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78-466: ML- AP - PPC - SD (FREDEMO) (FREDEMO) (FREDEMO) (FREDEMO) Popular Action (Peru) The Popular Action ( Spanish : Acción Popular , AP) is a liberal and reformist political party in Peru , founded by former Peruvian president Fernando Belaúnde . Fernando Belaúnde founded Popular Action ( Acción Popular ) in 1956 as a reformist alternative to the status quo conservative forces and

156-412: A coup d'état to be executed on 27 July 1990, the day prior to Fujimori's inauguration. The magazine noted that in one of the scenarios, titled "Negotiation and agreement with Fujimori. Bases of negotiation: concept of directed Democracy and Market Economy", Fujimori was to be directed on accepting the military's plan at least 24 hours before his inauguration. Fernando Rospigliosi states "an understanding

234-869: A dark horse candidate under the banner of Cambio 90 ("cambio" means "change") defeating Vargas Llosa in a surprising upset. He capitalized on profound disenchantment with outgoing president Alan García and the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance party (APRA). During the campaign, Fujimori was nicknamed el chino , which translates to "the Chinese guy" or "the Chinaman "; it is common for people of any East Asian descent to be called chino in Peru, as elsewhere in Spanish-speaking Latin America, both derogatorily and affectionately. Although he

312-517: A Chamber of Deputies and a Senate—hampering the enactment of economic reform. Fujimori also had difficulty combatting the Maoist Shining Path (Spanish: Sendero Luminoso ) guerrilla organization due largely to what he perceived as intransigence and obstructionism in Congress. By March 1992, the Congress met with the approval of only 17% of the electorate, according to one poll; in the same poll,

390-486: A Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD), which would draft a new constitution to be ratified by a national referendum. Despite a lack of consensus among political forces in Peru regarding this proposal, an ad hoc OAS meeting of ministers nevertheless endorsed this scenario in mid-May. Elections for the Democratic Constituent Congress were held on 22 November 1992 . Various states individually condemned

468-426: A civilian-military dictatorship , his government was characterized by its use of propaganda , widespread political corruption, and human rights violations. Fujimori's tenure began with his unexpected victory in the 1990 general election . He quickly implemented neoliberal economic reforms to address hyperinflation and economic instability, which won him initial support from international financial institutions ,

546-613: A daughter, Keiko , and a son, Kenji , who followed him into politics and were both elected to Congress . In recognition of his academic achievements, the sciences faculty of the National Agrarian University offered Fujimori the deanship and in 1984 appointed him to the rectorship of the university, which he held until 1989. In 1987, Fujimori also became president of the National Assembly of University Rectors  [ es ] ( Asamblea Nacional de Rectores ),

624-643: A justice of the peace due to Shining Path intimidation. Labor union leaders and military officials were also assassinated throughout the 1980s. By the early 1990s, some parts of the country were under the control of the insurgents, in territories known as "zonas liberadas" ("liberated zones"), where inhabitants lived under the rule of these groups and paid them taxes. When the Shining Path arrived in Lima, it organized "paros armados" ("armed strikes"), which were enforced by killings and other forms of violence. The leadership of

702-521: A majority of the seats in this body and drafted a new constitution in 1993. In a referendum , the coup and the Constitution of 1993 were approved by a margin of less than five percent. On 13 November 1992, General Jaime Salinas Sedó  [ es ] led a failed military coup . Salinas asserted that his intentions were to turn Fujimori over to be tried for violating the constitution. In 1994, Fujimori separated from his wife Susana Higuchi in

780-500: A noisy, public divorce. He formally stripped her of the title First Lady in August 1994, appointing their eldest daughter Keiko as first lady in her stead. Higuchi publicly denounced Fujimori as a "tyrant" and claimed that his administration was corrupt. They formally divorced in 1995. In Fujimori's first term of office, over 3,000 Peruvians were killed in politically motivated murders. The 1993 Constitution allowed Fujimori to run for

858-520: A policy set that it took from the Progressive Social Movement , a splinter party which it eventually absorbed. The AP had significant electoral success, attaining the presidency in 1963 and 1980, but the party was more of an electoral machine for the persona of Belaúnde than an institutionalized organization. The AP was initially reckoned as a center-left party. However, by the 1980s, Peru's political spectrum had shifted sharply leftward, and

