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116-531: Fifth-year Sarpi students share their last high school year in a documentary-film about the liceo classico and the Italian education system . While preparing for the Esame di Stato , students live the delicate moment of transition to adulthood and they seek to reconcile the uncertainties with the expectations about their future. Sarpi is considered an elitist high school and a selective, harsh and competitive environment with

232-490: A large range of disciplines. Sarpi offers (together with this programme of studies) courses in music theory and history of music or an in-depth course in science or maths, for one or two hours a week every year. Upon the completion of the studies, students must pass the Esame di Stato (until 1999 denominated Esame di maturità ) to obtain their diploma di maturità . year Second Foreign Language and History of Music (optional). Speciality of Maths offered as well during

348-501: A more powerful navy. The various groups participated in the expedition for a variety of reasons: for Garibaldi, it was to achieve a united Italy; for the Sicilian bourgeoisie, an independent Sicily as part of the Kingdom of Italy, and for common people, land distribution and the end of oppression. The Expedition was instigated by Francesco Crispi , who utilized his political influence to bolster

464-596: A political solution were unsuccessful. Intolerance, even in urban and rural populations that associated with the Risorgimento was common, as evidenced by their belonging to the ranks of Giuseppe Garibaldi volunteers from Marsala to Messina , up until the Battle of the Volturno . Many leading cadres of the 1848 revolution (including Rosolino Pilo  [ it ] and Francesco Crispi ) fled to Turin. They participated in

580-454: A secondary role. Timetable outline The gymnasium-lyceum outlined by the Casati law remained essentially unchanged until 1923, even if the schedules and timetable outlines were renewed several times (in 1867, 1884, 1888, 1892). The timetable outline of 1892 introduced the study of French from the third year of gymnasium to the fifth, filling the lack of a foreign language. At the beginning of

696-436: A single subject (classical languages and literatures) with a comparative approach; moreover, the hours of mathematics are increased up to a total equal to that of the liceo scientifico . In 2008 there were about 280,000 students signed in the liceo classico (of which 70 percent were girls), placing this schooling curricula in fourth place (after liceo scientifico curricula, and technical and professional institutes). With

812-564: A sort of diplomatic isolation as it had in fact refused to participate in the Crimean War alongside France and the United Kingdom, alongside which the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia had instead participated. When the idea of a conference regarding the reorganization of Italy following recent events circulated in European diplomatic circles in late 1859, Francis II proved indifferent, not taking

928-582: A week every year. At the end, students must pass the Esame di Stato (until 1999 denominated Esame di maturità ) to obtain their certificate. Unlike what is commonly believed, the debate on whether or not to abolish the study of Latin and Ancient Greek is not recent. Among others, academic Federico Condello and Italian newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore examined its development over history. Thomas Jefferson , as early as 1782, pointed out that "Ancient Greek and Latin are nowadays less and less taught in Europe." In

1044-432: A wide selection of subjects, but the central subjects are those related to literature. Several hours are also dedicated to the study of history and philosophy. The liceo classico's distinctive subjects are history, Latin and Ancient Greek . In Italy, Latin is taught in other kinds of schools as well, like liceo scientifico , liceo delle scienze umane and few others with linguistic specializations. However, Ancient Greek

1160-522: A young and inexperienced monarch ( Francis II of the Two Sicilies , who succeeded his father Ferdinand II only on 22 May 1859, less than one year before the expedition). In 1836, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies had worsened relations with the United Kingdom, to which it had owed its survival during the Napoleonic period, with the " sulphur question ". Finally, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies had fallen into

1276-609: Is however not proven and not logical. The Royal Navy defended only British interest during the landing of the Thousand, and donors from the United Kingdom supported the expedition financially. Furthermore, there is no proof of British bribery within the ranks of the Bourbon military officers. French and Spanish ships supported the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies during the Siege of Gaeta . Since

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1392-473: Is no longer a question of republic or monarchy: it is a question of national unity... to be or not to be". In 1860 the only force opposed to the Bourbons that proved willing to take up arms was the Sicilian independentism . The memory of the long revolution of 1848 was still alive on the island, where the repression by the Bourbons was particularly harsh. Subsequently, the Bourbon government's attempts to reach

1508-473: Is taught only in liceo classico schools. In the first two years ( ginnasio ), liceo classico provides a thorough education on the grammar, syntax and morphology of Latin and Ancient Greek, while, in the last three years, courses are focused on Ancient Greek and Latin literature. Geography, which is taught ginnasio together with history, is stopped in the last three years in favor of philosophy, physics and history of art. The program of natural sciences includes

1624-474: Is taught only in the liceo classico. Another peculiarity of the liceo classico is what the academic years are called: in all the other Italian five-year secondary schools, academic years are referred to with increasing numbers starting from 1 to 5. In liceo classico the first two years are called ginnasio ; the name comes from the Greek gymnasion (training ground). The first year is called "4th year of ginnasio", and

1740-468: Is waning, even though the names of the different years are still colloquially used. This naming system comes from the Gentile Reform of the fascist regime, named after Giovanni Gentile , an Italian philosopher and politician, who had planned an eight-year school career (five years of ginnasio and three of liceo ) that could be accessed by passing a test after the fifth year of elementary school. There

