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121-464: Robert Laurence Barr Jr. (born November 5, 1948) is an American attorney and politician who has been the current president of the National Rifle Association since 2024. He previously served as a federal prosecutor and as a U.S. Representative , representing Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Republican from 1995 to 2003. Barr attained national prominence as one of the leaders of
242-458: A Rhode Island gunsmith , was elected president . When Burnside resigned on August 1, 1872, Church succeeded him as president. Union Army records for the Civil War indicate that its troops fired about 1,000 rifle shots for each Confederate hit, causing General Burnside to lament his recruits: "Out of ten soldiers who are perfect in drill and the manual of arms , only one knows the purpose of
363-516: A Manhattan jury. When the National Rifle Association of America was officially incorporated on November 16, 1871, its primary goal was to "promote and encourage rifle shooting on a scientific basis". The NRA's website says the organization is "America's longest-standing civil rights organization". On February 7, 1872, the NRA created a committee to lobby for legislation in the interest of
484-422: A PAC which is excluded from these figures. The organization donated to congressional races for both Republicans (223) and Democrats (9) to candidates for Congress . The NRA has been described as influential in shaping American gun control policy. The organization influences legislators' voting behavior through its financial resources and ability to mobilize its large membership. The organization has not lost
605-676: A boy in Malaysia, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Baghdad, and finally Tehran , Iran , where he graduated from Community High School in 1966. He returned to the United States for college, attending the University of Southern California . There he joined the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity in 1967. He was elected to the position of Grand Prytanis on the fraternity's Grand Council, serving from 2013 to 2015. During college, Barr's mother introduced him to
726-509: A coalition of moderate leaders who supported movie star Charlton Heston , despite Heston's past support of gun control legislation. In 1994, the NRA unsuccessfully opposed the Federal Assault Weapons Ban (AWB), but successfully lobbied for the ban's 2004 expiration. Heston was elected president in 1998 and became a highly visible spokesman for the organization. In an effort to improve the NRA's image, Heston presented himself as
847-516: A cult hairstyle, or persistently dress inappropriately for meetings with me." Georgia's congressional districts were reorganized by the Democratic-controlled Georgia legislature ahead of the 2002 elections for the 108th Congress . As part of the legislature's effort to get more Democrats elected from the state, Barr's district was renumbered as the 11th District and made significantly more Democratic. A large slice of his base
968-523: A growing number of NRA gun rights activists, including Harlon Carter . In 1975, it began to focus more on politics and established its lobbying arm, the Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA), with Carter as director. The next year, its political action committee (PAC), the Political Victory Fund , was created in time for the 1976 elections. The 1977 annual convention was a defining moment for
1089-524: A home in American legal constructs. As such, the main tenets of perjury, including mens rea , a lawful oath, occurring during a judicial proceeding, a false testimony have remained necessary pieces of perjury's definition in the United States. Perjury's current position in the American legal system takes the form of state and federal statutes. Most notably, the United States Code prohibits perjury, which
1210-564: A letter that was sent to President Abraham Lincoln and published in The New York Times , R.G. Moulton and R.B. Perry recommended forming an organization similar to the National Rifle Association in Britain, which had formed a year and a half earlier. They suggested making a shooting range, perhaps on the base on Staten Island , and were offering Whitworth rifles for prizes for the first shooting competition with those rifles. They suggested
1331-419: A major battle over gun control legislation since the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban. At the federal level, the NRA successfully lobbied Congress in the mid-1990s to effectively halt governments-sponsored research into the public health effects of firearms, and to ensure the passage of legislation in 2005 largely immunizing gun manufacturers and dealers from lawsuits. At the same time, the NRA stopped efforts at
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#17328694653731452-677: A maximum sentence of not less than 3 years' imprisonment, the perjurer may be imprisoned for up to 14 years. Perjury is a statutory offence in England and Wales . It is created by section 1(1) of the Perjury Act 1911 . Section 1 of that Act reads: (1) If any person lawfully sworn as a witness or as an interpreter in a judicial proceeding wilfully makes a statement material in that proceeding, which he knows to be false or does not believe to be true, he shall be guilty of perjury, and shall, on conviction thereof on indictment, be liable to penal servitude for
1573-561: A medical marijuana initiative, effectively overturning the Barr Amendment. Barr later reversed his position on medical marijuana, joining MPP as a lobbyist five years later. In a June 4, 2008, interview with Stephen Colbert on the Colbert Report , Barr confirmed that he now supports ending marijuana prohibition, as well as the War on Drugs, for which he once vehemently fought. In 2009, he
1694-460: A person who swears willfully, absolutely, and falsely, in a matter material to the issue or point in question". The punishment for perjury under the common law has varied from death to banishment and has included such grotesque penalties as severing the tongue of the perjurer. The definitional structure of perjury provides an important framework for legal proceedings, as the component parts of this definition have permeated jurisdictional lines, finding
1815-663: A provisional committee to start the Association which would include: President Lincoln, Secretary of War, officers, and other prominent New Yorkers. The National Rifle Association of America was chartered in the State of New York on November 17, 1871 by Army and Navy Journal editor William Conant Church and Captain George Wood Wingate . On November 25, 1871, the group voted to elect its first corporate officers. Union Army Civil War General Ambrose Burnside , who had worked as