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936-569: A poll by the Peruvian Research and Marketing Company conducted in 1997, 40.6% of Lima residents considered President Fujimori an authoritarian. In addition to the fate of democracy under Fujimori, Peruvians were becoming increasingly interested in the myriad allegations of criminality that involved Fujimori and his chief of the National Intelligence Service (SIN), Vladimiro Montesinos . Using SIN, Fujimori gained control of

1014-407: A position that he held twice. He also hosted a TV show called Concertando from 1988 to 1989, on Peru's state-owned network, Canal 7 . During the first presidency of Alan García , the economy had entered a period of hyperinflation and the political system was in crisis due to the country's internal conflict, leaving Peru in "economic and political chaos". The armed forces grew frustrated with

1092-451: A right-wing party (second government). Towards the end of the 1960s, a radicalized sector split from the party (the so-called "hotheads"), forming Acción Popular Socialista (Manuel Seoane, Gustavo Mohme, among other intellectuals). Likewise, a significant percentage of the so-called "young Turks" (or "chapulines"/grasshoppers, young popularactionists of the early 1980s), at the beginning of the 1990s migrated to liberal political positions (to

1170-460: A second term, and in April 1995, at the height of his popularity, Fujimori easily won reelection with almost two-thirds of the vote. His main opponent, former UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , won only 21 percent of the vote. Fujimori's supporters won comfortable majority in the new unicameral Congress . One of the first acts of the new congress was to declare an amnesty for all members of

1248-424: A third term. The electoral authorities, which were politically sympathetic to Fujimori, accepted his argument that the two-term restriction did not apply to him, as it was enacted while he was already in office. Exit polls showed Fujimori fell short of the 50% required to avoid an electoral runoff, but the first official results showed him with 49.6% of the vote, just short of outright victory. Eventually, Fujimori

1326-513: A visit to Brunei to attend the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. On 16 November, Valentín Paniagua took over as president of Congress after the pro-Fujimori leadership lost a vote of confidence. On 17 November, Fujimori traveled from Brunei to Tokyo , where he submitted his presidential resignation via fax . Congress refused to accept his resignation, instead voting on 22 November 62–9 to remove Fujimori from office on

1404-415: Is based on the values and principles arising from the historical and cultural particularity in which Peru developed but which have universal significance. An important part of their doctrine is developed in what they call Popular Cooperation . In Peruvian political history it has happened that on occasions the right has called Popular Action a leftist party (first government) or that the left has called it

1482-497: The Andes , cutting off some of Peru's largest copper mines from coastal ports." Fujimori earned credit for ending the Shining Path insurgency. As part of his anti-insurgency efforts, Fujimori granted the military broad powers to arrest suspected insurgents and try them in secret military courts with few legal rights. This measure has often been criticized for compromising the fundamental democratic and human right to an open trial wherein

1560-583: The Christian People's Party within the National Unity coalition won the municipal elections in the capital, Lima, in 2002. Alberto Fujimori Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto (26 July 1938 – 11 September 2024) was a Peruvian politician, professor, and engineer who served as the 54th president of Peru from 1990 to 2000. Of Japanese descent , Fujimori was an agronomist and university rector before entering politics. Generally recognized as

1638-473: The Constitution of Peru requires the president to have been born in Peru, this would have made Fujimori ineligible to be president. The magazine, which had been sued for libel by Vladimiro Montesinos seven years earlier, reported that Fujimori's birth and baptismal certificates might have been altered. Caretas also alleged that Fujimori's mother declared having two children when she entered Peru; Fujimori

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1716-517: The FIM (Independent Moralizing Front); many other similar videos were released in the following weeks. Fujimori's support virtually collapsed, and a few days later he announced in a nationwide address that he would shut down the SIN and call new elections, in which he would not be a candidate. On 10 November, Fujimori won approval from Congress to hold elections on 8 April 2001. On 13 November, Fujimori left Peru for

1794-614: The Ministry of the Economy and Finance were allowed to use state money for public works tenders, as in the cases of AeroPerú , JJC Contratistas Generales (of the Camet Dickmann family), and the Banco de Crédito . Although in 1999 the opposition made a public denunciation that ended in the resignation of five ministers, this network was later revealed in 2000, just before the president resigned, when