1856-695: The American Civil War , the Union's Garibaldi Guard and its Confederate counterpart, the Garibaldi Legion , wore red shirts as a part of their uniforms. During the night of 5 May, a small group of Redshirts led by Nino Bixio "seized" two steamships in Genoa from the Rubattino shipping company (the ships were actually provided by Rubattino following a secret agreement with the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, which paid

1972-521: The Bourbon ships were deterred from interfering. The Lombardo was attacked and sunk only after the disembarkation had been completed, while the Piemonte was captured. Furthermore, the Bourbon commanders, ignoring the recommendations of the secret services of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, just one day before the landing, had the column of General Letizia and Major d'Ambrosio repatriated to Palermo to face

2088-664: The Calabrian revolution of 1847 , the Sicilian independence revolution of 1848, the Calabrian insurrection of the same year, and the constitutional movement of Naples, also in 1848. From a military point of view, it is essential for the Two Sicilies to maintain close ties with the Austrian Empire . Twice the Bourbons regained the throne due to the intervention of the Austrian armies. In 1815,

2204-519: The Gelmini Reform  [ it ] changed the traditional Italian school system, so now students follow a specific pattern of courses that covers a wide range of disciplines, even if they were still, for the most part, focused on humanities : However, nowadays it is common to find licei offering (together with this programme of studies) courses in music theory and history of music or an in-depth course in science or maths, for one or two hours

2320-510: The Gelmini reform of 2010 the previous traditional liceo classico curriculum, the experimentations and the assisted projects all merged into the new liceo classico curriculum, in force since 1 September 2010. The current course does not differ markedly from the previous one, established in 1952, but it contains a few minor improvements. The liceo classico has the following timetable: The main subjects are humanities and literature. Regarding

2436-597: The Jacobins of the Kingdom of Naples , as well as the anti-French of the period 1806–15. The revolt began on 4 April in Palermo with an episode that was immediately repressed whose protagonists, on the field, were Francesco Riso  [ it ] and, far from the theater of the operation, Francesco Crispi , who coordinated the action of the Genoese rebels. Despite the failure,

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2552-601: The Kingdom of Italy , in the report "On the conditions of public education in the Kingdom of Italy" (1865), it was stated that "Latin is neither studied nor loved by young people and, regarding the knowledge of Latin, there has been a considerable regress in the past twenty-five years. " In the twentieth century, the left-wing thinkers started to moderately criticize classical studies. On 17 September 1906, Ernesto Cesare Longobardi wrote on newspaper L'Avanti that "Italy needs more traders and technicians than commentators of classics "; but he also affirmed that completely abandoning

2668-477: The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia which took the lead in the movement for the political unification of the peninsula. The Expedition took place within the overall process of the unification of Italy , which was largely orchestrated by Cavour , Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia , as his life's work. The Second Italian War of Independence ended on 11 July 1859; the terms of the armistice of Villafranca , wanted by Napoleon III , which recognized Lombardy (with

2784-568: The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia , the last territorial conquest before the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861. The Expedition of the Thousand was the only desired action that was jointly decided by the four " Fathers of the Fatherland " Giuseppe Mazzini , Giuseppe Garibaldi, King Victor Emmanuel II , and Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour , pursuing divergent goals. Mazzini, of republican political belief, wanted to liberate Southern Italy and Rome , while Garibaldi wanted to conquer, in

2900-459: The Mediterranean Sea . Instead, the other more reactionary European powers such as Spain , the Austrian Empire and Russian Empire took the side of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, but maintained a wait-and-see attitude. In such a divided Europe, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies found itself rather isolated and could only count on its own forces. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was led by

3016-595: The Palazzo dei Normanni and the Castello a Mare . On 29 May there was a decisive counterattack by the royal troops which, however, was contained. Thus began the Siege of Palermo . On 30 May the Bourbons, barricaded in the fortresses along the walls, asked for an armistice (organized by the British Admiral Rodney Mundy ), which was granted and which lasted from 30 May to 3 June. On 6 June the Bourbon troops defending

3132-642: The Second Italian War of Independence and adopted a decidedly liberal and unitary political position. It is these follower of Giuseppe Mazzini who see, in insurrectional Sicily, in Garibaldi's intervention and in the House of Savoy, the fundamental elements for the success of the unification cause. On 2 March 1860, Giuseppe Mazzini wrote a letter inciting the Sicilians to rebel, declaring: "Garibaldi must come". At

3248-564: The Trentino region of Austria, as well as István Türr and three other Hungarians . The volunteers came from middle-class backgrounds, with the vast majority being students and skilled craftsmen. The 1,089 volunteers were unfavorably armed with obsolete muskets, and wore red shirts and grey trousers as their uniform. Thus they became known as the Redshirts . The Redshirts were very popular and influenced many armies worldwide. For example, during

3364-458: The United Kingdom , workers from Glasgow and Liverpool offered days of work to support the expedition. The French daily newspaper Le Siècle launched an appeal for fundraising and the enlistment of volunteers. Having left Marseille on 9 May, Alexandre Dumas arrived in Palermo on 30 May from his personal yacht to supply Garibaldi with weapons. A friend and admirer of Garibaldi, Dumas organized

