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85-593: The institution was founded as the Northeast Museum by the Northeast People's Government and opened on July 7, 1949. It was renamed the "Liaoning Provincial Museum" in 1959. In July 2003, it moved to a new, specially-designed building on the east side of Government Square ( 市府广场 ) in Shenyang . The permanent collections include: The museum is open from 9  AM to 5  PM , except on Mondays. The museum

170-624: A monsoon -influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ) characterised by hot, humid summers due to the monsoon, and dry, cold winters due to the Siberian anticyclone . The four seasons here are distinctive. Nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. Monthly mean temperatures range from −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) in January to 24.9 °C (76.8 °F) in July, for an annual average of 8.6 °C (47.5 °F). The frost-free period

255-751: A branch school. After the Xi'an Incident in December led to the imprisonment of university president Zhang, the Nationalist government of China appointed educator Zang Qifang as the acting president of the school in January 1937. Subsequently ,in June, the school moved to Xi 'an entirely. In the spring of 1938, due to heavy bombardment on Xi'an by the Japanese Air Force and the deteriorating situation, Northeastern University moved to Santai , Sichuan . In May 1946, following

340-572: A museum in the north part of Huanggu District . It is complemented by a recreated village on site. The city now known as Shenyang was first established c.  300 BCE during the Warring States period by Yan general Qin Kai , who conquered the Liaodong region from Gojoseon . It was then named Hou City ( 侯城 ; Hóu Chéng ). Around 350 years later, during the reign of Emperor Guangwu of Han ,

425-556: A population of 645,399 (2014). Heping District has all manner of commercial businesses that are brightly neon -lit at night, centered around Taiyuan Street ( 太原街 ; Taìyuán Jīe ), one of the most famous shopping district in the Northeast. The Project 985 university, Northestern University , is also located in Heping District. The district, better known as the downtown, sprung up around Shenyang Railway Station (known locally as

510-590: A population of 764,419. In May 2002, the Shenyang city government annexed a large area of suburban land from the neighbouring Yuhong District to establish a new state-level development zone—the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone ( 沈阳经济技术开发区 ), and transferred its administration to Tiexi District to form the Tiexi New District ( 铁西新区 ), thus giving Tiexi District the current "necked" shape on

595-637: A pretext to formally invade and occupy most of Manchuria, and Mukden became a Russian stronghold in the Far East with the building of what would become the South Manchurian Railway - from Harbin via Mukden to Dalny . During the Russo-Japanese War (1904—1905), Mukden became the site of the Battle of Mukden from February 19 to March 10, 1905. Involving more than 600,000 combat participants, it

680-553: A secret treaty with Russian foreign minister Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky , allowing the Russian Empire to build a Russian-gauge railway through Manchuria, which opened the door towards further Russian expansionism in the form of another lease convention in 1898 , effectively allowing Russia to annex Port Arthur in all but name. However, after the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Russian forces used that anti-foreigner insurgency as

765-461: Is 183 days, which is long considering the severity of the winters. The city receives 2,421 hours of bright sunshine annually; monthly percent of possible ranges from 42 percent in July to 64 percent in February. Extreme temperatures range from −33.1 °C (−28 °F) to 39.3 °C (103 °F). See or edit raw graph data . Shenyang's metropolitan area traditionally consisted of

850-620: Is a part of the downtown and was also the most developed district in Shenyang. Until 2015, it held the seat of the City Government. The old city wall is entirely located in Shenhe District. It has an area of 60 km (23 sq mi) and a registered population of 716,417 (as per 2014). There is the Central Temple ( 中心庙 ; Zhōngxīn Mìao ), built during the Ming dynasty , showing

935-472: Is closed to the public on Mondays and during the public holiday for Chinese New Year . Entry is free. 41°48′03″N 123°25′49″E  /  41.80083°N 123.43028°E  / 41.80083; 123.43028 Shenyang Shenyang is a sub-provincial city in China and the provincial capital of Liaoning province . It is the province's most populous city with a population of 9,070,093 as of

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1020-546: Is located in the central part of Liaoning province. The western parts of the city's administrative area are located on the alluvial plain of the Liao River system, while the eastern part consists of the hinterlands of the Changbai Mountains , and is covered with forests. The highest point in Shenyang is 414 m (1,358 ft) above sea level and the lowest point only 7 m (23 ft). The average elevation of