1936-517: A radio interview, "If it's not in the Constitution , I won't smile." He later explained "I don't consider politicians who smile to be worth a heck of a lot... all things considered, it doesn't make a dime's worth of difference if the politicians in Washington smile or not, what matters is how much of your hard-earned dollars they take to spend in pure pork." Barr said in 2010, "I can see a situation where
2057-603: A relevant convention court under the European Patent Convention as it applies to a judicial proceeding in a tribunal of a foreign state. A statement made on oath by a witness outside the United Kingdom and given in evidence through a live television link by virtue of section 32 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 must be treated for the purposes of section 1 as having been made in the proceedings in which it
2178-636: A resolution directing the House Judiciary Committee to begin an impeachment inquiry against Clinton, with this resolution coming months before the Monica Lewinsky scandal came to light. This resolution, introduced in November 1997 did not specify any charges or allegations. Foremost among the concerns Barr cited at the time was apparent obstruction of Justice Department investigations into Clinton campaign fundraising from foreign sources, chiefly
2299-601: A setback for privacy rights and libertarian causes in general. J. Bradley Jansen, vice chair of the Libertarian Party in the District of Columbia, opined: The LP has a historic opportunity to present itself as a viable alternative to the big parties, instead of spending its money and energy trying to defeat one of libertarianism's few friends in Congress just because they disagree with him on one issue. During his tenure, Barr
2420-697: A statement referred to in either of those subsections that is made by a person who is not specially permitted, authorized or required by law to make that statement. As to corroboration, see section 133. Everyone who commits perjury is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years. A person who, before the Court of Justice of the European Union , swears anything which he knows to be false or does not believe to be true is, whatever his nationality, guilty of perjury. Proceedings for this offence may be taken in any place in
2541-405: A term not exceeding seven years, or to imprisonment ... for a term not exceeding two years, or to a fine or to both such penal servitude or imprisonment and fine. (2) The expression "judicial proceeding" includes a proceeding before any court, tribunal, or person having by law power to hear, receive, and examine evidence on oath. (3) Where a statement made for the purposes of a judicial proceeding
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#17328694653732662-521: A trustee to oversee the organization's affairs. Hale doubted that the NRA was "faced with financial difficulties", instead ruling that the true purposes of the lawsuit were "to gain an unfair litigation advantage" against the New York Attorney General, and to "avoid" regulation from New York. On March 2, 2022, New York state court in Manhattan ruled against Letitia James's effort to break up
2783-542: A year in prison on the charges. From 1990 to 1991, Barr was president of the Southeastern Legal Foundation ., an Atlanta-based law firm and policy center that litigates in support of " limited government , individual economic freedom , and the free enterprise system ". Barr sought the Republican Party nomination for U.S. Senate in 1992, but lost the primary election to Paul Coverdell . The primary
2904-487: Is a gun rights advocacy group based in the United States. Founded in 1871 to advance rifle marksmanship , the modern NRA has become a prominent gun rights lobbying organization while continuing to teach firearm safety and competency. The organization also publishes several magazines and sponsors competitive marksmanship events. According to the NRA, it had nearly 5 million members as of December 2018, though that figure has not been independently confirmed. The NRA
3025-503: Is a staunch proponent of gun rights , and is opposed to any and all efforts to restrict the ownership of guns . During the 2002 race, a supporter handed Barr an antique pistol during a fundraiser at a private home. The gun went off in Barr's hands, though no one was injured. Barr was originally a strong supporter of the War on Drugs , reflecting his previous experience as an Anti-Drug Coordinator for
3146-452: Is among the most influential advocacy groups in U.S. politics. The NRA Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA) is its lobbying division, which manages its political action committee (PAC), the Political Victory Fund (PVF). Over its history, the organization has influenced legislation, participated in or initiated lawsuits, and endorsed or opposed various candidates at local, state, and federal levels. Some notable lobbying efforts by
3267-411: Is given in evidence. Section 1 applies in relation to a person acting as an intermediary as it applies in relation to a person lawfully sworn as an interpreter in a judicial proceeding; and for this purpose, where a person acts as an intermediary in any proceeding which is not a judicial proceeding for the purposes of section 1, that proceeding must be taken to be part of the judicial proceeding in which
3388-676: Is normally itself punishable by execution in countries that retain the death penalty . Perjury is considered a felony in most U.S. states. However, prosecutions for perjury are rare. The rules for perjury also apply when a person has made a statement under penalty of perjury even if the person has not been sworn or affirmed as a witness before an appropriate official. An example is the US income tax return, which, by law, must be signed as true and correct under penalty of perjury (see 26 U.S.C. § 6065 ). Federal tax law provides criminal penalties of up to three years in prison for violation of
3509-516: Is not "comprehensive". The book Archbold says that it appears to be immaterial whether the court before which the statement is made has jurisdiction in the particular cause in which the statement is made, because there is no express requirement in the Act that the court be one of "competent jurisdiction" and because the definition in section 1(2) does not appear to require this by implication either. The actus reus of perjury might be considered to be
3630-467: Is not made before the tribunal itself, but is made on oath before a person authorised by law to administer an oath to the person who makes the statement, and to record or authenticate the statement, it shall, for the purposes of this section, be treated as having been made in a judicial proceeding. (4) A statement made by a person lawfully sworn in England for the purposes of a judicial proceeding— shall, for
3751-512: Is one who has "not only an excellent voting record on all critical NRA issues, but who has also made a vigorous effort to promote and defend the Second Amendment", whereas an NRA "F" candidate is a "true enemy of gun owners' rights". The NRA endorsed a presidential candidate for the first time in 1980, backing Ronald Reagan over Jimmy Carter . The NRA has also made endorsements even when it viewed both candidates positively. For example, in