1872-511: The Possible Peru Electoral Alliance . The presidential candidate was former Peru's president and leader of Possible Peru , Alejandro Toledo . The alliance ended in the fourth place in the national election, with 15.6% of the popular vote. For the 2016 national election , the party ran alone for the first time since 2000, when Congressman Víctor Andrés García Belaúnde ran against the sitting president Alberto Fujimori , and it

1950-512: The Shining Path . With FREDEMO dissolved and APRA leader Alan García exiled to Colombia, Fujimori sought to legitimize his position. He called elections for a Democratic Constitutional Congress , to serve as a legislature and as a constituent assembly . The APRA and Popular Action attempted a boycott of this election, but the Christian People's Party (PPC) and many left-leaning parties participated in this election. Fujimori supporters won

2028-515: The Shining Path insurgency . He was re-elected in 1995 and controversially again in 2000 amid allegations of electoral fraud. In 2000, facing mounting allegations of widespread corruption, crimes against humanity , and human rights abuses in his government, Fujimori fled to Japan. He was later arrested in Chile in 2005 and extradited to Peru, where he was tried and convicted on multiple charges, including human rights violations and embezzlement . He

2106-691: The Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina in 1957, graduating first in his class in 1961 with a degree in agricultural engineering . He briefly lectured in mathematics at the university before continuing his studies in physics at the University of Strasbourg in France. In 1969, he earned a master's degree in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee through a Ford Foundation scholarship. In 1974, he married Susana Higuchi , also Japanese Peruvian. They had four children, including

2184-475: The military and police accused or convicted of human rights abuses between 1980 and 1995. During his second term, Fujimori and Ecuadorian President Sixto Durán Ballén signed a peace agreement over a border dispute that had simmered for more than a century. The treaty allowed the two countries to obtain international funds for developing the border region. Fujimori also settled some issues with Chile, Peru's southern neighbor, which had been unresolved since

2262-479: The minimum wage was immediately quadrupled, and the government established a US$ 400 million poverty relief fund. The latter seemed to anticipate the economic agony to come: the price of electricity quintupled, water prices rose eightfold, and gasoline prices 3,000%. During Fujimori's first term in office, APRA and Vargas Llosa's party, the FREDEMO , remained in control of both chambers of Congress —then composed of

2340-503: The "informal president" for Fujimori. De Soto proved to be influential to Fujimori, who began to repeat de Soto's advocacy for deregulating the Peruvian economy. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was content with Peru's measures, and guaranteed loan funding for Peru. Inflation rapidly began to fall and foreign investment capital flooded in. Nonetheless, the Fujishock restored Peru to

2418-577: The 1929 Treaty of Lima . The 1995 election was the turning point in Fujimori's career. Peruvians began to be more concerned about freedom of speech and the press. Before he was sworn in for a second term, he stripped two universities of their autonomy and reshuffled the national electoral board. This led his opponents to call him "Chinochet", a reference to his previous nickname and to Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet . Modeling his rule after Pinochet, Fujimori reportedly enjoyed this nickname. According to

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2496-466: The 8 April 2001 election, the party won 4.2% of the popular vote and three out of 120 seats in Congress . Likewise, in 2002, regional elections were held for the first time, which aimed to elect Regional Presidents for the 25 departments of Peru. In that sense, party participation was quite high (15 political groups). In these elections, AP ranked sixth by number of votes. For the 2006 national election ,

2574-600: The AP found itself on the center-right. After AP's second administration, in 1985, the party was defeated by the APRA party, gaining only 6.4 percent of the vote. In 1990, AP participated in the elections as a part of the Democratic Front , a center-right coalition headed by Mario Vargas Llosa . In 2000, Víctor Andrés García Belaúnde was selected as the presidential nominee, being the worst general election for AP, gaining only 0.42% of

2652-559: The ILD were mainly responsible for some four hundred initiatives, laws, and regulations that led to significant changes in Peru's economic system . Under Fujimori, de Soto served as "the President's personal representative", with The New York Times describing de Soto as an "overseas salesman" for Fujimori in 1990, writing that he had represented the government when meeting with creditors and United States representatives. Others dubbed de Soto as

