64-572: Liberty Records was a record label founded in the United States by chairman Simon Waronker in 1955 with Alvin Bennett as president and Theodore Keep as chief engineer. It was reactivated in 2001 in the United Kingdom and had two previous revivals. Liberty's early releases focused on film and orchestral music. Its first single was Lionel Newman 's "The Girl Upstairs". Its first big hit, in 1955,
128-538: A "record group" which is, in turn, controlled by a music group. The constituent companies in a music group or record group are sometimes marketed as being "divisions" of the group. From 1929 to 1998, there were six major record labels, known as the Big Six: PolyGram was merged into Universal Music Group (UMG) in 1999, leaving the remaining record labels to be known as the Big Five. In 2004, Sony and BMG agreed to
192-405: A 50% profit-share agreement, aka 50–50 deal, not uncommon. In addition, independent labels are often artist-owned (although not always), with a stated intent often being to control the quality of the artist's output. Independent labels usually do not enjoy the resources available to the "big three" and as such will often lag behind them in market shares. However, frequently independent artists manage
256-558: A US Senate committee, that the Byrds never received any of the royalties they had been promised for their biggest hits, " Mr. Tambourine Man " and " Turn! Turn!, Turn! ". A contract either provides for the artist to deliver completed recordings to the label, or for the label to undertake the recording with the artist. For artists without a recording history, the label is often involved in selecting producers, recording studios , additional musicians, and songs to be recorded, and may supervise
320-470: A bigger company. If this is the case it can sometimes give the artist greater freedom than if they were signed directly to the big label. There are many examples of this kind of label, such as Nothing Records , owned by Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails ; and Morning Records, owned by the Cooper Temple Clause , who were releasing EPs for years before the company was bought by RCA . If an artist and
384-408: A conventional cash advance to sign the artist, who would receive a royalty for sales after expenses were recouped. With the release of the artist's first album, however, the label has an option to pay an additional $ 200,000 in exchange for 30 percent of the net income from all touring, merchandise, endorsements, and fan-club fees. Atlantic would also have the right to approve the act's tour schedule, and
448-600: A deal with a proper label. In 2002, ArtistShare was founded as the Internet's first record label where the releases were directly funded by the artist's fans. Snuff Garrett Thomas Lesslie Garrett (July 5, 1938 – December 16, 2015) known as Snuff Garrett or Tommy Garrett , was an American record producer whose most famous work was during the 1960s and 1970s. Garrett was born in Dallas , Texas , United States, and attended South Oak Cliff High School , dropping out in
512-553: A joint venture and merged their recorded music division to create the Sony BMG label (which would be renamed Sony Music Entertainment after a 2008 merger); BMG kept its music publishing division separate from Sony BMG and later sold BMG Music Publishing to UMG. In 2007, the remaining record labels—then known as the Big Four—controlled about 70% of the world music market , and about 80% of the United States music market. In 2012,
576-471: A label want to work together, whether an artist has contacted a label directly, usually by sending their team a demo, or the Artists & Repertoire team of the label has scouted the artist and reached out directly, they will usually enter in to a contractual relationship. A label typically enters into an exclusive recording contract with an artist to market the artist's recordings in return for royalties on
640-462: A large international media group , or somewhere in between. The Association of Independent Music (AIM) defines a 'major' as "a multinational company which (together with the companies in its group) has more than 5% of the world market(s) for the sale of records or music videos." As of 2012 , there are only three labels that can be referred to as "major labels": Universal Music Group , Sony Music , and Warner Music Group . In 2014, AIM estimated that
704-506: A producer in his own right and eventually president of Warner Bros. Records . Later, after leaving Liberty, Garrett worked with Cher and Sonny & Cher and had his own record labels, Snuff Garrett Records and Viva Records, which the catalog was licensed to Warner Bros during the 1980s. Between 1961 and 1969, Garrett produced The 50 Guitars of Tommy Garrett , a series of over 25 instrumental albums on Liberty Records featuring solo guitar work by Tommy Tedesco , six of which appeared on