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3872-475: The American Journalism Review , investigators for Flynt said that Barr was "guilty of king-size hypocrisy." Flynt subsequently paid a sum of money to Barr's second wife, Gail Barr, after she had sworn an affidavit. Investigators reported that Bob Barr then "invoked a legal privilege from his 1985 divorce proceeding so he could refuse to answer questions on whether he'd cheated on his second wife with
3993-438: The 104th United States Congress . Barr was one of 73 Republican freshmen ushered into Congress in that election. The election became known as the " Republican Revolution " because it resulted in the first Republican House majority in 40 years – since the 1955 adjournment of the 83rd Congress . After a Federal Election Commission audit of his 1994 and 1996 campaigns, Barr paid a $ 28,000 fine for illegal campaign payments. Barr
4114-467: The 2006 Pennsylvania Senate elections , the NRA endorsed Rick Santorum over Bob Casey Jr. , even though they both had an "A" rating. Despite this endorsement, Santorum lost to Casey. Perjury Perjury (also known as foreswearing ) is the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an official proceeding. Like most other crimes in
4235-609: The 2008 Libertarian National Convention , he apologized for the part of DOMA which prevents the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages. He now supports same-sex marriage and opposed the Federal Marriage Amendment , having contended that it is a violation of states' rights . Before the United States Supreme Court mandated recognition of same-sex marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges , Barr supported
4356-695: The 2008 election . Barr announced his return to the Republican party in December 2011. He lost a subsequent bid in 2014 for a Congressional seat. He was named NRA president in May 2024. Barr was born in Iowa City, Iowa , to Robert Laurence Barr and Beatrice Barr. His father, a career military officer who had graduated from West Point , was stationed in various locations around the world while pursuing his career in civil engineering . The second of six children, Bob Jr. lived as
4477-644: The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as an analyst of Latin American issues. Barr married his second wife, Gail, in 1976. They have two children. Gail and Bob Barr divorced in 1986. After leaving the CIA, Barr moved to northern Georgia . He practiced law and became active in the Republican Party , serving as county chair. Barr made an unsuccessful bid for the Georgia House of Representatives in 1984. In 1986 Barr married his third wife, Jerilyn Dobbins, who
4598-606: The Elcho Shield in 1873 at Wimbledon , then a village outside London, the Irish Rifle Team issued a challenge through the New York Herald to riflemen of the United States to raise a team for a long-range match to determine an Irish-American championship. A team was organized through the subsidiary Amateur Club of New York City . Remington Arms and Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company produced breech-loading weapons for
4719-559: The European Communities Act 1972 (i.e. perjury before the Court of Justice of the European Union ) may be proceeded against and punished in England and Wales as for an offence under section 1(1). Section 1(4) has effect in relation to proceedings in the Court of Justice of the European Union as it has effect in relation to a judicial proceeding in a tribunal of a foreign state. Section 1(4) applies in relation to proceedings before
4840-567: The Iraq Resolution . He has since called for withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq, leaving no permanent military bases. A press release from Barr's presidential campaign stated: "The next president should commit to a speedy and complete withdrawal from Iraq, and tell the Iraqi people that the U.S. troops will be going home." In Congress, he also proposed that the Pentagon ban the practice of Wicca in
4961-815: The People's Republic of China . Barr argued that Clinton had been "systematically operating outside the bounds" of the law. He accused Clinton of "systematic abuse of office", alleging campaign finance law violations and obstruction of congressional investigations. Eighteen other Republican members of the House of Representatives joined Barr in signing on to the resolution as co-sponsors. These members were Roscoe Bartlett , Helen Chenoweth , Barbara Cubin , John Doolittle , Lindsey Graham , Duncan L. Hunter , Sam Johnson , Jack Kingston , Jack Metcalf , John Mica , Ron Paul , Dana Rohrabacher , Pete Sessions , Chris Smith , Mark Souder , Linda Smith , Bob Stump , and Todd Tiahrt . After
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5082-555: The Respect for Marriage Act , which would have repealed the Defense of Marriage Act. He voted for the first USA PATRIOT Act , but only after his amendments adding " sunset clauses " were added to the final bill. Barr played a similar role during the debate over Bill Clinton's Comprehensive Anti-terrorism Act of 1995, crafting pro-civil liberties amendments to the original text. He now publicly regrets his Patriot Act vote. In 2002 Barr voted for
5203-568: The Sunlight Foundation , "It is important to note that these contributions are probably a better measure of allegiance than of influence." Internationally, the NRA opposes the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). It has opposed Canadian gun registry, supported Brazilian gun rights, and criticized Australian gun laws. In 2016, the NRA raised a record $ 366 million and spent $ 412 million for political activities. The NRA also maintains
5324-648: The United States Department of Justice . While in Congress, he was a member of the Speaker 's Task Force for a Drug-Free America. This task force was established in 1998 by then-Speaker Newt Gingrich to "design a World War II-style victory plan to save America's children from illegal drugs." The task force crafted legislation specifically designed to "win the War on Drugs by 2002". Barr advocated complete federal prohibition of medical marijuana. In 1998, he successfully blocked implementation of Initiative 59 –
5445-577: The United States Department of War provided free ammunition and targets to civilian rifle clubs with a minimum membership of ten United States citizens at least 16 years of age. After the passage of the National Firearms Act (NFA) of 1934, the first federal gun-control law in the US, the NRA formed its Legislative Affairs Division to update members with facts and analysis of upcoming bills. Karl Frederick , NRA president in 1934, during congressional NFA hearings testified "I have never believed in