1105-579: Is part of Project 211 , Project 985 , and the Double First-Class Construction . In 1921, the parliament of Feng Tian province passed a bill on uniting Jilin and Heilongjiang province leading to the establishment of the Northeastern University. The main objective is to reserve talent and invigorate education. In 1922, a preparatory committee of Northeastern University is established. In April 1923, Northeastern University

1190-477: Is the first Marriott Hotel directly named "Marriott" in mainland China , but due to finance conflicts is not administered by Marriott International ). The major thoroughfare of Youths Avenue ( 青年大街 ; Qīngnián Dà Jiē ), the city's primary north–south arterial road that traverses past the City Government Square ( 市府广场 ; Shìfǔ Guǎngchǎng ) at the modern center of the city linking Beiling Park to

1275-519: Is the largest stretch of vegetated urban open space in Shenyang, contributing significantly to the city's 40-percent " greening ratio", and was instrumental in the city being awarded the "national forest city" title in 2005. According to the Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau, winter usage of coal by boiler stations for hydronic district heating is the source of 30 percent of the air pollution in Shenyang. Half of

1360-497: Is the most populous district and makes up the western part of the inner city, west of the South Manchurian Railway (hence the district's name) and south of the Jingshen Railway , and is famous for its heavy industry . This mixed-use district also contains large blocks of residential complexes, so as well as strips of small to medium-sized shopping districts. It previously had only an area of 39 km (15 sq mi) and

1445-549: Is the site of the Mukden Palace , just south of the Central Temple. It is also the site of Zhang Zuolin 's former home and headquarters, Shengjing Ancient Cultural Street. In the western Shenhe District there is a Muslim town, and the South Pagoda ( 南塔 ; Nán tǎ ) is located in southern Shenhe District. There are a lot of high-end hotels located in Shenhe District, such as Sheraton , Kempinski , Lexington, Marriott (which

1530-919: The 12th National Games in 2013 . Around 2.5 km (1.6 mi) outside Shenyang's former outer wall, there were four pagodas each located within an associated Tibetan Buddhist temple, namely the East Pagoda in Yongguang Temple ( 永光寺 ), the South Pagoda in Guangci Temple ( 廣慈寺 ), the West Pagoda in Yanshou Temple ( 延壽寺 ) and the North Pagoda in Falun Temple ( 法輪寺 ). They were built in 1643 and completed in 1645. The four pagodas are identical white Buddha- stupas as tall as 26 m (85 ft). Nowadays only

1615-506: The 2020 census , also making it the largest city in Northeast China by urban population , and the second-largest by metropolitan population (behind Harbin ). The Shenyang metropolitan area is one of the major megalopolises in China , with a population of over 23 million. The city's administrative region includes the ten metropolitan districts , the county-level city of Xinmin , and

1700-717: The Chinese Communist Party controlled the surrounding countryside. By February 1948 the city was suffering from drastic shortages, and by the summer 140,000 refugees per month were fleeing. It was captured by the People's Liberation Army on October 30, 1948, following a series of offensives led by Lin Biao known as the Liaoshen Campaign . Over the past 200 years or so, Shenyang managed to grow and increase its industrial might during consecutive wars with Russia and Japan in

1785-598: The General Electric Co. , Tyco International , and Mitsubishi Group operate in the zone. Northeastern University (China) Northeastern University ( NEU ) is a public university in Shenyang , Liaoning , China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education , and co-funded by the Ministry of Education, SASTIND , Liaoning Provincial People's Government, and Shenyang Municipal People's Government. The university

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1870-546: The Little Shen River ( 小瀋水 ) or Wuli River ( 五里河 ; 'five- li river'), which was a principal water source for the old city. These are reinforced on the peripheries by smaller rivers such as Xi River ( 细河 ), Puhe River ( 蒲河 ) and Mantang River ( 满堂河 ), and drains into the Hun River at three different locations on the southeast, due south and southwest side of the city. There was also previously another canal on