3480-611: The fall of the Western Roman Empire , the Italian peninsula was divided into a multitude of small independent states. The French Revolution and the constitution of the Cisalpine Republic and of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy gave birth to a political movement aimed at national reunification. Insurrectional movements aimed at national self-determination were therefore born. Some of them were viewed favorably by

3596-428: The liceo classico became structured as a five-year school, but it maintained the numbering of the previous classes (so the first two years became the fourth and fifth classes of ginnasio , the last three became the first, second and third classes of liceo : the numbering is typical of liceo classico schools, since other Italian secondary schools have a normal numbering). Apart from a few timetable adjustments, such as

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3712-467: The liceo classico , starting from 70's, enjoyed a certain degree of freedom that allowed to activate experimental curricula ( sperimentazioni ) together with the official regulation course provided by the Ministry, or even in place of this. The experimental curricula, once approved, could be freely adopted by the individual liceo classico schools. The most widespread sperimentazione was going to fill what

3828-526: The unification of Italy that took place in 1860. A corps of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi sailed from Quarto al Mare near Genoa and landed in Marsala , Sicily , in order to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , ruled by the Spanish House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies . The name of the expedition derives from the initial number of participants, which was around 1,000 people. The Garibaldians, with

3944-413: The (Ancient) Greek in the third. The liceo ginnasio was an eight-year secondary school, since it also included middle school. It was accessed after primary school (initially a four-year school) and gave access to university degree courses of any kind; liceo ginnasio was the only secondary course of lyceum type, which was not aimed at technical-professional training, but at the continuation of studies in

4060-549: The Austrian Frederick Bianchi, Duke of Casalanza , defeated the army of Gioacchino Murat , Napoleon's brother-in-law, during the battle of Tolentino and, in 1821, the Austrian Johann Maria Philipp Frimont defeated Guglielmo Pepe 's troops during the battles of Rieti and the battle of Rieti-Antrodoco  [ it ] . In 1860, however, the situation seemed much more favorable to

4176-526: The Bourbons. From 1821, the army received constant funding from the regime and was reinforced by units made up of foreigners (especially Swiss) who appeared loyal to the ruling house. The populations of the provinces of the peninsular part are generally close to the Bourbon dynasty, as demonstrated by the success of the Sanfedist movement which overthrew the Parthenopean Republic in 1799 by massacring

4292-448: The European powers. The only occurrence that would have satisfied this requirement was an uprising from within. Such an event would have felt the alienation of the people from the dynasty that ruled in Naples and, particularly, the inability of Francis II of the Two Sicilies , to exercise government in his domains. Sicily, as shown by the history of the past decades, was fertile ground, and

4408-683: The Italian unification project. Although many recent writers consider that the expedition and the whole enterprise was supported by the British Empire to establish a friendly government in Southern Italy , which was becoming of great strategic value due to the imminent opening of the Suez Canal , the Bourbons were considered unreliable due to their increasing openings towards the Russian Empire . This

4524-527: The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, while the papal government had regained full possession of Umbria and the Marche , whose populations suffered harsh repression, culminating on 20 June 1859 in the bloody massacres of Perugia by the papal Swiss troops in the service of Pope Pius IX . Napoleon III and Cavour were mutually indebted because he had withdrawn from the Second Italian War of Independence before

4640-463: The Liceo Classico. Liceo classico schools started in 1859, with the implementation of Gabrio Casati 's reform. The Gentile Reform implemented the so-called ginnasio , a five-years school comprising middle school (for students from 11 to 16), with a final test at the end of the second year of the secondary school. The test was written and oral, and it was compulsory in order to be admitted to

4756-582: The Porta Termini and entered the city, while another column entered Palermo crossing the Porta Sant'Antonino with less difficulty. Aided by the Palermo insurrection, between 28 May and 30 May, the Garibaldians and the insurgents, often fighting street by street, conquered the whole city, despite the indiscriminate bombardment carried out by the Bourbon ships and by the positions present on the floor in front of

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4872-417: The Sicilian capital capitulated in exchange for permission to leave the city, asking for the honor of arms, which Garibaldi granted as they were also Italian. The garrison evacuated on 7 July, after King Francis II authorized the Bourbon withdrawal. On 21 June 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi definitively occupied Palermo. The news went around the world and public opinion took up the cause of the expedition. In

4988-547: The abstract and natural sciences, and precisely for this reason indispensable for make them understandable. In the Gentile's view, elite schools had to coincide with the liceo classico , intended for the education of future Italy's elites: only graduates from liceo classico were in fact granted enrollment in any university degree course, while for example those who came from liceo scientifico could not enroll neither in humanities , nor in law degree courses. This last obstacle

5104-428: The action gave rise to a series of demonstrations and insurrections, including Rosolino Pilo  [ it ] 's march from Messina to Piana dei Greci from 10 to 20 April. To those, Rosolino Pilo met along the way he announced that they would have to be ready "for Garibaldi's arrival". The news of the revolt was confirmed on the continent by an encrypted telegram sent by Nicola Fabrizi on 27 April. The content of

5220-413: The area, fomenting revolt among the Sicilian population. In Alcamo , on the way to Palermo, the Two Sicilies troops were attacked by Sicilians who shot from houses and balconies, and in retaliation, the soldiers set many houses on fire. In Partinico the population rebelled against the attempted forced requisition of goods and food by the retreating soldiers with a bloody popular revolt. The battle boosted