5566-544: The common law system, to be convicted of perjury one must have had the intention ( mens rea ) to commit the act and to have actually committed the act ( actus reus ). Further, statements that are facts cannot be considered perjury, even if they might arguably constitute an omission, and it is not perjury to lie about matters that are immaterial to the legal proceeding. Statements that entail an interpretation of fact are not perjury because people often draw inaccurate conclusions unwittingly or make honest mistakes without
5687-563: The impeachment of President Bill Clinton . During his time in the House of Representatives, he authored the Defense of Marriage Act , which was later overturned by the Supreme Court in 2013 and repealed by the 117th Congress . Barr joined the Libertarian Party in 2006 and served on its National Committee . He was the Libertarian Party 's nominee for President of the United States in
5808-604: The right to bear arms . The organization has been the focus of intense criticism in the aftermath of high-profile shootings, such as the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting and the Parkland High School shooting , after both of which they suggested adding armed security guards to schools. A few months after the Civil War began in 1861, a national rifle association was proposed by Americans in England. In
5929-482: The sights on his gun or can hit the broad side of a barn." The generals attributed this to the use of volley tactics, devised for earlier, less accurate smoothbore muskets. Recognizing a need for better training, Wingate sent emissaries to Canada, the United Kingdom, and Germany to observe militia and armies' marksmanship training programs. With plans provided by Wingate, the New York Legislature funded
6050-488: The "Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Treatment Initiative of 1998" – which would have legalized medical marijuana in Washington, D.C. The "Barr Amendment" to the 1999 Omnibus spending bill not only blocked implementation of Initiative 59, but also prohibited the vote tally from even being released. Nearly a year passed before a lawsuit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union eventually revealed
6171-762: The 1876 Centennial celebrations of the founding of the nation. Australia, Ireland, Scotland and Canada accepted the challenge, and the Centennial Trophy was commissioned from Tiffany & Co. (later known as the "Palma Trophy"). The United States won the 1876 match, and the Palma Match went on to be contested every four years as the World Long Range Rifle Championships. The NRA organized rifle clubs in other states, and many state National Guard organizations sought NRA advice to improve members' marksmanship. Wingate's marksmanship manual evolved into
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#17328694653736292-703: The 1995 House Waco siege hearings on the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives and Federal Bureau of Investigation actions against the Branch Davidians in 1993, sponsored by subcommittees of the House Judiciary Committee and Government Reform and Oversight Committee . Barr has written: "The hearing was a farce: a virtual lovefest, during which members of the Clinton Administration responded to softball questions from their colleagues in
6413-731: The Constitution." Barr still serves as the group's chairman. Barr has been a vocal opponent of President George W. Bush 's claim of authorization to wiretap transnational phone calls without individual judicial license . He has said, "What's wrong with it is several-fold. One, it's bad policy for our government to be spying on American citizens through the National Security Agency. Secondly, it's bad to be spying on Americans without court oversight. And thirdly, it's bad to be spying on Americans apparently in violation of federal laws against doing it without court order." In 2006, he debated
6534-550: The Cr.P.C. restricts any court to take cognisance of an offence of perjury unless the same is by way of a complaint in writing by the court before which the offence is committed or by a superior court." Punishment for perjury is defined under Section 109 of the Crimes Act 1961 . A person who commits perjury may be imprisoned for up to 7 years. If a person commits perjury to procure the conviction of someone charged with an offence that carries
6655-467: The Crown Prosecution Service sentencing manual. In Anglo-Saxon legal procedure, the offence of perjury could only be committed by both jurors and by compurgators . With time witnesses began to appear in court they were not so treated despite the fact that their functions were akin to that of modern witnesses. This was due to the fact that their role were not yet differentiated from those of
6776-469: The District of Columbia as the nation's capital. — Bob Barr, March 28, 2002 The federal government later prevailed on appeal, reinstating the Barr Amendment just in time to thwart MPP's initiative 63 – "The Medical Marijuana Initiative of 2002" – which had already qualified for the November 2002 ballot. In 2009, both the United States Senate and House of Representatives voted to lift the ban against
6897-625: The House floor, Barr argued that Clinton's attempt to interfere with Lewinsky's testimony in the Paula Jones case endangered the Constitution. In doing so, Barr said, Clinton violated what Barr called a "fundamental right" of any American citizen – "the unshakable right each one of us has to walk into a courtroom and demand the righting of a wrong." In 1999, during Clinton's impeachment trial, Hustler publisher Larry Flynt offered money to anyone who could provide evidence about prominent Republicans who had engaged in an extramarital affair. According to
7018-412: The House with superficial answers, and Republican queries were ignored or glossed over with disdain, if not outright contempt." Barr called for Congress to reopen investigations, but senior House Republicans refused. In 2003 testimony submitted to the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Barr wrote: "[T]here remains time to turn back the constitutional clock and roll back excessive post-9/11 powers before we turn
7139-567: The Lewinsky scandal broke, Barr was the first lawmaker in either chamber to call for Clinton's resignation. After the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal came to light, Barr ramped up his efforts to push for Clinton's impeachment, appearing regularly on television, as well as even publishing a scholarly article in the Texas Law Review on the subject. During debate on the 1998 impeachment resolution on
7260-407: The NRA backed the Federal Firearms Act of 1938 . The NRA supported the NFA along with the Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA), which together created a system to federally license gun dealers and established restrictions on particular categories and classes of firearms. The organization opposed a national firearms registry, an initiative favored by then-President Lyndon Johnson . Until the 1970s,