1955-631: The North Canal ) from the north and northeast, and the Weigong River ( 卫工河 , formerly the Weigong Nullah ) from the west, all interconnected by channels as a continuous waterway . The South Canal in particular, famous for the series of linear parks and gardens along it, was canalized from the old course of the Wanquan River ( 萬泉河 ; 'ten thousand springs river'), historically also called

2040-545: The Qing dynasty (1644–1912). The 1905 Battle of Mukden took place south of Shenyang as part of the Russo-Japanese War . The subsequent Japanese victory allowed its annexation of the region west of the old city and the increase of Japanese influence in Shenyang. In 1931, the Mukden incident led to the Japanese invasion and occupation of the rest of Northeast China, and the establishment of

2125-533: The Taoxian Airport , separates the southern portion of Shenhe District from the neighbouring southern Heping District. The iconic 305.5 m (1,002 ft) Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower is situated alongside this avenue. Shenhe District is also home to Northeast China's main railway hub , the Shenyang North Railway Station (locally known as the "North Station"). The railways leading to

2210-572: The UNESCO World Heritage Site -listed tombs dedicated to Nurhachi , the founder of Later Jin , and his empress Monggo-Jerjer . The large suburban district is located on the east and southeast side of urban Shenyang, with most of its territory south of the Hun River, hence its current name. It has an area of 734 km (283 sq mi) and a population of 324,074 (2014). The Shenyang municipal government moved to Hunnan District on 13 October 2015. The Shenyang Botanical Garden and

2295-489: The consulates-general of the United States, Japan. South Korea, North Korea and other countries. Northeast Electricity, China Post , railways, other such industrial hubs and many media outlets such as Liaoning Radio and Television , Shenyang Radio and Television and Shenyang Daily newspaper are also located in this district. The Dadong District ( 大东区 ; 'great east district') is an industrial zone and used to be

2380-481: The counties of Kangping and Faku . Shenyang has been controlled by numerous different states and peoples during its history. In the 14th century, the city came under the control of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), for whom it served as an important military stronghold. The 1621 Battle of Shen-Liao resulted in Shenyang briefly serving as the capital of the Jurchen Later Jin dynasty, the direct predecessor of

2465-618: The "South Station" in contrast to the "North Station" in Shenhe District), the former hub of the South Manchurian Railway . At the center of the district is Zhongshan Square ( 中山广场 ; Zhōngshān Guǎngchǎng ), which features one of China's largest statues of Chairman Mao —a record of the era of the Cultural Revolution . Northwest of Zhongshan Square lies the West Pagoda Korean Neighborhood or Koreatown . Many of

2550-434: The "peripheral gates" ( 邊門 ; Biān Mén ). The corresponding inner and outer gates were linked by roads that intersected within the inner city in a "#" pattern around the Mukden Palace . Nearly all of these city walls and gates were demolished after 1949. Two gates and one corner tower of the inner wall were rebuilt during the 1990s. There had, however, been proposals to rebuild the other gates and towers in preparation to

2635-470: The 16 million metric tons of coal consumed by the city during the winter of 2013–2014 were used for heating. Other major factors include dust from construction sites (20 percent), vehicle exhaust (20 percent), industrial emissions (10 percent) and extraterritorial dust (20 percent, mostly yellow dust from Gobi Desert ). However, air quality was described by the Bureau as "slowly improving". Shenyang has

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2720-534: The 1930s, and the spearhead of the Chinese central government's Northeast Area Revitalization Plan , the city has been diversifying its industry, including expanding into the service sector . Growing industries include software, automotive and electronics. Shenyang is also a major city for scientific research and education in Northeast China. As of 2023 , it was listed among the top 125 cities by scientific output in

2805-498: The 5 small inner urban districts, surrounded by 4 larger outer suburban districts, and accompanied by 4 rural counties on the north and west sides. In general, agriculture , animal husbandry and agricultural product processing dominate northeastern Shenyang; eastern Shenyang is an automotive parts hub; southern Shenyang is a high-tech industrial base; and western Shenyang is home to heavy machinery manufacturing. The city center specialises in retail and financial services. Out of

2890-522: The Japanese to produce war goods for the Imperial Army and nationalized after World War II. As late as the early 1980s, the factories here employed about one million workers, but all of them went jobless in the 1990s. The Hunnan District ( 浑南区 ; 'South of Hun River'), was formerly called the Dongling District ( 东陵区 ; ' East Mausoleum district') before June 17, 2014, referring to