5336-625: The auspices of the Austrian Government as "Regio Liceo". In 1860, the academy contributed to the Italian Unification with seventy students out of 170 Bergamasque Hunters of the Alps taking part in Garibaldi 's Expedition of the Thousand , aimed at invading the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and annexing its territory to the incipient Kingdom of Italy in 1861. In 2011, the academy took part in

5452-543: The beginning of March, Rosolino Pilo turned to Garibaldi, first asking him for weapons, then inviting him to intervene directly. Garibaldi considered any revolutionary movement that does not have a good chance of success to be inappropriate. He wants to lead the revolution if the people ask him to, and in the name of the King Victor Emmanuel II . With the help of the local populations and the support of Piedmont, Garibaldi managed to avoid failures similar to those of

5568-719: The celebration of the 150° anniversary of the Italian unification : for the occasion, the President of the Republic , Giorgio Napolitano , visited Bergamo , a town that Garibaldi hailed as La Città dei Mille , because of the major role the Alpine city played in the Expedition of the Thousand . [1] Recently, the school adopted the following modernization reforms: In 1907, the Società Bergamasca di Ginnastica e Sports Atletici Atalanta

5684-445: The classic subjects,... Otherwise, one renounces forces which are still more important for the preservation of the nation than any technical or other ability. Classical studies don't have to be abandoned. The Hellenic ideal of culture, too, should be preserved for us in its exemplary beauty." In recent years, the real usefulness of liceo classico has also been questioned, with criticism and defenses coming from many parts. In general,

5800-662: The consent of the French emperor to the annexation of Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. After the annexation of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , the Duchies of Modena and Parma and the Romagna to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in March 1860, Italian patriots set their sights on the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which comprised all of southern mainland Italy and Sicily, as

5916-476: The contemporary Italian regions, including Genoa (156 volunteers), Tuscany (78 volunteers), Sicily (45 volunteers), Naples (46 volunteers), with only 11 from Rome and the Papal States . The largest number of volunteers came from Austrian Lombardy and Venetia , with 434 from Lombardy and 194 from Venetia. An additional 33 foreign volunteers joined the expedition. This included 14 ethnic Italians from

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6032-526: The contribution of southern volunteers and reinforcements to the expedition, increased in number, creating the Southern Army . After a campaign of a few months with some victorious battles against the Bourbon army, the Thousand and the newborn southern army managed to conquer the entire Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The expedition was a success and concluded with a plebiscite that brought Naples and Sicily into

6148-453: The crews of an English sailing ship and a Sicilian fishing vessel owned by master Strazzeri that the city's port was not protected by Bourbon vessels. The absence of Bourbons convinced Garibaldi to head towards Marsala, where the Thousand steamers arrived in the early hours of the afternoon of 11 May 1860. The army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which the Expedition of the Thousand and

6264-539: The culture and history of the European peoples. In this way the liceo classico europeo (literally "European classical lyceum") has been assigned the aim of favoring the formation of a European conscience, as a function of an ever greater strengthening of the European Union . The liceo classico europeo was conceived starting from the programs of the traditional liceo classico curriculum, on which have been grafted peculiar or innovative features, such as, in particular,

6380-475: The debate has developed both in the broader context of the need to reform the entire education system of Italy, adapting it to the cultural and working needs of the contemporary world. Expedition of the Thousand Garibaldine victory [REDACTED] Piedmont-Sardinia [REDACTED] Two Sicilies The Expedition of the Thousand ( Italian : Spedizione dei Mille ) was an event of

6496-489: The departure from Argentario promontory and therefore approximately at the height of the Aegadian Islands or to the west of them, at least 70 miles from Cape Bon , without considering delays and stops. The Thousand , intending to turn towards Sciacca , after having excluded Menfi , between Selinunte and Sciacca , due to shallow water and disembarkation difficulties, then headed for Marsala , as they were informed by

6612-496: The enrolment decreasing by 40% between 2015 and 2016. A 2015 report of the Italian Ministry of Education highlights that drop-outs and failures at Sarpi are too frequent and must be reduced significantly. To favour gifted students, 25% of students were not admitted to the next grade and 29.5% were conditionally allowed to advance to the next grade, only after re-taking failed exams over the summer (Italian average being 11,5%) in

6728-577: The entire five-year period, and an increase in science hours ( chemistry , biology , Earth sciences ). The experimentation was abolished with the entry into force of the Gelmini reform. The experimentation started with the principles of the Maastricht Treaty , where the European dimension of teaching is linked to the learning and dissemination of the languages of the Member States and the knowledge of

6844-457: The evolution of events, to grasp any favorable developments in Piedmont; it was only when the chances of success of the expedition were significant that Cavour openly supported the initiative. With this in mind, on 18 April Cavour sent two warships to Sicily; the Governolo and the Authion . Officially their presence aimed to guarantee the protection of the Piedmontese citizens present on the island but, in reality, they had to accurately evaluate

6960-450: The exclusion of Mantua ) to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, but left Venice and all of Veneto in Austrian hands, had created discontent among a large part of the Italian patriots. Already since May 1859 the populations of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , of the Delegation of Romagna ( Bologna , Ferrara , Ravenna and Forlì ), of the Duchy of Modena and of the Duchy of Parma had expelled their sovereigns and requested annexation to

