Le Monnier , edited by Q. Cataudella, M. Manfredi and F. Di Benedetto. LSJ

1628-402: The traditions of a type of dictionary or of lexicography in a particular country or language), 'dictionary typology' (or classifying the various genres of reference works, such as dictionary versus encyclopedia, monolingual versus bilingual dictionary, general versus technical or pedagogical dictionary), 'dictionary structure' (or formatting the various ways in which the information is presented in

1672-455: Was Dean of Christ Church, Oxford , and the father of Alice Liddell , the eponymous Alice of the writings of Lewis Carroll . The eighth edition (1897) was the last edition published during Liddell's lifetime. The LSJ is sometimes compared and contrasted with A Latin Dictionary by Lewis and Short, which was also published by Oxford University Press (OUP). It is also sometimes compared with

1716-687: Was a British philologist and classical scholar . In recognition of his contribution to scholarship, he was appointed to the Order of Merit in 2014. West wrote on ancient Greek music , Greek tragedy , Greek lyric poetry , the relations between Greece and the ancient Near East , and the connection between shamanism and early ancient Greek religion , including the Orphic tradition. This work stems from material in Akkadian , Phoenician , Hebrew , Hittite , and Ugaritic , as well as Greek and Latin. West also studied

1760-563: Was appointed resident engineer at the Metropolitan Water Board -operated waterworks . West's father's family were from the Home Counties , and his mother's family from Yorkshire and Durham . His paternal grandfather, Robert West, lectured in electrical engineering; his maternal grandfather, John Stainthorpe, was a railwayman from Pickering . Litchfield was the maiden name of his paternal grandmother. Aged four, West entered

1804-613: Was based on Johann Gottlob Schneider 's Kritisches griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch . The Lexicon has served as the basis for all later lexicographical work on the ancient Greek language, such as the ongoing Greek– Spanish dictionary project Diccionario Griego–Español (DGE). It is now conventionally referred to as Liddell & Scott , Liddell–Scott–Jones , or LSJ , and its three sizes are sometimes referred to as "The Little Liddell", "The Middle Liddell" and "The Big Liddell" or "The Great Scott ". The LSJ main edition has 116,502 entries. According to Stuart Jones's preface to

A Greek–English Lexicon - Misplaced Pages Continue

1848-485: Was initially edited by M. L. West . Since 1981, it has been edited by P. G. W. Glare , editor of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (not to be confused with Lewis and Short's A Latin Dictionary ). Since 1988, it has been edited by Glare and Anne A. Thompson . As the title page of the Lexicon makes clear (and the prefaces to the main text and to the Supplement attest), this editorial work has been performed "with

1892-410: Was prepared on the basis of the seventh edition (1883) of LSJ. In comparison to the smaller abridgement, this "Middle Liddell" contains more entries covering the essential vocabulary of most commonly read Ancient Greek literature, adds citations of the authors to illustrate the history of Greek usage (without identifying the passages), and provides more help with irregular forms. After the publication of

1936-533: Was the basis of the project of John Chadwick and James Diggle at Cambridge to publish the Cambridge Greek Lexicon of 2021. Although it was initially conceived as a mere update of LSJ, the editors eventually decided to start afresh since they considered LSJ "too antiquated in concept, design and content". The CGL has a smaller scope than the LSJ (and also the Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek ), and

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