2975-585: The Korean's rendering of the name Shenyang (심양). The official name was changed to Mukden ( Manchu : ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠨ ), or Shengjing ( 盛京 ; Shèng Jīng ; 'rising capital') in 1634. The new name derives from the Manchu word, mukdembi ( Manchu : ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠮᠪᡳ ), meaning 'to rise' as reflected also by its Han Chinese name. Under Nurhaci 's orders, the Imperial Palace was constructed in 1626, symbolizing

3060-691: The Manchu Prince Jian of the First Rank whose tomb was in the area. It has an area of 66 km (25 sq mi) and a population of 817,288 (2014). The district is the site of Beiling park , the large historical mausoleum of Qing dynasty emperor Huang Taiji , as well as the Liaoning Mansion Hotel. It also hosts the seat of the Provincial Government of Liaoning. The Tiexi District ( 铁西区 ; 'railway's west district')

3145-632: The Ming dynasty, Shenyang became one of the most important Chinese military strongholds beyond the Shanhai Pass . In 1625, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci captured Shenyang from the Ming and decided to relocate his entire administrative infrastructure to the city, which was then called Simiyan hoton ( Manchu : ᠰᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ )in the Manchu language , Simiyan itselt being the Manchu's homophonic translation of

3230-528: The Nanhu campus is located in Shenyang, Liaoning, adjacent to the southern bank of the Hun River, and bordered by Nanhu Lake to the north. The total area of the school covers 2.03 million square meters, with a building area of 1 million square meters. The Hunnan Campus of Northeastern University is located at 195 Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District , Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China. It is situated 16 kilometers away from

3315-693: The North and East Pagodas, Bawang Temple and the Wanquan Park. The oldest airfield in Shenyang, the now-defunct East Pagoda Airport, is also located in Dadong District. The Huanggu District ( 皇姑区 ; 'royal aunt district') is named after Huanggutun ("tun" means village), where the Huanggutun Incident took place. The name is actually a mis-transliteration of the pronunciation for Fiyanggū ( Manchu : ᡶᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡡ , Chinese: 費揚武 , 1605–1643),

3400-547: The Qinhuangdao Branch of the Graduate School of Northeastern University, one Sino-foreign cooperative educational institution, and eight colleges. It offers 36 undergraduate majors in economics, law, literature, science, engineering, and management. The university shares doctoral and master's degree resources with Northeastern University and has its own master's programs in optical engineering and ethnology . In 2024,

3485-663: The School of Continuing Education of Northeastern University moved here, and the Shenhe Campus of Northeastern University serves as the teaching work of continuing education such as adult education and vocational training. The school is located in Haigang District , Qinhuangdao , Hebei and has a campus area of around 530,000 square meters. It has 849 faculty members, including 283 experienced professionals and 265 supervisors for master's and doctoral students. The university consists of

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3570-431: The Shenyang International Expo Garden (which hosted the 2006 International Horticultural Exposition ) are also located in this district. Hunnan District hosts the city's only operational commercial airport, the Taoxian International Airport , and is rapidly becoming high-end residential areas with luxury apartments, fine neighbourhoods and commercial developments, as Hunnan becomes the new center of Shenyang steadily with

3655-462: The Shenyang region was captured by the Liao dynasty and was known as Shen Prefecture ( 瀋州 ; Shěn Zhōu ) until the end of Jin dynasty (who conquered the region in 1116). The area became known as the Shenyang Circuit ( 瀋陽路 ; Shěnyáng Lù ) during the Yuan dynasty . After the fall of the Yuan, Shenyang came under the control of the Ming dynasty , and it was designated a guard town named Shenyang Central Guard ( 瀋陽中衛 ; Shěnyáng Zhōngwèi ). During

3740-486: The Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky , the Far East Command of the Red Army occupied Manchuria in early August 1945 following the surrender of Japan. On 16 August 1945, Manchurian Emperor Puyi was captured in Shenyang Airport by the Soviets while he was in an airplane fleeing to Japan. On 20 August, Soviet troops captured Shenyang. British and US reports indicate that the Soviet troops that occupied Northeast China and Eastern Inner Mongolia region looted and terrorized