7381-413: The NRA was nonpartisan . Previously, the NRA mainly focused on sportsmen, hunters, and target shooters. During the 1970s, it became increasingly aligned with the Republican Party . After 1977, the organization expanded its membership by focusing heavily on political issues and forming coalitions with conservative politicians. Most of these are Republicans. However, the passage of the GCA galvanized
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#17328694653737502-520: The NRA while allowing the portion of the legal actions against the NRA's leadership to continue. The judge found that dissolving the NRA would have a negative impact on the free speech and assembly rights of the organization's members. It was also found that the NRA as an organization did not benefit from the alleged misconduct of its leadership and "less intrusive" remedies against NRA officials could be sought instead. In February 2024, NRA leaders were found guilty of financial misconduct and corruption by
7623-411: The NRA's organizational policies, following what is now referred to as the Revolt at Cincinnati at the 1977 NRA annual convention. The changes, which deposed former NRA executive vice president Maxwell Rich and included new organizational bylaws, have been described as moving the organization away from its previous focuses of "hunting, conservation, and marksmanship" and toward a focus on the defense of
7744-418: The NRA's traditional focus on gun-related issues. There were also concerns about possible conflicts of interest, such as the $ 1 million contract to host NRATV between Ackerman and NRA president Oliver North . Leading up to the NRA's 2019 national convention in April, there were reports that North and LaPierre were at odds, with North demanding that LaPierre resign and LaPierre accusing North of extortion. At
7865-473: The NRA-ILA are the Firearm Owners Protection Act , which lessened restrictions of the Gun Control Act of 1968 , and the Dickey Amendment , which blocks the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from using federal funds to advocate for gun control. Starting in the mid- to late 1970s, the NRA has been increasingly criticized by gun control and gun rights advocacy groups, political commentators, and politicians. This criticism began following changes in
7986-479: The NRA-ILA. Insurgents including Carter and Knox had demanded new leadership in part because they blamed incumbent leaders for existing gun control legislation like the GCA and believed that no compromise should be made. With a goal to weaken the GCA, Knox's ILA successfully lobbied Congress to pass the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA) of 1986 and worked to reduce the powers of the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). In 1982, Knox
8107-457: The Parliament in England in 1540 with subornation of perjury and, in 1562, with perjury proper. The punishment for the offence then was in the nature of monetary penalty, recoverable in a civil action and not by penal sanction. In 1613, the Star Chamber declared perjury by a witness to be a punishable offence at common law. Prior to the 1911 Act, perjury was governed by section 3 of the Maintenance and Embracery Act 1540 5 Eliz 1 c. 9 ( An Act for
8228-447: The Punyshement of suche persones as shall procure or comit any wyllful Perjurye ; repealed 1967) and the Perjury Act 1728 . The requirement that the statement be material can be traced back to and has been credited to Edward Coke , who said: For if it be not material, then though it be false, yet it is no perjury, because it concerneth not the point in suit, and therefore in effect it is extra-judicial. Also this act giveth remedy to
8349-401: The State and the offence may for all incidental purposes be treated as having been committed in that place. "The offence of perjury finds its place in law by virtue of Section 191 to Section 203 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 ('IPC'). Unlike many other countries, the offence of perjury is muted on account of Section 195 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ("Cr.P.C"). Section 195(1)(b)(i) of
8470-407: The US, the National Firearms Act . The Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA), the lobbying branch of the NRA, was established in 1975. According to political scientists John M. Bruce and Clyde Wilcox, the NRA shifted its focus in the late 1970s to incorporate political advocacy, and started seeing its members as political resources rather than just as recipients of goods and services. Despite
8591-409: The United States Army marksmanship instruction program. Former President Ulysses S. Grant served as the NRA's eighth president and General Philip H. Sheridan as its ninth. The US Congress created the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice in 1901 to include representatives from the NRA, National Guard, and United States military services. A program of annual rifle and pistol competitions
8712-490: The act as the "willful and corrupt giving, upon a lawful oath, or in any form allowed by law to be substituted for an oath, in a judicial proceeding or course of justice, of a false testimony material to the issue or matter of inquiry". William Blackstone touched on the subject in his Commentaries on the Laws of England , establishing perjury as "a crime committed when a lawful oath is administered, in some judicial proceeding, to
8833-554: The administration agreed to report to Congress on their usage. Barr says that the Bush administration promptly ignored these three promises given to Congress and has used the powers granted from the Patriot Act to further erode due process of law even in matters unrelated to terrorism. Barr claims that the Clinton administration did much of the same thing. In 2005 – the year the Patriot Act
8954-402: The architect of the Patriot Act, Viet Dinh , on terrorism and privacy issues. National Rifle Association Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other The National Rifle Association of America ( NRA )
9075-454: The bankruptcy trial LaPierre stated that he had kept the bankruptcy filing secret from the NRA's board of directors and most of its senior officials. LaPierre's spending of NRA funds on himself and his wife, such as upscale suits, chartered jet flights, and a traveling "glam squad" for his wife, became a subject of testimony in the eleven-day Texas proceedings. On May 11, 2021, Judge Harlin Hale of
9196-473: The construction of a modern range at Creedmoor , Long Island , for long-range shooting competitions. The range officially opened on June 21, 1873. The Central Railroad of Long Island established a railway station nearby, with trains running from Hunter's Point , with connecting boat service to 34th Street and the East River , allowing access from New York City. After beating England and Scotland to win