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#1732909690159768-605: A return by recording for a much smaller production cost of a typical big label release. Sometimes they are able to recoup their initial advance even with much lower sales numbers. On occasion, established artists, once their record contract has finished, move to an independent label. This often gives the combined advantage of name recognition and more control over one's music along with a larger portion of royalty profits. Artists such as Dolly Parton , Aimee Mann , Prince , Public Enemy , among others, have done this. Historically, companies started in this manner have been re-absorbed into
832-544: Is a brand or trademark of music recordings and music videos , or the company that owns it. Sometimes, a record label is also a publishing company that manages such brands and trademarks, coordinates the production, manufacture , distribution , marketing, promotion, and enforcement of copyright for sound recordings and music videos, while also conducting talent scouting and development of new artists , artist financing and maintaining contracts with recording artists and their managers. The term "record label" derives from
896-454: Is often marketed as a "unit" or "division" of the parent label, though in most cases, they operate as pseudonym for it and do not exist as a distinct business operation or separate business structure (although trademarks are sometimes registered). A record label may give a musical act an imprint as part of their branding, while other imprints serve to house other activities, such as side ventures of that label. Music collectors often use
960-684: Is owned by Sony Group Corporation ). Record labels and music publishers that are not under the control of the big three are generally considered to be independent ( indie ), even if they are large corporations with complex structures. The term indie label is sometimes used to refer to only those independent labels that adhere to independent criteria of corporate structure and size, and some consider an indie label to be almost any label that releases non-mainstream music, regardless of its corporate structure. Independent labels are often considered more artist-friendly. Though they may have less sales power, indie labels typically offer larger artist royalty with
1024-706: The Billboard Top LPs chart. In 1966, Garrett produced an album by singer-songwriter Sonny Curtis on the Viva label, The 1st of Sonny Curtis , which contains some of Curtis' most popular tunes, including " Walk Right Back " (an Everly Brothers hit). Other tracks that came out of this session are "My Way of Life", "Hung Up in Your Eyes", and " I Fought the Law and the Law Won ". In 1966–67, Garrett and J. J. Cale co-produced A Trip Down
1088-759: The Johnny Mann Singers and the Ron Hicklin Singers on many projects, and was responsible for the new sound of the Ray Conniff Singers in the early 1970s (which employed the Hicklin Singers), producing two albums with Conniff. Garrett also produced several tracks by Nancy Sinatra in the mid-1970s that were issued by Private Stock Records. In 1976, Garrett set up a sublabel of Casablanca Records , Casablanca West. The label released just one album and two singles before folding. In 1978, Garrett produced
1152-428: The country -oriented soundtrack of Clint Eastwood 's Every Which Way but Loose , which appeared on Garrett's latter-day label, Viva Records. In 1976, when home video was in its infancy, Garrett bought cassette rights to the old RKO , Republic and Hal Roach ( Laurel and Hardy ) films for what United Press International termed "a pittance." By 1980, the 800-title library of his company, The Nostalgia Merchant,
1216-459: The free software and open source movements and the success of Linux . In the mid-2000s, some music publishing companies began undertaking the work traditionally done by labels. The publisher Sony/ATV Music, for example, leveraged its connections within the Sony family to produce, record, distribute, and promote Elliott Yamin 's debut album under a dormant Sony-owned imprint , rather than waiting for
1280-505: The "parent" of any sublabels. Vanity labels are labels that bear an imprint that gives the impression of an artist's ownership or control, but in fact represent a standard artist/label relationship. In such an arrangement, the artist will control nothing more than the usage of the name on the label, but may enjoy a greater say in the packaging of their work. An example of such a label is the Neutron label owned by ABC while at Phonogram Inc. in
1344-586: The 'new' label from United Artists (as Kirk Kerkorian had purchased the name for his film company) and were soon joined by new acts such as New Romantic band Classix Nouveaux . In 1991, Capitol-EMI renamed its Capitol Nashville label to Liberty before returning to the Capitol Nashville name four years later. In 1994, Liberty president Jimmy Bowen founded a sister label called Patriot Records, whose roster included Bryan Austin , Lisa Brokop , John Berry , Deana Carter , John Bunzow , and Noah Gordon . After