3825-405: The act, then used the false flag explosion as pretext to launch a full attack on Mukden, and captured the city the following morning (September 19). After the Mukden Incident , the Japanese further invaded and occupied the rest of Northeast China, and created the puppet state of Manchukuo with the deposed emperor Aisin Gioro Puyi as the figurehead . During the Manchukuo era (1932–1945),

3910-404: The affiliation of the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry of China. The campus is located in Nanhu, Shenyang. In 1987, Qinhuangdao Metallurgical Geological Workers College (now Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao ) merged with the university. With the approval of the State Education Commission and the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, the Qinhuangdao Branch of Northeastern Engineering College

3995-409: The boulevards in this area are lined of very large ginkgo trees, which become golden in color and produce their distinctive fruits in autumn. Heping District is also the core area for many political institutions in the Northeast, including CPC Liaoning Provincial Committee, headquarters of the Northern Theater Command (previously the Shenyang Military Region ), General Logistics Department and

4080-399: The center of ancient Shenyang. This temple is located just south of the Middle Street ( 中街 ; Zhōng Jiē ), one of the most famous shopping streets and the first commercial pedestrian zone in China. Shenhe District is also home to the famous Wu'ai Market ( 五爱市场 ; Wǔài Shìchǎng ), the largest light industry wholesale trading center in the entire Bohai Economic Rim . Shenhe District

4165-433: The city changed back to its old name Shenyang, but continued to be known as Mukden (sometimes spelled Moukden) in some English sources and in Japan through much of the first half of the 20th century. The postmark of the Chinese postal administration kept the spelling "MOUKDEN/ 奉天 " for usage on international mails until the late 1920s. After that, a Chinese–Manchurian bilingual type "SHENYANG (MUKDEN)/ 瀋陽 ( 奉天 )" datestamp

4250-506: The city was again called Fengtian (and Mukden in English), and was developed by the Japanese into a center of heavy industry. Japan was able to exploit resources in Manchuria using the extensive network of railroads. For example, vast expanses of Manchurian forest were chopped down. The development of Shenyang was also unbalanced in this period; municipal facilities were mostly located in Japanese residential areas, while Chinese residential areas had poor living conditions. Under Marshal of

4335-424: The city was called Gaemo. They established the cities of Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng in the region. The Sui dynasty recaptured the area and established a new Liaodong Commandery in what is now modern Shenyang. In 645, the Tang dynasty invaded Goguryeo and captured Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng. Soon after, Liaodong was administratively reorganized and enjoyed nearly 250 years of stability and development. In 916,

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4420-464: The city was sacked and burnt by the Donghu nomads and subsequently abandoned. The area of modern Shenyang was divided between two commanderies called Liaodong and Xuantu c.  107 CE . Liaodong was seized by a Han governor in 189. Liaodong and Xuantu were briefly united under Cao Wei and the Jin dynasty (266–420) . The region was in disarray during the fourth century until the Goguryeo occupied both commanderies in 404. Under Goguryeo,

4505-452: The city's center in a "+" fashion. This Ming wall was heavily damaged in 1625 when the Manchus laid siege and captured the city, with only the north wall and gate tower (which had undergone reinforcing reconstructions in 1545 under the orders of Jiajing Emperor ) remained intact. The Manchu leader Nurhachi however saw the city's strategic value and decided to formally relocate his Later Jin capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang, and ordered

4590-423: The city's emerging status as the Jurchen political center. The palace featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as a symbol of power and grandeur. After the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644 and the routing of the Shun army in the Battle of Shanhai Pass just a day later, the Manchus successfully entered the Shanhai Pass to establish the Qing dynasty in China proper . The capital

4675-817: The east side called Huishan Nullah ( 辉山明渠 ) that drains into Xinkai River's lower section, but is now no longer existent due to land reclamation from urban constructions. Shenyang has many parks , among the most famous are the 14.5 km (9.0 mi) South Canal Linear Parks ( 南运河带状公园 ) situated along the homonymous river traversing the southern parts of Dadong, Shenhe and Heping Districts. It comprises 6 large parks and 18 riverside gardens covering an area of approximately 1,400,000 m (350 acres), with exotic variety of vegetations such as rose , apricot , bladder cherry , honeylocust , natal lily , scarlet sage , morning glory and black-eyed-Susan , and extensive greenspaces of peach , pear , crabapples , ginkgos , weeping willows , pines and black locusts . It