7076-400: The expected conquest of Veneto, and because he had allowed the uprisings to spread to the territories of central-northern Italy, thus going beyond what was agreed with the Plombières Agreement . The political stalemate was resolved on 24 March 1860, when Cavour signed the cession of the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice to France with the Treaty of Turin (1860) , obtaining in exchange

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7192-426: The expedition. The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia needed a presentable casus belli in order to attack the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. This was needed for the House of Savoy, which however never gave any declaration of war against the Bourbon kingdom, a necessary condition since this was among the requirements presented to Cavour . In fact, Cavour always presented himself as an instrument for maintaining order among

7308-484: The expedition." On 7 May, having no ammunition or gunpowder, Garibaldi decided to stop at Talamone , on the Tuscan coast, where he knew a military fort existed. In addition to the ammunition, he recovered three old cannons and a hundred rifles from the Sardinian army garrison stationed at fort. A second stop was made on 9 May, near Porto Santo Stefano (capital of Monte Argentario ), for coal supply. Garibaldi officially obtained weapons and coal, as major general of

7424-479: The final three years of Liceo. Liceo classico The liceo classico or ginnasio ( lit.   ' classical lyceum ' ) is the oldest public secondary school type in Italy . Its educational curriculum spans over five years, when students are generally about 14 to 19 years of age. Until 1969, this was the only secondary school from which one could attend any kind of Italian university courses (including humanities and jurisprudence ), thus being

7540-403: The first time, students who enrolled in the first year of liceo classico were less than those who chose liceo linguistico schools, which amounted to 7.25%. In 2016, the students of liceo delle scienze umane schools were 7.4% of total students, while those of liceo classico were 6.2%, making liceo classico the fourth liceo school by number of students. A liceo classico school offers

7656-412: The first true schooling took place at the gymnasium. The liceo ginnasio was meant to form the future elite of Italy; those who attended were supposed to continue with their studies, since it didn't provide a professional education. Since its implementation, the school was criticized for its being focused on philosophical and humanistic topics and since it relegated scientific and technical education to

7772-437: The five-year study of two foreign languages (the English language and a second Community language among French, German and Spanish), the study of law and of political economy , the study of two non-linguistic curricular subjects taught in a foreign Community language among history, history of art , science, geography (also called geo-history ), and law and political economy, the merging of the (Ancient) Greek and Latin into

7888-422: The forces at play. At the same time, Cavour managed, through Giuseppe La Farina (sent after the landing in Sicily to monitor and maintain contact with Garibaldi), to follow all the preparatory phases of the expedition. The definitive agreements between Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II were concluded during a meeting in Bologna on 2 May. Cavour accepted that the government, with caution, would help Garibaldi in

8004-463: The fourth and fifth years of gymnasium and then the first, the second and the third years of liceo classico . The Gentile reform allowed liceo classico students to access university degree courses of any kind. Because of the war , the timetable was repeatedly remodeled until it became quite standard in 1952. Outline of the timetable The number of liceo classico students started to decrease in favor of liceo scientifico schools, also because it

8120-406: The future ruling class. Apprenticeships involving all students should be nonetheless implemented". The first public school of Grammar, Humanities, and Rhetorics was established by the Republic of Venice in 1506 under the name of Accademia della Misericordia. The modern school was established by Napoleonic decree in 1803, while the villa on the Rosate hill was erected between 1845 and 1852 under

8236-407: The ground together with part of the crew. The neutrality of the English navy was confirmed during the following battle of Palermo, when Garibaldi, left almost without gunpowder, requested it in vain from the commanders of the war fleets moored off the coast of the city. They were joined, as early as 12 May, by 200 Sicilian volunteers commanded by the Sant'Anna brothers. Their forces increased due to

8352-433: The gymnasium/lyceum, emphasizing the humanistic-classicist aspect. This was in line with the principles of neo-idealist philosophy , of which Gentile was with Benedetto Croce , one of the greatest followers. In fact the neoidealist philosophers considered the literary, historical and digressive subjects the only ones able to provide real knowledge, especially philosophy, being in itself a literal, simple and primitive form of

8468-613: The home of Candido Augusto Vecchi, his old comrade-in-arms from South American times, where Garibaldi had established his headquarters and lodgings. According to Frederick Schneid, "Before embarking on the adventure, Garibaldi once again pledged his loyalty to Victor Emmanuel II and proclaimed that his intention was to conquer Sicily for the king. There is every indication that there was far more collusion between Cavour and Garibaldi, if not Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi. After Garibaldi landed in Sicily, Admiral Persano received orders to support

8584-435: The insurgents had to face, was numerically considerable. In 1860 the active army was made up of four army corps, one of the guards and three of the line, for a total of around 90,000 soldiers in active service and over 50,000 in the reserve, therefore overall the total of the Two Sicilies forces at full mobilization could have had 143,586 personnel, while according to other sources, the maximum number that could be mobilized with

8700-621: The insurrectionary threat in the Sicilian capital. The landing had been preceded by the arrival of Francesco Crispi and others, who had the task of gaining the support of the locals for the volunteers. According to what was stated by the English historian George Macaulay Trevelyan in his book Garibaldi and the Thousand , the two English ships HMS Argus and HMS Intrepid did nothing to help Giuseppe Garibaldi , nor could they have because their boilers were turned off and they were moored offshore, with their commanders Marryat and Winnington-Ingram on