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#17329096901591408-668: The 10th grade. In 1976, he returned to Dallas to receive a special high school diploma that conferred an "honorary music degree." At seventeen, Garrett was a disc jockey in Lubbock, Texas , where he met Buddy Holly . He is often still mentioned on the Lubbock oldies station KDAV on a program hosted by his friend Jerry "Bo" Coleman . Garrett also worked in radio in Wichita Falls , Texas, where he performed on-air stunts. On February 3, 1959, Garrett broadcast his own tribute show to Holly after he
1472-638: The Balcony" in 1957, then came " Summertime Blues " and " C'mon Everybody ". The roster included R&B act Billy Ward and His Dominoes after Jackie Wilson quit, replacing him with ex- Lark Eugene Mumford. Their version of Hoagy Carmichael 's 1927 song " Stardust " reached No. 13 in the Billboard Hot 100 and 13 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1957. It was the group's only million seller. By 1958, Liberty
1536-582: The Monkees' theme song . He was also responsible for hiring Phil Spector for a short period as an assistant producer. Many of Garrett's hit singles came from songs by the Brill Building songwriters in New York City. Others who worked closely with Garrett include future recording star Leon Russell , who often arranged his productions, and Lenny Waronker , Liberty co-founder Simon Waronker 's son who became
1600-482: The Rainman " for MCA . Both of these songs had been intended for Cher; but her husband and manager at the time, Sonny Bono, thought it might offend Cher's Southern fans. Other artists produced by Garrett in the 1970s included Brenda Lee and "singing cowboy" Roy Rogers . These recordings and others marked a shift by Garrett away from pop-rock toward the easy-listening "countrypolitan" sound. Garrett worked regularly with
1664-683: The Sunset Strip (attributed to the Leathercoated Minds ), a compilation of psychedelic covers, together with four instrumentals of Cale's own composition. In addition to his hits with Sonny & Cher for Kapp Records and MCA Records in the 1970s, Garrett also produced Vicki Lawrence 's " The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia " for Bell Records (a song written by Lawrence's then-husband Bobby Russell ), and Tanya Tucker 's " Lizzie and
1728-743: The UK by the Decca group on London Records , then by EMI on Liberty. Liberty established a branch office in London, which signed the Bonzo Dog Band , Idle Race , and the Aynsley Dunbar Retaliation . After moving distribution to Philips in 1967, they returned to EMI in 1970. Liberty also signed the Searchers . In 1967, Liberty issued the first single by Family . Ron Kass , onetime president of Liberty, became
1792-456: The UK. At one point artist Lizzie Tear (under contract with ABC themselves) appeared on the imprint, but it was devoted almost entirely to ABC's offerings and is still used for their re-releases (though Phonogram owns the masters of all the work issued on the label). However, not all labels dedicated to particular artists are completely superficial in origin. Many artists, early in their careers, create their own labels which are later bought out by
1856-581: The United Artists name and revived the Liberty name. EMI used Liberty to reissue the catalogs of United Artists, Liberty, and Imperial. From 1980 to 1984, Capitol used Liberty in America primarily as a country music label for acts such as Kenny Rogers and Dottie West , though heavy metal band Manowar was also signed to the company. In the United Kingdom, many new wave acts like The Stranglers were moved over to
1920-546: The United States would typically bear a 4th & B'way logo and would state in the fine print, "4th & B'way™, an Island Records, Inc. company". Collectors discussing labels as brands would say that 4th & B'way is a sublabel or imprint of just "Island" or "Island Records". Similarly, collectors who choose to treat corporations and trademarks as equivalent might say 4th & B'way is an imprint and/or sublabel of both Island Records, Ltd. and that company's sublabel, Island Records, Inc. However, such definitions are complicated by
1984-407: The album will sell better if the artist complies with the label's desired requests or changes. At times, the record label's decisions are prudent ones from a commercial perspective, but these decisions may frustrate artists who feel that their art is being diminished or misrepresented by such actions. In other instances, record labels have shelved artists' albums with no intention of any promotion for
Liberty Records - Misplaced Pages Continue
2048-411: The artist from their contract, leaving the artist in a state of limbo. Artists who have had disputes with their labels over ownership and control of their music have included Taylor Swift , Tinashe , Megan Thee Stallion , Kelly Clarkson , Thirty Seconds to Mars , Clipse , Ciara , JoJo , Michelle Branch , Kesha , Kanye West , Lupe Fiasco , Paul McCartney , and Johnny Cash . In
2112-415: The artist in question. Reasons for shelving can include the label deciding to focus its resources on other artists on its roster, or the label undergoing a restructure where the person that signed the artist and supports the artist's vision is no longer present to advocate for the artist. In extreme cases, record labels can prevent the release of an artist's music for years, while also declining to release