2730-681: The Japanese consulate in Lima". The Japanese government determined that he was also a Japanese citizen because of his parents' registration in the koseki . Fujimori obtained his early education at the Colegio Nuestra Señora de la Merced and La Rectora School. Fujimori's parents were Buddhists , but he was baptized and raised Catholic . Aside from Spanish, he also spoke Japanese, the primary language in his childhood home. In 1956, Fujimori graduated from La Gran Unidad Escolar Alfonso Ugarte in Lima. Fujimori pursued undergraduate studies at

2808-537: The Liberty Movement and then to Fujimorism). These are the two biggest party losses suffered by this party. Consequently, from then on, Popular Action is generally identified with positions of the center, with factions of both the progressive left and the conservative right. Towards the end of the 1990s, the former popularactionist Luis Castañeda founded the National Solidarity , which with an alliance with

2886-517: The Peruvian military for the CIA. During the second round of elections, Fujimori originally received support from left-wing groups and those close to the García government, exploiting the popular distrust of the existing Peruvian political establishment and the uncertainty about the proposed neoliberal economic reforms of his opponent, novelist Mario Vargas Llosa. Fujimori won the 1990 presidential election as

2964-529: The Shining Path largely consisted of university students and teachers. Two previous governments, those of Fernando Belaúnde Terry and Alan García , at first neglected the threat posed by the Shining Path, then launched an unsuccessful military campaign to eradicate it, undermining public faith in the state and precipitating an exodus of elites. According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission , Shining Path guerrilla attacks claimed an estimated 12,500 lives during

3042-580: The Swiss embassy in Peru informed the Minister of Justice Alberto Bustamante and the attorney general José Ugaz of more than US$ 40 million coming from Montesinos, in which he was denounced for "illicit enrichment to the detriment of the Peruvian state". Ugaz was in charge of the investigation until 2002. According to Transparency International in 2004, Fujimori was listed as the seventh most corrupt former leader in history. When Fujimori came to power, much of Peru

3120-448: The accused faces the accuser. Fujimori contended that these measures were both justified and also necessary. Members of the judiciary were too afraid to charge the alleged insurgents, and judges and prosecutors had very legitimate fears of reprisals against them or their families. At the same time, Fujimori's government armed rural Peruvians, organizing them into groups known as rondas campesinas ("peasant patrols"). Insurgent activity

3198-420: The country, saying that the process would be neither free nor fair. In the runoff, Fujimori won with 51.1% of the total votes. While votes for Toledo declined from 37.0% of the total votes cast in the first round to 17.7% of the votes in the second round, invalid votes jumped from 8.1% of the total votes cast in the first round to 31.1% of total votes in the second round. The large percentage of invalid votes in

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3276-505: The coup represented a "popular uprising". Foreign ministers of OAS member states reiterated this condemnation of the autogolpe . They proposed an urgent effort to promote the reestablishment of "the democratic institutional order" in Peru. Negotiations between the OAS, the government, and opposition groups initially led Fujimori to propose a referendum to ratify the auto-coup, but the OAS rejected this. Fujimori then proposed scheduling elections for

3354-429: The coup was necessary to break with the deeply entrenched special interests that were hindering him from rescuing Peru from the chaotic state in which García had left it. Fujimori's coup was immediately met with near-unanimous condemnation from the international community. The Organization of American States (OAS) denounced the coup and demanded a return to " representative democracy ", despite Fujimori's claim that

3432-896: The coup. Venezuela broke off diplomatic relations, and Argentina withdrew its ambassador. Chile joined Argentina in requesting Peru's suspension from the Organization of American States . International lenders delayed planned or projected loans, and the United States, Germany, and Spain suspended all non-humanitarian aid to Peru. Fujimori, in turn, later received most of the participants of the November 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt as political asylees , who had fled to Peru after its failure. Peru–United States relations earlier in Fujimori's presidency had been dominated by questions of coca eradication and Fujimori's initial reluctance to sign an accord to increase his military's eradication efforts in

3510-430: The economic platform he promoted during his campaign, adopting more aggressive neoliberal policies than those espoused by Vargas Llosa, his opponent in the election. During his first term in office, Fujimori enacted wide-ranging neoliberal reforms, known as the Fujishock . It was Fujimori's stated objective to pacify the nation and restore economic balance. This program bore little resemblance to his campaign platform and

