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69-446: LexisNexis is an American data analytics company headquartered in New York, New York . Its products are various databases that are accessed through online portals, including portals for computer-assisted legal research (CALR), newspaper search, and consumer information. During the 1970s, LexisNexis began to make legal and journalistic documents more accessible electronically. As of 2006,

138-537: A service bureau for nonlegal applications until 1980. Rubin then hired a new team to build an entirely new information service dedicated exclusively to legal research . He coined a new name, LEXIS, from "lex", the Latin word for law, and "IS" for "information service". After several iterations, the original functional and performance specifications were finalized by Rubin and executive vice president Bob Bennett in late summer 1972. System designer Edward Gottsman supervised

207-479: A cash deal for US$ 3.6 billion. The company was rebranded as LexisNexis Risk Solutions . In 2013, LexisNexis, together with Reed Elsevier Properties SA, acquired publishing brands and businesses of Sheshunoff and A.S. Pratt from Thompson Media Group . Sheshunoff Information Services , A.S. Pratt, & Alex Information (collectively, SIS), founded in 1972, is a print and electronic publishing company that provides information to financial and legal professionals in

276-675: A computer database to help him keep track of it all. In 1965, Horty's work inspired the Ohio State Bar Association (OSBA) to independently develop its own CALR system, Ohio Bar Automated Research (OBAR). In 1967, the OSBA signed a contract with Data Corporation, a local defense contractor, to build OBAR based on the OSBA's written specifications. Data proceeded to implement OBAR on Data Central, an interactive full-text search system originally developed in 1964 as Recon Central to help U.S. Air Force intelligence analysts search text summaries of

345-434: A future in which large populations of end users would directly interact with computer databases, rather than going through professional intermediaries like librarians. The developers of several other early information services in the 1970s harbored similar ambitions (e.g., OCLC 's WorldCat ), but met with financial, structural, and technological constraints and were forced to retreat to the professional intermediary model until

414-465: A leader in contract data analytics. In February 2020, LexisNexis transitioned its database services to the Amazon Web Services cloud architecture, and shut down its legacy mainframes and servers. In 2020, Estates Gazette and the remaining business of Reed Business Information became part of LexisNexis. In 2000, LexisNexis purchased RiskWise, a St. Cloud, Minnesota company. Also in 2000,

483-577: A library of briefs and motions. In addition to this, Lexis also has libraries of statutes, case judgments and opinions for jurisdictions such as France , Australia , Canada, Hong Kong , South Africa and the United Kingdom as well as databases of law review and legal journal articles for countries for which materials are available. Previously, LexisNexis had a stripped-down free version (known as LexisOne) but this has been discontinued and replaced by Lexis Communities, which provides news and blogs across

552-599: A more strategic and capable business function in the evolving world of work, rather than producing basic reports that offer limited long-term value. Some experts argue that a change in the way HR departments operate is essential. Although HR functions were traditionally centered on administrative tasks, they are now evolving with a new generation of data-driven HR professionals who serve as strategic business partners. Examples of HR analytic metrics include employee lifetime value (ELTV), labour cost expense percent, union percentage, etc. A common application of business analytics

621-416: A portfolio of brands and the marketing mix) and more tactical campaign support, in terms of targeting the best potential customer with the optimal message in the most cost-effective medium at the ideal time. People analytics uses behavioral data to understand how people work and change how companies are managed. It can be referred to by various names, depending on the context, the purpose of the analytics, or

690-414: A profit for the first time in 1977. In 1980, LEXIS completed its hand-keyed electronic database of all extant U.S. federal and state cases. The NEXIS service, added that same year, provided journalists with a searchable database of news articles. In September 1981, Rubin and several of his allies (including Bennett and Gottsman) left Mead Data Central to pursue other opportunities. When Toyota launched