2176-425: The artist is established and has a loyal fan base. For that reason, labels now have to be more relaxed with the development of artists because longevity is the key to these types of pact. Several artists such as Paramore , Maino , and even Madonna have signed such types of deals. A look at an actual 360 deal offered by Atlantic Records to an artist shows a variation of the structure. Atlantic's document offers
2240-484: The artists may be downloaded free of charge or for a fee that is paid via PayPal or other online payment system. Some of these labels also offer hard copy CDs in addition to direct download. Digital Labels are the latest version of a 'net' label. Whereas 'net' labels were started as a free site, digital labels represent more competition for the major record labels. The new century brought the phenomenon of open-source or open-content record labels. These are inspired by
2304-650: The circular label in the center of a vinyl record which prominently displays the manufacturer's name, along with other information. Within the mainstream music industry , recording artists have traditionally been reliant upon record labels to broaden their consumer base, market their albums, and promote their singles on streaming services, radio, and television. Record labels also provide publicists , who assist performers in gaining positive media coverage, and arrange for their merchandise to be available via stores and other media outlets. Record labels may be small, localized and " independent " ("indie"), or they may be part of
2368-403: The company. Some independent labels become successful enough that major record companies negotiate contracts to either distribute music for the label or in some cases, purchase the label completely, to the point where it functions as an imprint or sublabel. A label used as a trademark or brand and not a company is called an imprint , a term used for a similar concept in publishing . An imprint
2432-400: The corporate mergers that occurred in 1989 (when Island was sold to PolyGram) and 1998 (when PolyGram merged with Universal). PolyGram held sublabels including Mercury, Island and Motown. Island remained registered as corporations in both the United States and UK , but control of its brands changed hands multiple times as new companies were formed, diminishing the corporation's distinction as
2496-545: The early 1960s was Bobby Vee , picking up "Suzie Baby", a single he recorded with the Shadows for Soma . He covered the Clovers ' 1955 doo-wop ballad " Devil or Angel " in mid-1960 and later that year recorded Gene Pitney's " Rubber Ball ", which made him an international star. In the summer of 1961 Vee had a hit with " Take Good Care of My Baby ", which peaked at number one (US) and number 3 (UK). He had hits until 1970. Other acts on
2560-416: The early days of the recording industry, recording labels were absolutely necessary for the success of any artist. The first goal of any new artist or band was to get signed to a contract as soon as possible. In the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, many artists were so desperate to sign a contract with a record company that they sometimes ended up signing agreements in which they sold the rights to their recordings to
2624-512: The end of their contract with EMI when their album In Rainbows was released as a " pay what you want " sales model as an online download, but they also returned to a label for a conventional release. Research shows that record labels still control most access to distribution. Computers and internet technology led to an increase in file sharing and direct-to-fan digital distribution, causing music sales to plummet in recent years. Labels and organizations have had to change their strategies and
Liberty Records - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-559: The head of Apple , the label of the Beatles . Ron Bledsoe, assistant to Al Bennett, was picked by Clive Davis to run the Nashville branch of Columbia . In 1966 singer Johnny Rivers started another Liberty subsidiary, Soul City . The following year, Liberty discontinued the Dolton label and moved its catalog to the parent label. In 1967, Liberty signed Canned Heat , which had three hit singles for
2752-634: The label closed in 1995, Berry, Brokop, and Carter transferred to Capitol Nashville. After releasing many late-1990s Europop acts like the Hermes House Band , EMI reformatted the label in 2001 to focus on 'heritage acts'. The label, operating in a similar sphere to that of rival Sanctuary , signed The Alarm (then branded as the Alarm MMVI) and Prefab Sprout , with the Stranglers releasing their first EMI album in over twenty years, Norfolk Coast , on