4760-816: The home to two national key laboratories, State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries and home to 4 national engineering (technology) research centers, 12 key laboratories, engineering centers and strategic research bases of Ministry of Education , 57 key laboratories, engineering centers and engineering laboratories affiliated to Liaoning Province. There are currently 5 members of Chinese Academy of Engineering or of Sciences as full-time faculty in NEU, including Wen Bangchun ( 闻邦椿 ), Chai Tianyou ( 柴天佑 ), Wang Guodong ( 王国栋 ), Feng Xiating ( 冯夏庭 ), and Tang Lixin ( 唐立新 ). As of January 2024, Northeastern University contains 4 campuses (3 in Shenyang and 1 in Qinhuangdao). The main campus of Northeastern University,

4845-417: The largest of the inner city districts. Its name derives from the fact that the district started off as the residential area immediately outside the old inner city wall's Fujin Gate ( 撫近門 ), which is also called Great East Gate ( 大東門 ). It has an area of 100 km (39 sq mi) and a population of 689,576 (2014). The district contains popular tourist landmarks such as the 9.18 Historical Museum,

4930-564: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Second World War , and China's Civil War (Shenyang became the main battleground between the Communists and Nationalists ). Directed by state efforts to reduce pollution and close unprofitable industry, the city has undergone deindustrialization , with the shutdown of large plants. Most notably, a large 1930s smelter in the central city was closed in 2000. The redevelopment of former polluted industrial land has resulted in gentrification . The old city of Shenyang resided almost entirely within

5015-475: The lyrics of the university song and Zhao Yuanren to compose the music. Later, the song was adapted and improved by Lv Yuan, a famous composer. Following the Mukden incident in 1931, the Japanese army seized control of the campus of the university, resulting in the university being forced into exile. In October, the university resumed academic activities in Beiping . In 1936, the School of Engineering of Northeastern University moved to Xi'an , establishing

5100-508: The map. The new Tiexi District now has a population of 907,091 (2014), a total area of 286 km (110 sq mi), and enjoys the same administrative rank as a municipality (Administrative Committee of Shenyang). The district is featured in a 9-hour epic documentary film West of the Tracks by a young filmmaker Wang Bing. It shows the transition in this rust belt district—a palimpsest of not only Chinese but also world history. The first factories of this place were built in 1934 by

5185-460: The modern day Shenhe District , and used to have two city walls . Situated roughly within the area bounded by the four "Shuncheng" ( 顺城 ; 'along the city') roads/streets in Shenhe District, the (now-demolished) square-shaped inner city wall marked the bounds of ancient Shenyang. The earliest wall was built in 926 during early Liao dynasty to settle Northern Song civilians the Khitans abducted from raids to use as slave labourers , and

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5270-723: The new government being developed there. The district is traversed by two corridors along two major highways, one leading to the Eastern Mausoleum and the neighbouring city of Fushun , and the other leading to the airport. Launched in 1988 as the Shenyang National New and High-Tech Industrial Development Zone and elevated to a national-level zone in 1991 , the Hunnan New Area ( 浑南新区 ) focuses on electronic and information technology products such as software, computers, network systems, communication equipment and audio/visual equipment; advanced manufacturing technologies, especially for automobiles, medical equipment; advanced materials and biological and pharmaceutical products. Foreign companies such as

5355-416: The newly appointed city commissioner of the Shenyang Central Guard, wrote to Hongwu Emperor immediately upon his tenure requesting permission to upgrade the city wall, and the old wall was made taller and thoroughly reinforced with overlaid bricks. According to History of Ming , the reconstructed Ming-era wall was 2.5 zhàng (8 metres or 26 feet) tall, more than 1 zhàng (3.2 metres or 10.5 feet) wide at