759-422: A service bureau. One writer described the ideal service bureau customer as only needing vanilla: very little customization per customer. The phrasing is catering "to the bell curve of customer requirements." If strawberry banana is needed, it is important to ask: To its customers, a service bureau offers a combination of expertise in technology, process and business-domains. The bureau business model depends on

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828-424: A significant sector within the growing 3D printing industry that allow customers to make a decision whether to buy their own equipment or outsource production. Customers of service bureaus typically do not have the scale or expertise to incorporate these services into their internal operations and prefer to outsource them to a service bureau. Outsourced payroll services constitute a commonly provisioned service from

897-456: A study involving districts known for strong data use, 48% of teachers had difficulty posing questions prompted by data, 36% did not comprehend given data, and 52% incorrectly interpreted data. To combat this, some analytics tools for educators adhere to an over-the-counter data format (embedding labels, supplemental documentation, and a help system, and making key package/display and content decisions) to improve educators' understanding and use of

966-464: A supplier of data about US healthcare professionals. In May 2022, LexisNexis acquired the behavioral biometrics technology provider, BehavioSec for an undisclosed sum. On March 9, 2005, LexisNexis made the theft of personal information of Seisint users public. It was originally estimated that 32,000 users were affected, but that number greatly increased to over 310,000. Affected persons were provided with free fraud insurance and credit bureau reports for

1035-443: A variety of fields such as marketing , management , finance , online systems, information security , and software services . Since analytics can require extensive computation (see big data ), the algorithms and software used for analytics harness the most current methods in computer science, statistics, and mathematics. According to International Data Corporation , global spending on big data and business analytics (BDA) solutions

1104-685: A variety of legal areas. Time Matters is a LexisNexis-branded software offering. Lexis for Microsoft Office is a LexisNexis-branded software offering. In France, the UK and Australia, LexisNexis publishes books, magazines and journals, both in hard copy and online. Titles include Taxation Magazine , Lawyers Weekly and La Semaine Juridique . Lastly, LexisNexis focused on generative AI tool for attorneys called LexisNexis Precision that can produce memos defining key legal concepts, identify and summarize new case developments, and generate common legal documents. The organization that eventually became LexisNexis UK

1173-812: A website using an operation called sessionization . Google Analytics is an example of a popular free analytics tool that marketers use for this purpose. Those interactions provide web analytics information systems with the information necessary to track the referrer, search keywords, identify the IP address, and track the activities of the visitor. With this information, a marketer can improve marketing campaigns, website creative content, and information architecture. Analysis techniques frequently used in marketing include marketing mix modeling, pricing and promotion analyses, sales force optimization and customer analytics e.g.: segmentation. Web analytics and optimization of websites and online campaigns now frequently work hand in hand with

1242-538: A year. However, no reports of identity theft or fraud were discovered to have stemmed from the security breach. The hackers stole passwords, names, addresses, and Social Security and driver's license numbers of customers of LexisNexis's Seisint division. Seisint collects data on individuals that's used by law enforcement agencies and private companies for debt recovery, fraud detection and other services. LexisNexis services are delivered via two websites that require separate paid subscriptions . In 2000, Lexis began building

1311-408: Is portfolio analysis . In this, a bank or lending agency has a collection of accounts of varying value and risk . The accounts may differ by the social status (wealthy, middle-class, poor, etc.) of the holder, the geographical location, its net value, and many other factors. The lender must balance the return on the loan with the risk of default for each loan. The question is then how to evaluate

1380-440: Is a global provider of news and business information and market intelligence tools for professionals in risk management, corporate, political, media, and academic markets. In 2022, LexisNexis Risk Solutions was sued by immigration advocates for allegedly violating Illinois law by collecting and combining extensive personal information and selling it to third parties, including federal immigration authorities. The lawsuit claimed that

1449-416: Is a separate discipline to HR analytics, with a greater focus on addressing business issues, while HR Analytics is more concerned with metrics related to HR processes. Additionally, people analytics may now extend beyond the human resources function in organizations. However, experts find that many HR departments are burdened by operational tasks and need to prioritize people analytics and automation to become