9317-418: The convention a letter was read from North, saying he had been told he would not be granted a second term as NRA president and adding that he intended to create a committee to investigate allegations of financial mismanagement. A subsequent resolution to oust LaPierre over "highly suspect" financial practices was hotly debated for an hour before members voted not to discuss financial issues in public and to refer
9438-513: The corner into another Japanese internment or, closer to our own experiences, before we witness a legally sanctioned Ruby Ridge or Waco scenario." In the early 1990s, Barr was photographed at a fundraising event licking whipped cream off a woman. According to The Washington Post "Two people who observed the act say it wasn't exactly a bosom lick but more like a neckline lick, at the sort of event where business and civic leaders perform dares to raise money. 'Not exactly Mr. Effusive,' says Matt Towery,
9559-790: The dissolution of the NRA as being "fraught with fraud and abuse". On the same date, Attorney General for the District of Columbia Karl Racine filed a lawsuit against the NRA for misusing charitable funds. On January 15, 2021, the NRA announced in a press release that it and one of its subsidiaries had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Texas in Dallas. It also announced that it would reincorporate in Texas , subject to court approval, although its headquarters in Fairfax, Virginia , would not move. During
9680-477: The federal drug war 's most vocal proponents (Barr), and ran TV ads criticizing Barr's opposition to medical marijuana during the Republican primaries. Barr was soundly defeated by a 2-to-1 margin. Before the medical marijuana ads were aired, the Linder campaign acknowledged the race as being tight; and Pat Gartland, southeastern director of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce , called it "too close to call". Barr's defeat
9801-402: The federal bankruptcy court of the Northern District of Texas, dismissed the bankruptcy petition without prejudice, describing that it "was not filed in good faith", warning that if the NRA chose to file a new bankruptcy case, Hale's court would immediately revisit concerns about "disclosure, transparency, secrecy, conflicts of interest of litigation counsel", which could lead to the appointment of
9922-565: The federal government is going to bring an entire suitcase of San Francisco values to the American family, and while I would love to explain all the things that are wrong with that, the fact is that this is a corrupting, left-leaning, influence on a section of society that so many liberal elites want to see taken out of the 'red state' column. The only solution to this kind of behavior is dour and austere social conservatism, like my own." Adding to his image, Barr has frequently protested about "cult hairstyles", saying "I cannot abide by people who adopt
10043-485: The federal level to increase regulation of firearms. At the state and local level, the NRA successfully campaigned to deregulate guns, for example by pushing state governments to eliminate the ability of local governments to regulate guns and removing restrictions on guns in public places (such as bars and campuses). The NRA Political Victory Fund (PVF) PAC was established in 1976 to challenge gun-control candidates and to support gun-rights candidates. An NRA "A+" candidate
10164-623: The former chairman of Newt Gingrich's political organization, who observed the brief and awkward licking. 'You can hardly get the guy to smile. ' " Barr is best known for his role as one of the House managers during President Bill Clinton 's impeachment trial . In the spring of 1997, Republican, Bob Barr, wrote House Committee on the Judiciary chairman Henry Hyde , encouraging him to open an impeachment inquiry . Hyde responded that such an action would be premature. In November 1997, Barr first introduced
10285-426: The general perjury statute under federal law classifies perjury as a felony and provides for a prison sentence of up to five years. The California Penal Code allows for perjury to be a capital offense in cases causing wrongful execution . Perjury which caused the wrongful execution of another or in the pursuit of causing the wrongful execution of another is respectively construed as murder or attempted murder, and
10406-409: The general practice of carrying weapons. I seldom carry one. I have when I felt it was desirable to do so for my own protection. I know that applies in most of the instances where guns are used effectively in self-defense or in places of business and in the home. I do not believe in the general promiscuous toting of guns. I think it should be sharply restricted and only under licenses." Four years later,
10527-471: The impact on the volatility of membership, the politicization of the NRA has been consistent and its PAC, the Political Victory Fund established in 1976, ranked as "one of the biggest spenders in congressional elections" as of 1998. A 1999 Fortune magazine survey said that lawmakers and their staffers considered the NRA the most powerful lobbying organization three years in a row. Chris W. Cox
10648-509: The initiative had received 69 percent of the vote. In response to the judge's ruling, Barr simply attached another "Barr Amendment" to the 2000 Omnibus spending bill that overturned Initiative 59 outright. The Barr Amendment also prohibited future laws that would "decrease the penalties for marijuana or other Schedule I drugs " in Washington, D.C. This preemptively blocked future attempts by Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) to reform marijuana laws in DC via
10769-450: The initiative process. In March 2002, U.S. District Judge Emmet Sullivan struck down this portion of the Barr Amendment as being an unconstitutional restriction on free speech . Barr's response to the ruling was defiant: Clearly, the court today has ignored the constitutional right and responsibility of Congress to pass laws protecting citizens from dangerous and addictive narcotics, and the right of Congress to exert legislative control over
10890-443: The instant the declarant falsely asserts the truth of statements (made or to be made) that are material to the outcome of the proceeding. It is not perjury, for example, to lie about one's age except if age is a fact material to influencing the legal result, such as eligibility for old age retirement benefits or whether a person was of an age to have legal capacity . Perjury is considered a serious offence, as it can be used to usurp
11011-413: The intent to deceive. Individuals may have honest but mistaken beliefs about certain facts or their recollection may be inaccurate, or may have a different perception of what is the accurate way to state the truth. In some jurisdictions, no crime has occurred when a false statement is (intentionally or unintentionally) made while under oath or subject to penalty. Instead, criminal culpability attaches only at
