Abner Cole (August 17, 1783 – July 13, 1835), also known by his pen name Obadiah Dogberry, Esq. , was a 19th-century American newspaper editor. He was one of the earliest critics of the spiritual claims of Joseph Smith , the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement , having commented on the " Golden Bible " before it was even published as the Book of Mormon . Cole's publishing philosophy was one of freethought , which flourished in periodicals in the northeastern United States between 1825 and 1850.
22-562: Cole was born in Chesterfield, Massachusetts , the son of Southworth and Rucksbe (Bryant) Cole. In 1797, his family settled on the east side of Canandaigua Lake in Gorham, New York. After a short career as a judge and perhaps a lawyer before that, Cole began editing a weekly newspaper in Palmyra, New York called The Reflector. Under Cole, the newspaper included anything which might spark the interest of
44-489: A major product. However, there were sawmills and tanneries in operation as well as cloth dressing mills, and in the early 19th century these superseded farming and brought in a small immigrant population that was mostly Irish . Progress wiped out most of the industry in Chesterfield, and by the start of the 20th century a re-emerging agricultural economy developed alongside the growing trade from summer residents. According to
66-445: A reader from mineralogy to foreign affairs. Cole wrote most of the contents of the paper under the pseudonym "Obadiah Dogberry, Esq." In the paper's first edition on September 2, 1829, Cole wrote the first public criticisms of Mormonism : "The Golden Bible, by Joseph Smith Junior, author and proprietor, is now in press and will shortly appear. Priestcraft is short lived!" The phrase, "author and proprietor", appears next to Smith's name on
88-569: A six-part series with a more analytical tone. "Although he did not change his scornful tone," historian Richard L. Bushman wrote, Cole "did replace satire with argument and attempted to make a case against Joseph Smith that would appeal to his enlarged readership." Cole ended his tenure as editor of the Reflector in 1831. Cole presented Smith as a charlatan too uneducated to have written the Book of Mormon himself and supposed that Smith got help from "Walters
110-626: Is part of the Hampshire Regional School District along with Goshen , Southampton , Westhampton , and Williamsburg . Students attend K–6 at New Hingham Regional Elementary School along with Goshen , and 7–12 students attend Hampshire Regional High School . At the 2000 census , there were 1,201 people, 447 households and 324 families residing in the town. The population density was 38.6 inhabitants per square mile (14.90/km ). There were 524 housing units at an average density of 16.8 per square mile (6.5/km ). The racial makeup of
132-553: The American colonies ' new motifs of neoclassical architecture as it was epitomized in Britain by Robert Adam , who published his designs in 1792. American Federal architecture typically uses plain surfaces with attenuated detail, usually isolated in panels, tablets, and friezes . It also had a flatter, smoother façade and rarely used pilasters . It was most influenced by the interpretation of ancient Roman architecture , fashionable after
154-632: The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 in New York. The historic eastern part of Bleecker Street in New York, between Broadway and the Bowery , is home to Federal-style row houses at 7 to 13 and 21 to 25 Bleecker Street . The classicizing style of Federal architecture can especially be seen in the quintessential New England meeting house, with their lofty and complex towers by architects such as Lavius Fillmore and Asher Benjamin . This American neoclassical high style
176-609: The Liberal Advocate until 1834. In this paper, he famously criticized the revivals of evangelist Charles Grandison Finney , a leader of the Second Great Awakening . Cole died in 1835. Chesterfield, Massachusetts Chesterfield is a rural hill town in Hampshire County , Massachusetts , United States, 26 miles (42 km) east of Pittsfield and 90 miles (140 km) west of Boston . The population
198-837: The United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 31.2 square miles (80.9 km ), of which 30.8 square miles (79.9 km ) are land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km ), or 1.27%, are water. Chesterfield's location is nearly equidistant from the northern, southern and western state lines of Massachusetts. Chesterfield is located in the Hilltowns region of Massachusetts, 52 miles (84 km) north of Hartford, Connecticut , 108 miles (174 km) west of Boston , 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Springfield , 64 miles (103 km) southeast of Albany, New York , 26 miles (42 km) east of Pittsfield , and 160 miles (260 km) northeast of New York City . Chesterfield
220-621: The Magician" ( Luman Walter ), who was said to have shown his followers a Latin translation of Cicero and claimed that it was a record of the Native Americans. Cole mentions this idea in the "Book of Pukei". He ridiculed Smith's healing of Newel Knight , objecting that "no prophet, since the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus , has performed half so many wonders as have been attributed to that spindle shanked ignoramus Jo Smith". In 1832, Cole moved to nearby Rochester, New York , where he published