3588-444: The election annulled. At this point, a corruption scandal involving Vladimiro Montesinos broke out, and exploded into full force on the evening of 14 September 2000, when the cable television station Canal N broadcast footage of Montesinos apparently bribing opposition congressman Alberto Kouri to defect to Fujimori's Peru 2000 party. The video was originally presented at press conference by Fernando Olivera and Luis Iberico of

3666-590: The election suggests widespread dissatisfaction with the electoral process among voters. Although Fujimori won the runoff with only a bare majority (but 3/4 valid votes), rumors of irregularities led most of the international community to shun his third swearing-in on 28 July. For the next seven weeks, there were daily demonstrations in front of the presidential palace . As a conciliatory gesture, Fujimori appointed former opposition candidate Federico Salas as prime minister. Opposition parties in Congress refused to support this move, and Toledo campaigned vigorously to have

3744-594: The global economy, though not without immediate social cost; international business participated in crony capitalism with the government. The privatization campaign involved selling off of hundreds of state-owned enterprises , and replacing the country's troubled currency, the inti , with the nuevo sol . Fujimori's initiative relaxed private sector price controls , drastically reduced government subsidies and government employment, eliminated all exchange controls , and also reduced restrictions on investment, imports, and capital . Tariffs were radically simplified,

3822-453: The grounds that he was "permanently morally disabled". On 19 November, government ministers presented their resignations en bloc. Fujimori's first vice president, Francisco Tudela , had broken with Fujimori and resigned a few days earlier. This left second vice president Ricardo Márquez Flores as next in line for the presidency. Congress refused to recognize him, as he was an ardent Fujimori loyalist; Márquez resigned two days later. Paniagua

3900-608: The inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises and began to draft Plan Verde as a plan to overthrow his government. According to Rospigliosi, lawyer and friend of Fujimori, Vladimiro Montesinos was not initially involved with the Plan Verde , but his ability to resolve issues for the military resulted with the armed forces tasking Montesinos with implementing the plan with Fujimori, while Schulte-Bockholt would say that both General Nicolás de Bari Hermoza  [ es ] and Montesinos were responsible for

3978-536: The lowlands. Fujimori's autogolpe became a major obstacle to relations, as the United States immediately suspended all military and economic aid, with exceptions for counter-narcotic and humanitarian funds. Two weeks after the self-coup, the George H. W. Bush administration changed its position and officially recognized Fujimori as the legitimate leader of Peru, partly because he was willing to implement economic austerity measures, but also because of his adamant opposition to

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4056-595: The majority of the armed forces, with the Financial Times stating that "[i]n no other country in Latin America did a president have so much control over the armed forces". A 2002 report by Health Minister Fernando Carbone later suggested that Fujimori was involved in the forced sterilizations of up to 300,000 indigenous women between 1996 and 2000, as part of a population control program. A 2004 World Bank publication said that in this period Montesinos's abuse of

4134-400: The military, and the Peruvian upper class. His administration soon became known for its authoritarian practices. In 1992, he carried out a self-coup , dissolving Congress and assuming extraordinary powers. After the coup, it was revealed that his government applied the directives of the military's Plan Verde . His government was linked to forced sterilizations and the violent suppression of

4212-493: The military. With multimillion-dollar annual expenditures in 1992 (five billion dollars in public spending plus another five billion in state enterprises), part of the funds were diverted to political and military institutions. According to the National Anti-Corruption Initiative (INA) in 2001, they corresponded to 30–35% of the average budget expenditure in each year, and 4% of the average annual GDP during

4290-407: The national election, with 6.97% of the popular vote. This was the best result for Popular Action since 1985. For the 2016–2021 term, AP had five congressmen out of 130 representing the party, until the snap election in 2020 , when it increased its representation to 25 congressmen until the end of the 2016–2021 term. In the 2021 elections , Lescano placed 5th in a fractured race of 18 candidates while