11132-520: The juror and so evidence or perjury by witnesses was not made a crime. Even in the 14th century, when witnesses started appearing before the jury to testify, perjury by them was not made a punishable offence. The maxim then was that every witness's evidence on oath was true. Perjury by witnesses began to be punished before the end of the 15th century by the Star Chamber . The immunity enjoyed by witnesses began also to be whittled down or interfered with by
11253-409: The making of a statement, whether true or false, on oath in a judicial proceeding, where the person knows the statement to be false or believes it to be false. Perjury is a conduct crime . Perjury is triable only on indictment . A person convicted of perjury is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years, or to a fine, or to both. The following cases are relevant: See also
11374-552: The military. Barr advocates the repeal of the 16th Amendment , which gives the U.S. Congress the power to levy an income tax without apportionment. As an alternative, he proposes a form of consumption tax , such as the FairTax . He also favors drastic reductions in government spending and the elimination of corporate welfare . The National Review described Barr as one of the few people able to "ask effective questions and make clear points" while questioning government witnesses during
11495-710: The organization and came to be known as " The Cincinnati Revolution " (or as the Cincinnati Coup, the Cincinnati Revolt, or the Revolt at Cincinnati). Leadership planned to relocate NRA headquarters to Colorado and to build a $ 30 million recreational facility in New Mexico, but activists within the organization, whose central concern was Second Amendment rights, defeated the incumbents (i.e. Maxwell Rich ) and elected Carter as executive director and Neal Knox as head of
11616-498: The organization. Its first lobbying effort was to petition the New York State legislature for $ 25,000 to purchase land to set up a range . Within three months, the legislation had passed and had been signed into law by Governor John T. Hoffman . In 1934, the National Rifle Association created a Legislative Affairs Division and testified in front of Congress in support of the first substantial federal gun control legislation in
11737-536: The party grieved, and if the deposition be not material, he cannot be grieved thereby. Perjury is a statutory offence in Northern Ireland . It is created by article 3(1) of the Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19)). This replaces the Perjury Act (Northern Ireland) 1946 (c. 13) (N.I.). Perjury operates in American law as an inherited principle of the common law of England, which defined
11858-464: The power of the courts, resulting in miscarriages of justice . In Canada , those who commit perjury are guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years. Perjury is a statutory offence in England and Wales . A person convicted of perjury is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years, or to a fine, or to both. In the United States ,
11979-426: The purposes of this section as having been made in the judicial proceeding in England for the purposes whereof it was made. (6) The question whether a statement on which perjury is assigned was material is a question of law to be determined by the court of trial. The words omitted from section 1(1) were repealed by section 1(2) of the Criminal Justice Act 1948 . A person guilty of an offence under section 11(1) of
12100-400: The purposes of this section, be treated as a statement made in a judicial proceeding in England. (5) Where, for the purposes of a judicial proceeding in England, a person is lawfully sworn under the authority of an Act of Parliament— a statement made by such person so sworn as aforesaid (unless the Act of Parliament under which it was made otherwise specifically provides) shall be treated for
12221-670: The resolution to the NRA board. On June 25, 2019, the NRA severed all ties with Ackerman McQueen and shut down the NRATV operation. Following an 18-month investigation, on August 6, 2020, New York Attorney General Letitia James filed a civil lawsuit against the NRA, alleging fraud , financial misconduct, and misuse of charitable funds by some of its executives, including its long-time former CEO and EVP Wayne LaPierre , treasurer Wilson Phillips, former chief of staff and current executive director of general operations Joshua Powell, and general counsel and secretary John Frazer. The suit called for
12342-600: The statement is false. (1.1) Subject to subsection (3), every person who gives evidence under subsection 46(2) of the Canada Evidence Act , or gives evidence or a statement pursuant to an order made under section 22.2 of the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act , commits perjury who, with intent to mislead, makes a false statement knowing that it is false, whether or not the false statement
12463-446: The tax return perjury statute. See: 26 U.S.C. § 7206(1) In the United States, Kenya , Scotland and several other English-speaking Commonwealth nations, subornation of perjury , which is attempting to induce another person to commit perjury, is itself a crime. Perjury is punishable by imprisonment in various states and territories of Australia. In several jurisdictions, longer prison sentences are possible if perjury
12584-506: The team. Although muzzle-loading rifles had long been considered more accurate, eight American riflemen won the 1874 Irish-American Match firing breech-loading rifles. Publicity of the event generated by the New York Herald helped to establish breech-loading firearms as suitable for military marksmanship training, and promoted the NRA to national prominence. In 1875, the NRA issued a challenge for an international rifle match as part of
12705-528: The voice of reason in contrast to Knox. In April 2019, the group unexpectedly sued its longtime public relations firm Ackerman McQueen , which was responsible for two decades of aggressive gun-rights advertising on behalf of the NRA. The lawsuit alleges that the firm refused to turn over financial records to support its billings to the NRA, which amounted to $ 40 million in 2017. The lawsuit questioned recent programming on NRATV, an online channel operated by Ackerman, which has taken political positions unrelated to
12826-418: The witness's evidence is given. Where any statement made by a person on oath in any proceeding which is not a judicial proceeding for the purposes of section 1 is received in evidence in pursuance of a special measures direction , that proceeding must be taken for the purposes of section 1 to be part of the judicial proceeding in which the statement is so received in evidence. The definition in section 1(2)
12947-507: The woman who is now his third" (Jerilyn). A man faithful to the Constitution doesn't stop criticizing presidents when the letter after their names change. Since leaving Congress in 2003, Barr has become a vocal opponent of the Patriot Act and has stated that he voted for it reluctantly and regrets voting for it, only agreeing because the Bush administration promised not to attempt to expand the granted powers or use them for non-terrorism purposes, and