242-575: The United States following the American Revolution between c. 1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815, which was influenced heavily by the works of Andrea Palladio with several innovations on Palladian architecture by Thomas Jefferson and his contemporaries. Jefferson's Monticello estate and several federal government buildings, including the White House , are among
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#1733085245452264-546: The book. Later, in June 1830, Cole printed two satires of the Book of Mormon under the name, " Book of Pukei ". This satire involved an old man appearing to Smith dressed as a Native American Indian and claiming to be a messenger sent by Mormon . It also provided some insight into the treasure-digging activities of the Smiths and Luman Walter . Cole's commentary on Mormonism quickly gained a readership outside Palmyra and he went on to print
286-506: The early United States, the founding generation consciously chose to associate the nation with the ancient democracies of Greece and the republican values of Rome . Grecian aspirations informed the Greek Revival , lasting into the 1850s. Using Roman architectural vocabulary, the Federal style applied to the balanced and symmetrical version of Georgian architecture that had been practiced in
308-605: The most prominent examples of buildings constructed in Federal style. Federal style is also used in association with furniture design in the United States of the same time period. The style broadly corresponds to the classicism of Biedermeier style in the German -speaking lands, Regency architecture in Britain, and the French Empire style . It may also be termed Adamesque architecture . The White House and Monticello were setting stones for what Federal architecture has become. In
330-418: The segments of the book by stealing the typeset at E. B. Grandin 's press, where the Book of Mormon, as well as the "Reflector", were being printed. Accounts vary as to what happened afterward. Apparently, Smith confronted Cole and complained that he was violating his copyright. Smith may have threatened to sue and Cole may have challenged Smith to a fight. Shortly thereafter, Cole ceased publishing excerpts from
352-450: The title page of the first edition of the Book of Mormon. Cole knew this before the book was published because it was being printed in the same one-room print shop as his newspaper. Starting in January 1830, two months before the Book of Mormon was published, the Reflector printed the first few chapters of what he called "Jo Smith's Gold Bible" accompanied by his own criticisms. Cole obtained
374-511: The town was 98.67% White , 0.25% Asian , 0.25% Pacific Islander , 0.08% from other races , and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.08% of the population. There were 447 households, of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. Of all households, 18.8% were made up of individuals, and 6.5% had someone living alone who
396-452: The unearthing of Pompeii and Herculaneum . The bald eagle was a common symbol used in this style, with the ellipse a frequent architectural motif. The classicizing manner of constructions and town planning undertaken by the federal government was expressed in early federal projects of lighthouses, harbor buildings, universities, and hospitals. It can be seen in the rationalizing, urbanistic layout of L'Enfant Plan of Washington and in
418-429: Was $ 49,063 and the median family income was $ 57,361. Males had a median income of $ 35,417 versus $ 27,788 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 19,220. About 3.4% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over. Federal period Federal-style architecture is the name for the classical architecture built in
440-656: Was 1,186 at the 2020 census . It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area . Chesterfield was first settled in 1760 and was officially incorporated in 1762. It was named after the Earl of Chesterfield . The town center, established after the Revolution , has well-preserved Federal period houses along Main Road. In its early days, the town supported a largely agricultural economy, with wool from Merino sheep as
462-429: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.09. Of the population 25.7% were under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males. The median household income
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#1733085245452484-518: Was the idiom of America's first professional architects, such as Charles Bulfinch and Minard Lafever . Robert Adam and James Adam were leading influences through their books. In Salem, Massachusetts , there are numerous examples of American colonial architecture and Federal architecture in two historic districts: Chestnut Street District , which is part of the Samuel McIntire Historic District containing 407 buildings, and
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