4368-587: The organization's active phase. On 16 July 1992, the Tarata bombing , in which several car bombs exploded in Miraflores , Lima's wealthiest district, killed over 40 people; the bombings were characterized by one commentator as an "offensive to challenge President Alberto Fujimori". The bombing at Tarata was followed up with a "weeklong wave of car bombings ... Bombs hit banks, hotels, schools, restaurants, police stations, and shops ... [G]uerrillas bombed two rail bridges from

4446-429: The party gained 16 seats for the 2021–2026 congressional term. On 26 July 2021, an alliance led by Popular Action member María del Carmen Alva successfully negotiated an agreement to gain control of Peru's Congress . Popularactionism is the name that has been given to the party's ideological doctrine. It is pointed out that the main feature of his thinking is a situational humanism . Popularactionism considers that

4524-488: The party joined forces with We Are Peru and National Coordinator of Independents to form the Centre Front coalition. Paniagua was the presidential candidate, while the vice-presidential candidates belonged to AP's allies. The Center Front ended in the fifth place in the national election, with 5.6% of the popular vote. For the 2011 national election , the party joined forces with We Are Peru and Possible Peru to form

4602-597: The popular vote. Only three AP congressman were elected. As many assume the election was a fraud, Fujimori resigned after the corruption of his government was revealed by the opposition. AP member Valentín Paniagua would become President of the Congress in November 2000 for a few days and, after the fall of the Fujimori administration, became the interim President of the Republic, holding office from November 2000 to July 2001. At

4680-411: The populist American Popular Revolutionary Alliance party. Although Belaúnde's message was not all that different from APRA's, his tactics were more inclusive and less confrontational. He was able to appeal to some of the same political base as APRA, primarily the middle class, but also to a wider base of professionals and white-collar workers. It also advocated scientific advancement and technocracy ,

4758-577: The power Fujimori granted him "led to a steady and systematic undermining of the rule of law ". By the arrival of the new millennium, Alberto Fujimori became increasingly authoritarian, strengthening collaboration with Vladimiro Montesinos and the National Intelligence Service . Shortly after Fujimori began his second term, his supporters in Congress passed a law of "authentic interpretation" which effectively allowed him to run for another term in 2000. A 1998 effort to repeal this law by referendum failed. In late 1999, Fujimori announced that he would run for

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4836-406: The president's approval stood at 42%. Fujimori and his military handlers had planned for a coup during his preceding two years in office. In response to the political deadlock, Fujimori, with the support of the military, carried out a self-coup on 5 April 1992, also known as the autogolpe (auto-coup) or Fujigolpe (Fuji-coup) in Peru. Congress was shut down by the military, the constitution

4914-540: The public as evidenced by favorable public opinion in several independent polls; in fact, public approval of the Fujimori administration jumped significantly in the wake of the coup. Fujimori often cited this public support in defending the coup, which he characterized as "not a negation of real democracy, but on the contrary... a search for an authentic transformation to assure a legitimate and effective democracy". Fujimori believed that Peruvian democracy had been nothing more than "a deceptive formality—a façade". He claimed

4992-585: The relationship between the armed forces and Fujimori. Mario Vargas Llosa , Fujimori's final opponent in the election, later reported that United States Ambassador to Peru , Anthony C. E. Quainton , personally told him that allegedly leaked documents of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) purportedly being supportive of Fujimori's candidacy were authentic. Rendón writes that the United States supported Fujimori because of his relationship with Montesinos, who had previously been charged with spying on

5070-466: The role of the State should be limited to regulating and encouraging private enterprise and sustainable development. Within the main feature of his theory, situational humanism, it considers in the Peruvian case that it is specifically inspired by what has been called "Peru as Doctrine" . It affirms that the proclamation is of a "democratic, nationalist and revolutionary" court: The idea of "Peru as Doctrine"

5148-410: The same period. One of those responsible for maintaining an image of apparent honesty and government approval was Vladimiro Montesinos , head of the National Intelligence Service (SIN), who systematically bribed politicians, judges, and the media. That criminal network also involved authorities of his government; furthermore, due to privatisation and the arrival of foreign capital, companies close to

5226-456: Was born in 1938, in Miraflores , a district of Lima . His father was Naoichi Fujimori ( né Minami), who was adopted by a childless relative. His mother was Mutsue Inomoto. Both were natives of Kumamoto , Japan, who migrated to Peru in 1934. In July 1997, the news magazine Caretas alleged that Fujimori was born in Japan, in his father's hometown of Kawachi , Kumamoto Prefecture . Because