5440-569: The old Ming-era north gate tower was preserved but sealed shut, later known as the "Ninth Gate" ( 九門 ). The outer city wall, called the "peripheral wall" ( 邊牆 ; Biān Qiáng ) or " pass wall" ( 關牆 ; Guān Qiáng ), was actually a rammed earth rampart built in 1680 to expand the urban area outside the inner city. It was almost round in shape, standing at a height of 7.5 chi (around 2.7 metres or 8 feet 10.3 inches) and an overall length of 32 li and 24 bu (about 20.7 kilometres or 12.9 miles), and also had eight towerless gates known as

5525-400: The people of Shenyang, and were not discouraged by Soviet occupation authorities from "three days of rape and pillage". The Soviets were replaced by the Republic of China Army , who were flown in on U.S. transport planes. During the Chinese Civil War , Shenyang remained a Kuomintang stronghold supplied by Claire Lee Chennault 's Civil Air Transport from 1946 to 1948, although

5610-478: The puppet state of Manchukuo . After the Japanese surrender in 1945, Shenyang remained a stronghold of the Kuomintang until its capture by the Communists in 1948 following the Liaoshen campaign . Together with its surrounding cities, Shenyang is an important industrial center in China, and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China's northeast—particularly involved in links with Japan, Russia, and Korea. A center of heavy industry in China since

5695-413: The rural counties, the Xinmin County was upgraded to a county-level city in 1993, and the Liaozhong County was incorporated into a new suburban district in 2016 as part of the provincial/national development plan . As a result, Shenyang now officially has direct jurisdiction over 10 city districts , 1 satellite city and 2 rural counties : The Shenhe District ( 沈河区 ; 'Shen River district')

5780-440: The southern side of the city. According to Chinese naming tradition, a river's north bank and a mountain's south slope are angled more towards direct sunlight and thus are considered the "sunny", or "yang", side. Archaeological findings show that humans resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 8000 years ago. The remains of the Xinle culture , a late Neolithic period society over 6800–7200 years old, are located in

5865-429: The station forms the border between Shenhe District and the neighbouring eastern portion of Huanggu District. The station building has recently undergone a major overhaul and extension. The Heping District ( 和平区 ; 'peace district') is located in the downtown of Shenyang, bordered Shenhe District. It is currently the most developed district in Shenyang. It has an area of 59 km (23 sq mi) and

5950-455: The student life service center, the energy and power center, and the central substation. The Shenhe Campus of Northeastern University is the former Basic College of Northeastern University, which is located in the southeast of Shenyang, close to Hunnan Development Zone and 6 kilometers away from the Nanhu campus of Northeastern University. After the completion of the Hunnan campus, students at Northeastern University no longer study here. In 2015,

6035-451: The temple for the North Pagoda is well preserved, the East and South has only the pagodas left, and the temple for the West Pagoda was rebuilt in 1998. Both the Temple of Heaven and Temple of Earth were also to be found in the old city during the Qing dynasty . They were smaller replicas of Beijing's counterparts. Neither exists today. Shenyang ranges in latitude from 41° 11' to 43° 02' N and in longitude from 122° 25' to 123° 48' E, and

6120-496: The top, and 9 li and 30 bu (about 5.2 kilometres or 3.2 miles) long. It has two layers of moats dug outside, each being 3 zhàng (9.6 metres or 31.5 feet) wide and 8 chi (2.56 metres or 8 feet 4.8 inches) deep, fed with water from the Little Shen River (the present day South Canal). There were four city gates , each at the center of one side, connected by two main roads that intersected at Central Temple of

6205-399: The university's Nanhu Campus. The campus covers an area of 890,000 square meters and has a planned construction area of 970,000 square meters. Currently, it has 15 buildings in use, including Teaching Building 1, the library, the information center, the life sciences building, the humanities and management building, the architecture building, the gymnasium, student dormitories 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5,

6290-565: The urban area is 45 m (148 ft). The city's main urban area is located to the north of Hun River , formerly the largest tributary of the Liao River proper and often locally referred as the city's "mother river". The central urban area is surrounded by three artificial rivers — respectively the South Canal ( 南运河 ) from the south and southeast, the Xinkai River ( 新开河 , formerly

6375-553: The victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War , the faculty and students of Northeastern University relocated back to Shenyang. In March 1949, the Northeastern University was dissolved by the Northeast Administrative Commission. As the result, the School of engineering and part of the School of Science of the Northeastern University were transformed into Northeastern Engineering College, operating under