13068-819: The work of writer Ayn Rand . This fostered a newfound appreciation for conservatism and prompted Barr to join the Young Trojan Republican Club . He completed his B.A. , cum laude , from the University of Southern California (USC) in 1970. He married his first wife while still in college. They divorced in 1976. Barr continued in graduate school, earning a master's degree in International Affairs from George Washington University 's Elliott School of International Affairs in 1972. He next earned his J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center (attending at night) in 1977. From 1971 to 1978, Barr worked for
13189-702: Was applauded by many Democrats and Libertarians. Rob Kampia of the Marijuana Policy Project called it "glorious news". Ron Crickenberger, the Libertarian Party's political director and producer of the TV ads, was quick to warn other supporters of the War on Drugs : With this victory, we have fired a warning shot for every drug warrior in Congress to hear. And any member of Congress – Democrat or Republican – who introduces legislation to make federal drug laws even more oppressive could be next on our list. However, some individuals within these groups lamented Barr's defeat as
13310-501: Was authorized, and included a national match open to military and civilian shooters. In 1907, NRA headquarters moved to Washington, D.C. to facilitate the organization's advocacy efforts. Springfield Armory and Rock Island Arsenal began the manufacture of M1903 Springfield rifles for civilian members of the NRA in 1910. The Director of Civilian Marksmanship began manufacture of M1911 pistols for NRA members in August 1912. Until 1927,
13431-568: Was committed with the intent of convicting or acquitting a person charged with a serious offence. The offence of perjury is codified by section 132 of the Criminal Code . It is defined by section 131, which provides: (1) Subject to subsection (3), every one commits perjury who, with intent to mislead, makes before a person who is authorized by law to permit it to be made before him a false statement under oath or solemn affirmation, by affidavit, solemn declaration or deposition or orally, knowing that
13552-427: Was drawn into the same district as fellow Republican John Linder . The new district was numerically Barr's district – the 7th – but contained most of the territory from Linder's old 11th District. This move profited Democrats by leading to the inevitable defeat of an incumbent Republican (i.e., either Barr or Linder). Recognizing Barr's precarious situation, the Libertarian Party seized on the opportunity to oust one of
13673-450: Was due for renewal – Barr helped found an organization called Patriots to Restore Checks and Balances, a bipartisan group dedicated to eliminating aspects of the Patriot Act that could potentially affect law-abiding citizens rather than terrorists, and to "restore traditional checks and balances on government power so the country can effectively fight terror without sacrificing the rights of innocent Americans, rights that are guaranteed by
13794-490: Was hired by the MPP to lobby to successfully overturn the amendment that he had authored. Barr took a lead in legislative debate concerning same-sex marriage . He wrote and sponsored the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), a law enacted in 1996 which states that only marriages that are between a man and a woman can be federally recognized, and individual states may choose not to recognize a same-sex marriage performed in another state. At
13915-519: Was later known as Jeri Barr. Barr's website stated in 2008 that he and Jeri have four children and six grandchildren. In 1986, Barr was appointed by President Ronald Reagan to serve as U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia – a post Barr held until 1990. His office prosecuted state and local officials, members of the Medellin drug cartel , and got a perjury indictment on then-sitting Republican Congressman Pat Swindall , who ultimately served
14036-613: Was later re-elected three times, serving from 1995 to 2003. While in Congress, Barr served as a senior member of the Judiciary Committee , as vice-chairman of the Government Reform Committee , and as a member of the Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on Veteran's Affairs . In Congress, Barr became famous for his "dour" image and told constituents, "You don't send me to Washington to smile." He also said in
14157-423: Was made under oath or solemn affirmation in accordance with subsection (1), so long as the false statement was made in accordance with any formalities required by the law of the place outside Canada in which the person is virtually present or heard. (2) Subsection (1) applies, whether or not a statement referred to in that subsection is made in a judicial proceeding. (3) Subsections (1) and (1.1) do not apply to
14278-485: Was ousted as director of the ILA, but began mobilizing outside the NRA framework and continued to promote opposition to gun control laws. At the 1991 national convention, Knox's supporters were elected to the board and named staff lobbyist Wayne LaPierre as the executive vice president. The NRA focused its attention on the gun control policies of the Clinton Administration. Knox again lost power in 1997, as he lost reelection to
14399-570: Was regarded as one of the most conservative members of Congress. In 2002, he was described by Bill Shipp in an OnlineAthens.com article as "the idol of the gun-toting, abortion-fighting, IRS -hating hard right wing of American politics ". However, Barr's criticism of the Bush administration 's policies on privacy and other civil liberties after the 9/11 attacks was unusual among House Republicans (see Criticism of Bush Administration below). This criticism earned Barr other labels such as " Maverick ", " Jekyll-and-Hyde ", and " Libertarian ". Barr
14520-529: Was the NRA's chief lobbyist and principal political strategist, a position he held from 2002 until 2019. In 2012, 88% of Republicans and 11% of Democrats in Congress had received an NRA PAC contribution at some point in their career. Of the members of the Congress that convened in 2013, 51% received funding from the NRA PAC within their political careers, and 47% received NRA money in their most recent race. According to Lee Drutman, political scientist and senior fellow at
14641-461: Was very close, with Barr losing by fewer than 1,600 votes in a runoff election . Subsequently, Coverdell came in behind incumbent Senator Wyche Fowler in the general election, but the 3% showing by a Libertarian candidate (Jim Hudson) forced a runoff, which Coverdell won. Barr was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1994 as a Republican, upsetting six-term Democrat Buddy Darden , to represent Georgia's 7th congressional district in
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