5304-451: Was credited with 49.9%—20,000 votes short of avoiding a runoff. Despite reports of numerous irregularities, the international observers recognized an adjusted victory of Fujimori. His primary opponent, Alejandro Toledo , called for his supporters to spoil their ballots in the runoff by writing "No to fraud!" on them (voting is mandatory in Peru). The OAS electoral observation mission pulled out of

5382-560: Was dominated by the Maoist insurgent group Sendero Luminoso (" Shining Path "), and the Marxist–Leninist group Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). In 1989, 25% of Peru's district and provincial councils opted not to hold elections, owing to a persistent campaign of assassination, over the course of which over 100 officials had been killed by the Shining Path in that year alone. That same year, more than one-third of Peru's courts lacked

5460-490: Was established between Fujimori, Montesinos and some of the military officers" involved in the Plan Verde prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Montesinos and SIN officials ultimately assumed the armed forces' position in the plan, placing SIN operatives into military leadership roles. Fujimori went on to adopt many of the policies outlined in the Plan Verde . Fujimori was sworn in as president on 28 July 1990, allegedly his 52nd birthday. After taking office, Fujimori abandoned

5538-449: Was in decline by the end of 1992, and Fujimori took credit for this abatement, claiming that his campaign had largely eliminated the insurgent threat. After the 1992 auto-coup, the intelligence work of the DINCOTE (National Counter-Terrorism Directorate) led to the capture of the leaders from↔ MRTA and the Shining Path, including notorious Shining Path leader Abimael Guzmán . Guzmán's capture

5616-605: Was in fact more drastic than anything Vargas Llosa had proposed. Hernando de Soto , the founder of one of the first neoliberal organizations in Latin America, the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD), began to receive assistance from the U.S. government under Ronald Reagan , with the National Endowment for Democracy 's Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) providing his ILD with funding and education for advertising campaigns. Between 1988 and 1995, de Soto and

5694-403: Was next in line, and became interim president to oversee the April 2001 elections. Fujimori was accused of a series of offences, including embezzlement of public funds, abuse of power , and corruption during almost 10 years as president (1990–2000), especially when he gained greater control after the self-coup . The network operated as a kleptocracy in three spheres: business, politics, and

5772-430: Was of Japanese heritage, Fujimori suggested that he was always pleased by the nickname, which he perceived as a term of affection. With his election victory, he became the third person of East Asian descent to govern a South American state, after Arthur Chung of Guyana and Henk Chin A Sen of Suriname. According to news magazine Oiga , the armed forces finalized plans on 18 June 1990 involving multiple scenarios for

5850-529: Was sentenced to 25 years in prison but was released in December 2023 following a controversial court order. He died from cancer nine months later in September 2024. He remains a polarizing figure in Peruvian politics, with a visible legacy in his political movement called Fujimorism , and in his daughter, Keiko Fujimori , who has run three times for president. Former According to government records, Fujimori

5928-406: Was suspended and the judiciary was dissolved. Without political obstacles, the military was able to implement the objectives outlined in the Plan Verde while Fujimori served as president to project an image that Peru was supporting a liberal democracy . Vladimiro Montesinos would go on to adopt the actual function of Peru's government. According to numerous polls, the coup was welcomed by

6006-502: Was the first time since 2006 that Popular Action participated with a party member as a presidential candidate, when former President Valentín Paniagua ran for office. The presidential candidate was Alfredo Barnechea , journalist and political analyst, who won the party's primaries with 52% of the votes, defeating Mesías Guevara (40%), the party's president for the 2014–2018 term, the lawyer Beatríz Mejía (6%) and former Deputy Alejandro Montoya (2%). Popular Action ended in fourth place in

6084-491: Was the second of four children. Caretas ' s contentions were hotly contested in the Peruvian media; the magazine Sí described the allegations as "pathetic" and "a dark page for [Peruvian] journalism". Latin American scholars Cynthia McClintock and Fabián Vallas note that the issue appeared to have died down among Peruvians after the Japanese government announced in 2000 that "Fujimori's parents had registered his birth in

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