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1518-508: Is a violation of the GDPR, which requires companies to obtain consent from individuals before collecting and storing their personal data. Data analytics Organizations may apply analytics to business data to describe, predict, and improve business performance. Specifically, areas within analytics include descriptive analytics, diagnostic analytics, predictive analytics , prescriptive analytics , and cognitive analytics. Analytics may apply to

1587-547: Is believed to be the second oldest continuously published newsletter in the country behind Kiplinger's Washington Letter , which began publication in 1923. A.S. Pratt is a provider of regulatory law and compliance work tools for the financial services industry. Gabrielle Sheshunoff returned in 2004 to unite the AlexInformation, Sheshunoff, and A.S. Pratt brands before it was sold to Thompson in 2008. In November 2014, LexisNexis Risk Solutions bought Health Market Science (HMS),

1656-458: Is estimated to reach $ 215.7 billion in 2021. As per Gartner , the overall analytic platforms software market grew by $ 25.5 billion in 2020. Data analysis focuses on the process of examining past data through business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling and evaluation, and deployment. It is a subset of data analytics, which takes multiple data analysis processes to focus on why an event happened and what may happen in

1725-411: Is in a constant state of change. Such data sets are commonly referred to as big data . Whereas once the problems posed by big data were only found in the scientific community, today big data is a problem for many businesses that operate transactional systems online and, as a result, amass large volumes of data quickly. The analysis of unstructured data types is another challenge getting attention in

1794-597: Is the introduction of grid-like architecture in machine analysis, allowing increases in the speed of massively parallel processing by distributing the workload to many computers all with equal access to the complete data set. Analytics is increasingly used in education , particularly at the district and government office levels. However, the complexity of student performance measures presents challenges when educators try to understand and use analytics to discern patterns in student performance, predict graduation likelihood, improve chances of student success, etc. For example, in

1863-455: Is tracked and that data is used for marketing purposes. Even banner ads and clicks come under digital analytics. A growing number of brands and marketing firms rely on digital analytics for their digital marketing assignments, where MROI (Marketing Return on Investment) is an important key performance indicator (KPI). Security analytics refers to information technology (IT) to gather security events to understand and analyze events that pose

1932-503: The Arthur D. Little consulting firm to study the business possibilities for the Data Central technology. Arthur D. Little dispatched a team of consultants from New York to Ohio led by H. Donald Wilson . After Mead asked for a practicing lawyer on the team, Jerome Rubin, a Harvard -trained attorney with 20 years of experience was included. The resulting study concluded that the nonlegal market

2001-525: The Lexus line of luxury vehicles in 1989, Mead Data Central sued for trademark infringement on the grounds that consumers of upscale products (like lawyers) might confuse "Lexus" with "Lexis". A market research survey asked consumers to identify the spoken word "Lexis". Survey results showed that a nominal number of people thought of the computerized legal search system; a similarly small number thought of Toyota's luxury car division. A judge ruled against Toyota, and

2070-572: The deportation of undocumented migrants . LexisNexis has been accused of violating the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by collecting and storing personal data of European citizens without their explicit consent. The accusation was made by NOYB , a European privacy advocacy group, which filed a complaint with the Irish Data Protection Commission (DPC), the lead supervisory authority for LexisNexis in

2139-463: The "LexisNexis", "Butterworths" and " Tolley " trade marks. Such publications include Halsbury's Laws of England and the All England Law Reports , amongst others. The Butterworths name is also used to publish works in many countries such as Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. LexisNexis also produces a range of software, services and products which are designed to support

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2208-566: The Court's precedents on whether Illinois could constitutionally apply its income tax to Mead, an out-of-state, Ohio-based corporation. The Court reversed and remanded so the lower courts could apply the correct test and determine whether Mead and Lexis were a "unitary" business. In 1997, LexisNexis acquired 52 legal titles (including the Lawyers' Edition ) owned by the Thomson Corporation . Thomson