2816-540: The label in 2004. Liberty also licensed the Bangles ' 2003 album Doll Revolution from their own indie label Down Kiddie! Records, distributing it in Canada and some European countries alongside the United Kingdom. The label later went into abeyance, never bringing out newer releases again. Record label [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] "Big Three" music labels A record label or record company
2880-592: The label was on Johnny Burnette's "Settin' the Woods on Fire" on July 9, 1959. Among Garrett's roster of artists were Bobby Vee , Johnny Burnette , Gene McDaniels , Buddy Knox , Walter Brennan , Gary Lewis & the Playboys , and Del Shannon . Garrett was invited early on to produce the Monkees before they had become a major selling act, but a test session did not go well, with the Monkees preferring to work with Boyce and Hart , writers of " Last Train to Clarksville " and
2944-632: The label. In 1968, Liberty was bought for $ 24 million by Transamerica Corporation , an insurance company, and combined with United Artists . Two years later Imperial and Minit were shut down and transferred its catalog and artists to Liberty and United Artists. In 1970 Sugarloaf scored a top 10 hit in the United States with " Green-Eyed Lady ", which reached number 3 on the Billboard chart . Sugarloaf would score again in 1975 with " Don't Call Us, We'll Call You " (US number 9). In 1971, Liberty and its remaining labels (except for Soul City, whose catalog
3008-725: The major divisions of EMI were sold off separately by owner Citigroup : most of EMI's recorded music division was absorbed into UMG; EMI Music Publishing was absorbed into Sony/ATV Music Publishing; finally, EMI's Parlophone and Virgin Classics labels were absorbed into Warner Music Group (WMG) in July 2013. This left the so-called Big Three labels. In 2020 and 2021, both WMG and UMG had their IPO with WMG starting trading at Nasdaq and UMG starting trading at Euronext Amsterdam and leaving only Sony Music as wholly-owned subsidiary of an international conglomerate ( Sony Entertainment which in turn
3072-433: The major labels (two examples are American singer Frank Sinatra 's Reprise Records , which has been owned by Warner Music Group for some time now, and musician Herb Alpert 's A&M Records , now owned by Universal Music Group). Similarly, Madonna 's Maverick Records (started by Madonna with her manager and another partner) was to come under control of Warner Music when Madonna divested herself of controlling shares in
3136-537: The majors had a collective global market share of some 65–70%. Record labels are often under the control of a corporate umbrella organization called a "music group ". A music group is usually affiliated to an international conglomerate " holding company ", which often has non-music divisions as well. A music group controls and consists of music-publishing companies, record (sound recording) manufacturers, record distributors, and record labels. Record companies (manufacturers, distributors, and labels) may also constitute
3200-463: The months leading to Christmas of 1958, the record went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the first Christmas record to reach number 1 on that chart and selling 4.5 million copies. Also in 1958, Liberty formed a sublabel called Freedom which lasted through 1959, when Liberty moved to its long-time address at 6920 Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Liberty's most successful signing of
3264-507: The output of recording sessions. For established artists, a label is usually less involved in the recording process. The relationship between record labels and artists can be a difficult one. Many artists have had conflicts with their labels over the type of sound or songs they want to make, which can result in the artist's artwork or titles being changed before release. Other artists have had their music prevented from release, or shelved. Record labels generally do this because they believe that
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#17329096901593328-543: The record label in perpetuity. Entertainment lawyers are usually employed by artists to discuss contract terms. Due to advancing technology such as the Internet , the role of labels is rapidly changing, as artists are able to freely distribute their own material through online radio , peer-to-peer file sharing such as BitTorrent , and other services, at little to no cost, but with correspondingly low financial returns. Established artists, such as Nine Inch Nails , whose career
3392-540: The roster were Willie Nelson , Jan and Dean , Johnny Burnette , Gene McDaniels , Del Shannon , Ralph Williams/The Marauders, Gary Lewis and the Playboys , Timi Yuro , and Vikki Carr . Snuff Garrett produced easy listening albums credited to "The 50 Guitars of Tommy Garrett". Liberty sent an annual report for the fiscal year ended 31 January 1962 that included a limited edition 33-1/3 vinyl record with songs by Bobby Vee, Timi Yuro, Gene McDaniels, Si Zentner, and Tommy Garrett. A welcome message recorded by Simon Waronker