8816-546: The journey, the Thousand were joined by 3,200 Sicilians, bringing the number of fighters under Garibaldi's orders to 4,000 men. From there, Garibaldi and the Sicilian volunteers arrived in Palermo on 27 May and prepared to enter the city, through the Admiral's Bridge and the Porto Termini manned by the Bourbon military. After a hard battle, the royal troops abandoned the field and returned to Palermo. A column of Garibaldi crossed

8932-1121: The last three years of liceo . Currently liceo classico is similar to every other liceo in Italy, high school starts at 14 after middle school, without any additional exams. Since the 1960s, all presbyters and bishops of the Catholic Church studied in seminaries and, since the 1990s, the topics taught inside those seminaries were the same as liceo classico ( theoretical philosophy , Latin and Ancient Greek grammar and literature, English), with many others: ethics, psychology , pedagogy , sociology, Hebrew language , biblical criticism , Koine Greek (the Hellenistic period and Septuagint Bible), pastoral theology , Christian ethics and systematic theology , anthropology and eschatology , sacramentarian theology, Christology and Trinitarian theology, Mariology , patristics , ecclesiology , history of Christianity , history of religions , canon law , liturgy . The liceo classico school type finds its roots in

9048-750: The liberal south, especially those returning after an amnesty granted by the young king, who worked in this direction for some time. Meanwhile the organization of the expeditionary force was in full swing. Garibaldi, fresh from the brilliant Lombardy campaign with the Hunters of the Alps , had demonstrated his abilities as a military leader, facing a regular army with a light army made up of volunteers. Also for this expedition he would have resorted to enlisting volunteers willing to fight under his leadership. In March 1860, exile Rosolino Pilo  [ it ] exhorted Giuseppe Garibaldi to take charge of an expedition to liberate southern Italy from Bourbon rule. Garibaldi

9164-491: The message was not at all encouraging and increased Giuseppe Garibaldi 's uncertainty to the point that he initially gave up on the idea of an expedition. Francesco Crispi, who had decoded the telegram, claimed to have been wrong and provided a new version, probably falsified, which convinced Garibaldi to undertake the expedition. Cavour considered the expedition risky. He feared that it would damage relations with France, especially because he suspected that Giuseppe Garibaldi

9280-410: The model of the pre-unification humanist scholastic tradition, the Casati law provided for a single lyceum address in which the literary and humanistic subjects were prevalent. The original study plan foresaw an eight-year course (there was no middle school at the time), divided into five years of ginnasio and a three-year liceo ("lyceum"): the study of Latin began in the first gymnasium class, that of

9396-427: The morale of the Thousand and, at the same time, depressed the Bourbons, who were poorly led by their often corrupt higher officers, and started to feel abandoned. Having promised land to every male who volunteered to fight against the Bourbons the ranks of the Thousand enlarged to 1,200 with local men. After the battle of Calatafimi Giuseppe Garibaldi headed for Palermo passing through Alcamo and Partinico. Along

9512-416: The most important families. In this way he obtained the support of the landowners. In fact, once the expeditionary force had landed, the barons made their gangs, the picciotti available. Rosolino Pilo was killed in a clash on 21 May 1860. In the first half of the 19th century, several revolts broke out in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, all repressed by the Bourbons. There was the insurrection of 1820–24,

9628-402: The name of Victor Emmanuel II, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and continue towards Rome to complete the Italian unification, while Cavour wanted to prevent the conquest of Rome to avoid a conflict with his French ally, Napoleon III , who protected the Papal States . The project was an ambitious and risky venture aiming to conquer, with one thousand men, a kingdom with a larger regular army and

9744-527: The national grading system , ranging from 3 to 10. In 2016, the average grade at Sarpi was 6.98 out of 10 and 1% of Sarpi students had a GPA higher or equal than 9. Although data show that grades awarded at Sarpi stand below the Italian average, the report highlights Sarpi students excellence. At the 2014 Ministerial National tests of Humanities and Scientific studies , the Institute performed far above Italian schools' average and Sarpi pupils were asked to re-take

9860-417: The next step toward their dream of unification of all Italian lands. As regard to the interests of foreign powers, the United Kingdom supported the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia to counter French policy in the Italian peninsula. In fact, the United Kingdom, which together with France dominated North Africa , did not want Napoleon III to extend his influence on the Italian peninsula to have greater control of

9976-484: The opportunity to show an active presence internationally. In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi , already the most famous Italian revolutionary leader, was in Genoa planning an expedition against Sicily and Naples, with the covert support of the United Kingdom. Lorenzo del Boca suggested that British support for Garibaldi's expedition was spurred by the necessity to obtain more favourable economic conditions for Sicilian sulfur , which

10092-423: The participation of the population, Garibaldi declared to ensure the dictatorship of Sicily in the name of King Victor Emmanuel II, which would then come later. The Thousand , flanked by 500 Sicilian insurgents, had their first clash on 15 May 1860 in the battle of Calatafimi against around 3,000 Two Sicilies soldiers led by General Francesco Landi . The news of the victory of the Thousand spread rapidly in