6460-493: The wall to be rebuilt. According to Annals of Mukden ( 盛京通志 ), the new city wall was a standard black brick wall standing at a height of 3.5 zhàng (about 12.5 metres or 41.0 feet), a width of 1.8 zhàng (about 6.4 metres or 21.0 feet) and a total length of 9 li and 332 bu (about 6.4 kilometres or 4.0 miles), complete with 12 towers (8 gates and 4 corners) and a widened 14.5- zhàng (about 52-metre or 171-foot) moat. The city gates were increased from four to eight, though

6545-562: The world, as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is home to several major universities , notably Northeastern University and Liaoning University , listed as prestigious universities in the Double First-Class Construction . Shenyang literally means "the yang side of the Shen River" and refers to the location of the Hun River (formerly called the Shen River, 瀋水 ; Shěn Shuǐ ), on

6630-628: Was blown up on 4 June 1928 at a Japanese-guarded railway bridge. At the time, several factories were built by Zhang to manufacture ammunition in the northern and eastern suburbs. These factories laid the foundation for Shenyang's industrial development. At around 10:20 pm on 18 September 1931, a small quantity of dynamite was detonated close to a railway line near Mukden owned by the Japanese South Manchuria Railway Company by Kwantung Army Lt. Kawamoto Suemori. The Imperial Japanese Army , accusing Chinese dissidents of

6715-624: Was established in the Shenyang area, and Fengtian was sometimes used synonymously with Shenyang/Mukden. After the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan coerced the annexation of the Liaodong Peninsula with the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, but had to give it up due to diplomatic pressure from the 1895 Triple Intervention . In the aftermath of the Japanese threat, Qing viceroy Li Hongzhang visited Moscow in 1896 and signed

6800-502: Was established. With the approval of National Education Commission, Northeastern Engineering College was renamed to Northeastern University in March 1993. Zhang Xueliang, former president of the University between 1928 and 1937, is named the school's honorary President in the same year. In 1997, the then Shenyang Gold College merged into Northeastern University. Northeastern University is

6885-500: Was founded, with Wang Yongjiang , the then acting governor of Feng Tian Province, appointed as its first president. The university opened school of Literature and Laws at the former location of the Feng Tian Literature school, and school of science and engineering at the former Shenyang Higher Normal School. In August 1928, General Zhang Xueliang served as the university president. In 1929, Zhang invited Liu Bannong to write

6970-619: Was subsequently relocated from Shenyang to Beijing . However, Shenyang retained considerable importance as the secondary capital and spiritual home of the Qing dynasty through the centuries. Treasures of the royal house were kept at its palaces, and the tombs of the early Qing rulers were once among the most famous monuments in China. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture ( 奉天府 ; Fèngtiān Fǔ ; Manchu : ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡶᡠ ,  Möllendorff : abkai imiyangga fu ,  Abkai : abkai imiyangga fu or Manchu : ᡶᡠᠩ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ,  Möllendorff : fung tiyian ,  Abkai : fung tiyian )

7055-604: Was the largest battle since the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, and also the largest modern-era battle ever fought in Asia before World War II . Following this Japanese victory, Mukden became one of the chief bases of Japanese presence and economic expansion into southern Manchuria . It also became the government seat of Fengtian province in 1910. Mukden became one of the main epicenters of the Manchurian plague (1910—1911), which ultimately resulted in approximately 60,000 deaths. In 1914,

7140-579: Was then made of rammed earth because the city was merely a small settlement at the time (historically the administrative center of the Liaodong region was at Liaoyang ). However, in 1368, Hongwu Emperor of the newly founded Ming dynasty ordered a new regional military command—the Liaodong Regional Military Commission ( 遼東都指揮使司 )—to be established, and Shenyang was made a prominent regional "guard town" ( 衛所 ). In 1388, Min Zhong ( 閔忠 ),

7225-479: Was used until 1933. In the early 20th century, Shenyang began expanding out of its old city walls. The Shenyang Railway Station on the South Manchurian Railway and the Shenyang North Railway Station on the Jingfeng Railway , both west of the old city, became the new commercial centers of Shenyang. In the 1920s, Mukden was the capital of the warlord Zhang Zuolin , who was later assassinated when his train

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