2277-482: The European Union. NOYB alleges that LexisNexis collects personal data of European citizens through its legal research products and services, including Lexis Advance and LexisNexis® Academic. This data includes names, addresses, email addresses, and IP addresses. NOYB also alleges that LexisNexis does not provide European citizens with an opportunity to opt out of the collection and storage of their personal data. This

2346-530: The LexisNexis system to Reed Elsevier for $ 1.5 billion. The U.S. state of Illinois subsequently audited Mead's income tax returns and charged Mead an additional $ 4 million in income tax and penalties for the sale of LexisNexis; Mead paid the tax under protest, then sued for a refund in an Illinois state court. On April 15, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with Mead that the Illinois courts had incorrectly applied

2415-449: The ability to productize services and deploy them in volume to a large customer base. In the modern context, technology often becomes a key enabler to achieving this scale. Data processing service bureaus were opened by IBM in 1932, first just in major USA cities, then internationally. The purpose was to provide access to then-state-of-the-art Tab Equipment rather than own basis. Keypunching (a term that long-preceded "data entry")

2484-528: The analytics being displayed. Risks for the general population include discrimination on the basis of characteristics such as gender, skin colour, ethnic origin or political opinions, through mechanisms such as price discrimination or statistical discrimination . Service bureau A service bureau is a company that provides business services for a fee. The term has been extensively used to describe technology-based services to financial services companies, particularly banks. Service bureaus are

2553-522: The banking industry, as well as online training and tools for financial institutions. SIS was founded in 1971 by Alex and Gabrielle Sheshunoff. The company became recognized for providing guidance and analysis to the banking industry. In 1988 Thompson Media, a division of Thomson Reuters, acquired the company. Separately, the Sheshunoffs began publishing Alex Information products. In 1995, SIS acquired A.S. Pratt & Sons. Established in 1933, Pratt's Letter

2622-418: The changing labor markets, using career analytics tools. The aim is to discern which employees to hire, which to reward or promote, what responsibilities to assign, and similar human resource problems. For example, inspection of the strategic phenomenon of employee turnover utilizing people analytics tools may serve as an important analysis at times of disruption. It has been suggested that people analytics

2691-758: The company acquired the American legal publisher Matthew Bender from Times Mirror . In 2002, it acquired a Canadian research database company, Quicklaw . In 2002, LexisNexis acquired the Ohio legal publisher Anderson Publishing. In 2004, Reed Elsevier Group, parent company of LexisNexis, purchased Seisint, Inc, from founder Michael Brauser of Boca Raton, Florida . Seisint housed and operated the Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange (MATRIX). In February 2008, Reed Elsevier purchased data aggregator ChoicePoint (previous NYSE ticker symbol CPS) in

2760-521: The company appealed the decision. Mead lost on appeal in 1989 when the Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit held that there was little chance of consumer confusion. Today, the two companies have an amicable business relationship, and in 2002 implemented a joint promotion called "Win a Lexus on Lexis!" In 1988, Mead acquired the Michie Company, a legal publisher, from Macmillan . In December 1994, Mead sold

2829-439: The company had the world's largest electronic database for legal and public-records–related information. The company is a subsidiary of RELX . LexisNexis is owned by RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier). According to Trudi Bellardo Hahn and Charles P. Bourne, LexisNexis (originally founded as LEXIS) is historically significant because it was the first of the early information services to both envision and actually bring about

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2898-474: The company's practices posed "a grave threat to civil liberties." Critics accused LexisNexis of violating individuals' privacy rights by providing addresses, phone numbers, relatives' names, and more through the data being sold to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). In November 2019, several legal scholars and human rights activists called on LexisNexis to cease work with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement because their work directly contributes to