10208-510: The previous actions of the Bandiera brothers and Carlo Pisacane . Despite not receiving Garibaldi's support, Rosolino Pilo traveled to Sicily on 25 March with the intention of preparing the ground for a future expedition. Accompanied by Giovanni Corrao  [ it ] , also a follower of Giuseppe Mazzini , Rosolino Pilo arrived in Messina and immediately made contact with representatives of

10324-606: The propaganda of the expedition through the newspapers. George Sand and Victor Hugo , then in exile, supported Garibaldi's action. The same went for Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . These, in the New-York Tribune , considered the conquest of Palermo "one of the most surprising military feats of our century". Funds and volunteers arrived from all over Europe, the United States, Uruguay and Chile . Giacomo Medici and Enrico Cosenz were joined by 33 Englishmen, as well as

10440-400: The reserves totaled 130,000. Garibaldi's landing in Marsala on 11 May 1860, on the westernmost point of Sicily, was favored by various circumstances, in particular by the presence of two British Royal Navy warships in the port of Marsala, the gunboats HMS Argus and the sloop-of-war HMS Intrepid , under the command of Admiral Rodney Mundy . With British ships present in the harbour,

10556-596: The royal army, a title obtained during the 1859 campaign. The two steamers, to avoid Bourbon ships, had followed an unusual route, which had taken them almost to the Tunisian coast. On this route near the Tunisian coast, however, it was observed that on the morning of the last day of navigation, at the Il Lombardo' s speed of 7 miles per hour and after 40 hours of navigation, the two steamers could not be more than 280 miles from

10672-403: The school where the Italian elite were educated. It is known as a social scientific and humanistic school, one of the very few European secondary school types where the study of ancient languages ( Latin and Ancient Greek ) and their literature are compulsory. Most of the individuals who achieved the highest levels of leadership in the Italian government, science, diplomacy and business attended

10788-484: The second year is referred to as "5th year of ginnasio" because, until the reform of 1962, this course of study started just after a three-year middle school ("scuola media inferiore"). By 1963, the first three years were suppressed and integrated in the 'unified secondary school', where Latin was mandatory as a subject to access the high schools until 1975. The remaining three years of liceo classico are referred as "1st, 2nd and 3rd year of liceo". However, nowadays this habit

10904-419: The separation of history and geography into two separate subjects being taught in the fourth and fifth years of gymnasium, the new curriculum remained substantially identical to the previous one. On this occasion the official name was changed to " liceo classico "; the denomination of the years of study, however, remained as in the traditional one, still in force: after the third year of middle school there are

11020-452: The so-called liceo ginnasio , established in 1859 with the Casati law , as a school following elementary school (compulsory), initially in force in the Kingdom of Sardinia and then extended to whole Italy after Italian Unification . High schools, however, already existed, having been established during the Napoleonic era, to ensure a high level of education to secular institutions as well. On

11136-403: The study of Latin wouldn't be a good thing. In the second half of the twentieth century left-wing thinkers managed to standardize and modernize education in a certain sense, eliminating the bourgeois obstacles of education. Thanks to these reforms, Latin disappeared from middle school curricula, and it became possible to be enrolled to university for all students from any Italian high school, but

11252-484: The study of chemistry and astronomy in the first year, biology and chemistry in the subsequent three years and geology and chemistry in the last year. The Italian law DPR 15 marzo 2010, n. 89 provided, in annex C the new liceo classico timetable outline. The decree n. 89/2010 is part of the so-called Gelmini reform , which revised the structure of higher secondary schools. In 2012 there were 6.66% of students enrolled in liceo classico schools all over Italy: for

11368-403: The subjects in common with all the lyceums, it is worth mentioning a considerable number of hours are also devoted to the study of history and philosophy. The main subjects are Latin and Ancient Greek. Latin is also taught in the first two academic years of the liceo linguistico and in the traditional curricula of the liceo scientifico and liceo delle scienze umane , while Ancient Greek

11484-653: The subsequent landings of Sardinian troops in civilian clothes and the liberation of prisoners taken from the Bourbon prisons. On 12 May Garibaldi left Marsala and advanced quickly and easily towards the interior of Sicily. In the following days, a thousand Sicilian volunteers joined the expedition, including Franciscan priests. The volunteers are grouped within a new military structure, the Hunters of Etna , directed by Giuseppe La Masa  [ it ] . On 14 May 1860 in Salemi , after an enthusiastic welcome which reassured him of

11600-447: The teaching of Latin and Ancient Greek remained a compulsory part of the curriculum of Liceo classico. The academic and writer Federico Condello, in his book La scuola giusta. In difesa del liceo classico (2018), also examines the positions of a controversial figure such as Adolf Hitler quoting a phrase from Mein Kampf , in which it is written that "[education] has to correspond more to

11716-590: The temporary rent of the two ships). The two ships were renamed Il Piemonte and Il Lombardo . That night, the expedition meticulously controlled by the Piedmontese authorities, set sail for Sicily, having embarked from a rock now known as the Scoglio dei Mille , at Quarto al Mare (now Quarto dei Mille ), 5.6 km south-east of the Old Port of Genoa. The rock was situated directly in front of Villa Spinola (now Villa Carrara),