3456-418: The salaries of certain tour and merchandise sales employees hired by the artist. In addition, the label also offers the artist a 30 percent cut of the label's album profits—if any—which represents an improvement from the typical industry royalty of 15 percent. With the Internet now being the dominant source for obtaining music, netlabels have emerged. Depending on the ideals of the net label, music files from
3520-419: The selling price of the recordings. Contracts may extend over short or long durations, and may or may not refer to specific recordings. Established, successful artists tend to be able to renegotiate their contracts to get terms more favorable to them, but Prince 's much-publicized 1994–1996 feud with Warner Bros. Records provides a strong counterexample, as does Roger McGuinn 's claim, made in July 2000 before
3584-400: The term sublabel to refer to either an imprint or a subordinate label company (such as those within a group). For example, in the 1980s and 1990s, 4th & B'way Records (pronounced as "Broadway") was a trademarked brand owned by Island Records Ltd. in the UK and by a subordinate branch, Island Records, Inc., in the United States. The center label on a 4th & Broadway record marketed in
3648-433: The way they work with artists. New types of deals called "multiple rights" or "360" deals are being made with artists, where labels are given rights and percentages to artist's touring, merchandising, and endorsements . In exchange for these rights, labels usually give higher advance payments to artists, have more patience with artist development, and pay higher percentages of CD sales. These 360 deals are most effective when
3712-737: Was also included. In 1963, Liberty was sold to electronics corporation Avnet for $ 12 million. Avnet also bought Blue Note , Imperial , Dolton , Aladdin , and Minit . After two years of losses, Avnet sold the labels back to Al Bennett for $ 8 million. Liberty earlier acquired Pacific Jazz , founded in 1952. In 1966, Sunset was started to reissue records from the acquired labels. Sunset's catalog included Eddie Harris ( The Explosive Eddie Harris ), Jimmy Reed ( Something Else ), Les McCann ( Django ), Teddy Buckner ( A Salute to Satchmo ), Wild Bill Davis ( Flying Home ), Lester Young ( Giant of Jazz ), The Ventures ( Supergroup ), and Chet Baker ( Swings Pretty ). Liberty recordings were distributed in
3776-536: Was by Julie London singing her version of the torch song, " Cry Me a River ", which climbed to No. 9 in the Billboard Hot 100 . It helped Liberty sell her first album, Julie Is Her Name . In 1956, Liberty signed Henry Mancini and released two singles and several albums by him. He left in 1958, signing with RCA Victor , where his record sales increased. Billy Rose and Lee David 's song " Tonight You Belong to Me " reached number 4 (US) and number 28 (UK) when it
3840-512: Was close to bankruptcy when singer-songwriter Ross Bagdasarian , performing as David Seville , had a number one hit with his novelty song " Witch Doctor ". Later that year, he combined multi-track recording with the altered speed technique he had used in "Witch Doctor" and introduced the Chipmunks (Alvin, Simon, and Theodore—named after Liberty executives Bennett, Waronker, and Keep, respectively) in " The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late) ". In
3904-455: Was developed with major label backing, announced an end to their major label contracts, citing that the uncooperative nature of the recording industry with these new trends is hurting musicians, fans and the industry as a whole. However, Nine Inch Nails later returned to working with a major label, admitting that they needed the international marketing and promotional reach that a major label can provide. Radiohead also cited similar motives with
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#17329096901593968-549: Was killed (along with Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper ) in a plane crash in Iowa. In 1959, Garrett became a staff producer at Liberty Records in Hollywood, after having joined the label to work in the promotions department. Although not a musician, Garrett showed he had a knack for finding hit songs, going on to produce a string of hits and becoming the label's head of A&R until he left Liberty in 1966. His first job as producer for
4032-402: Was performed by teen sisters Patience and Prudence (McIntyre), selling over a million copies. Liberty also scored a Top 10 hit with Margie Rayburn 's "I'm Available" and the singer went on to record two dozen singles for them. The label's biggest rock singer was Eddie Cochran who starred in his second film, Untamed Youth . His first hit for the label was John D. Loudermilk 's "Sittin' in
4096-411: Was sold to Bell and Blue Note) were shifted to United Artists, and Liberty was no more. In 1978, Artie Mogull and Jerry Rubinstein acquired United Artists and Liberty with money they borrowed from Capitol . In February 1979, Capitol's parent company EMI foreclosed on them and took over Liberty. Eight months later, Thorn Electrical Industries merged with EMI to form Thorn EMI . In 1980, EMI dropped
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