11832-553: The tests, because results exceeded the expectations as compared to the National situation (INVALSI National tests 2014). On the other hand, students in South Italy , who are less prepared but tend to get better grades as compared to Northern Italy , finished last in the National tests. This phenomenon is also known as Italy 's North - South divide in school grading standards , and it

11948-429: The time of Gelmini reform (2010), the overwhelming majority of students attended one of the below curricula: The liceo classico sperimentazione progetto Brocca ("classical lyceum – Project Brocca experimentation") envisaged, more than the traditional curriculum, the inclusion in the biennium of the subjects law and economy, laboratory of chemistry and physics , Computer Technology combined with mathematics for

12064-464: The traditional gymnasium-lyceum began to be called informally " liceo classico " ("classical lyceum"), even if, officially, the name remained " ginnasio liceo " ("gymnasium-lyceum"). The liceo moderno was abolished in 1923 with the Gentile Reform , which at the same time established a new liceo scientifico (in place of the previous one). The Gentile Reform of 1923 kept the overall structure of

12180-462: The twentieth century, having emerged the problem of poor mathematical/scientific instruction, individual lyceums were allowed to activate experimental sections in which, instead of the Ancient Greek, mathematics or a modern language could be taught. In 1911 the liceo moderno and the first liceo scientifico were established, which joined the traditional course; to distinguish it from the latter,

12296-418: The university. The study plan was directly related to the school tradition of the trivium and were therefore prevalent humanities so much that, in the early years of gymnasium, the only Italian and Latin covered three-quarters of the total hours of lessons. It should however be considered that at the time, the elementary school (four-year and municipal) was very different from the modern one and that, in fact,

12412-467: The year before Esame di Stato . Students tend to enrol in other high schools, because of the higher chances to succeed. The school's policies too rarely allow teachers to assess students with top grades: bright pupils are rarely graded 9 and 10 out of 10 but more often middle band grades 7 and 8 (with 6 out of 10 being the passing grade). This grading policy disfavours Sarpi scholars as compared to students of other Italian high schools, where teachers abide by

12528-523: Was against it at first, but eventually agreed. The expeditionary force was in full preparation and was organizing itself publicly throughout the Italian peninsula. Agostino Bertani , Giovanni Acerbi , Giuseppe Guerzoni  [ it ] and Nino Bixio were active in Genoa , and Giuseppe Missori and Giuseppe Sirtori in Lombardy . By May 1860, Garibaldi had collected 1,089 volunteers for his expedition to Sicily. A total of 336 volunteers came from

12644-399: Was also another test between the ginnasio and the liceo. Several reforms changed the Italian school system in about 1940 and 1960; the first three years of ginnasio were separated and became an independent kind of school. In 1968, the compulsory test which had to be taken at the end of the ginnasio to enter the liceo was abolished, so the liceo classico got the structure it has today. In 2010,

12760-619: Was described in the Italian Journal of Sociology of Education in 2015. In 2016, no scholars at Sarpi graduated with honours. On the contrary, Southern Italy holds the record of students graduated with honours: 944 in Apulia , 802 in Campania and 516 in Sicily . About the competences, the report confirms that "the curriculum of this school does not address the world of work, rather it is meant to educate

12876-459: Was easier to access those schools with the reform of middle schools. When, in 1969, access to university was granted to students coming from any Italian secondary school, the number of students who enrolled in liceo classico schools further decreased; at the time of Gelmini reform (2010), students enrolled in the last year of liceo classico amounted to 51,000 students compared to 103,000 of the liceo scientifico . As all other high schools, also

12992-529: Was instituted in the gym of the academy by some Swiss students. It was renamed Atalanta B.C. after the mythological Greek athlete Atalanta in 1914 and competed for the first time in UEFA Champions League in the 2019–2020 season . The palace and the surrounding areas have been used as setting of several movies: In 2010, the Gelmini reform changed the traditional Italian school system, so now students follow this specific pattern of courses that covers

13108-477: Was needed in great quantities for munitions. Garibaldi, although close to republican and revolutionary circles, had already been in contact with King Victor Emmanuel II for some time to organize the Expedition of the Thousand. Despite his republican ideas, he agreed to collaborate with the House of Savoy until national unity was achieved; the contingencies are such that even the republican Giuseppe Mazzini wrote: "It

13224-455: Was particularly serious, as law was a degree course of primary importance for Italy's elites. Timetable outline Before 1940, post-elementary education was divided into several school types, each of which was preparatory for either lyceum or technical school). In that year the Bottai reform established the three-year middle school , which absorbed the first three years of gymnasium: since then,

13340-421: Was perceived as the biggest gap in this school, namely the lack of foreign language education in the last three years; and indeed, this experimentation effectively replaced the course of regulation and was itself the basis for further sperimentazioni , such as sperimentazione storia dell'arte ("experimentation history of art") and sperimentazione P.N.I. ("National Plan of Computer studies" experimentation). At

13456-452: Was targeting Rome. However, since his prestige was undermined by the transfer of Savoy and Nice, he did not consider himself in a position to express his dissent. For Cavour Garibaldi represented an "opportunity", because through him it was possible to trigger an internal revolt in the Two Sicilies which would have forced the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia to take measures to guarantee public order. Cavour therefore decided to wait and observe

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