2967-462: The concept of having someone else write your ad took over. Although Landart Systems, Inc (LSI) opened in 1973 as a DECsystem-20 -based timesharing bureau that also did computerized typesetting, it was the 1977 introduction of the Xerox 9700 high-end laser printer which was Landart's subsequent mark of distinction. The 9700 could accept input via direct computer link or from magnetic tape, thus allowing

3036-482: The contents of aerial and satellite reconnaissance photographs. (Before computer vision was invented, text summaries were manually prepared by enlisted personnel called "photo interpreters"; analysts then used those summaries as a catalog to retrieve photographs from which they could draw inferences about enemy strategy.) In 1968, paper manufacturer Mead Corporation purchased Data Corporation for $ 6 million to gain control of its inkjet printing technology. Mead hired

3105-554: The discovery that one company was illegally selling fraudulent doctor's notes in order to assist people in defrauding employers and insurance companies is an opportunity for insurance firms to increase the vigilance of their unstructured data analysis . These challenges are the current inspiration for much of the innovation in modern analytics information systems, giving birth to relatively new machine analysis concepts such as complex event processing , full text search and analysis, and even new ideas in presentation. One such innovation

3174-532: The early 1990s. The LexisNexis story begins in western Pennsylvania in 1956, when attorney John Horty began to explore the use of CALR technology in support of his work on comparative hospital law at the University of Pittsburgh Health Law Center . Horty was surprised to discover the extent to which the laws governing hospital administration varied from one state to another across the United States and began building

3243-628: The end of that year, the LEXIS database had reached two billion characters in size and added the entire United States Code , as well as the United States Reports from 1938 through 1973. By 1974, LEXIS was running on an IBM 370/155 computer in Ohio supported by a set of IBM 3330 disk storage units which could store up to about 4 billion characters. Its communications processor could handle 62 terminals simultaneously with transmission speed at 120 characters per second per user. On this platform, LEXIS

3312-426: The future based on the previous data. Data analytics is used to formulate larger organizational decisions. Data analytics is a multidisciplinary field. There is extensive use of computer skills, mathematics, statistics, the use of descriptive techniques and predictive models to gain valuable knowledge from data through analytics. There is increasing use of the term advanced analytics , typically used to describe

3381-418: The greatest security risks. Products in this area include security information and event management and user behavior analytics. Software analytics is the process of collecting information about the way a piece of software is used and produced. In the industry of commercial analytics software, an emphasis has emerged on solving the challenges of analyzing massive, complex data sets, often when such data

3450-548: The implementation of the specifications as working computer code . At the same time, Rubin and Bennett orchestrated the necessary keyboarding of the legal materials to be provided through LEXIS, and designed a business plan, marketing strategy, and training program. MDC's corporate headquarters were moved to New York City, while the data center stayed in Dayton, Ohio . Lexis was the first information service to directly serve end users. Rubin later explained that they were trying "to crack

3519-510: The industry. Unstructured data differs from structured data in that its format varies widely and cannot be stored in traditional relational databases without significant effort at data transformation. Sources of unstructured data, such as email, the contents of word processor documents, PDFs, geospatial data , etc., are rapidly becoming a relevant source of business intelligence for businesses, governments and universities. For example, in Britain

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3588-431: The interest rate charged to members of a portfolio segment to cover any losses among members in that segment. Predictive models in the banking industry are developed to bring certainty across the risk scores for individual customers. Credit scores are built to predict an individual's delinquency behavior and are widely used to evaluate the credit worthiness of each applicant. Furthermore, risk analyses are carried out in

3657-485: The librarian barrier. Our goal was to get a LEXIS terminal on every lawyer's desk." To persuade American lawyers to use LEXIS (at a time when computer literacy was rare), MDC used aggressive marketing, sales, and training campaigns. On April 2, 1973, MDC publicly launched LEXIS at a press conference in New York City, with libraries of New York and Ohio case law as well as a separate library of federal tax materials. By

3726-400: The more traditional marketing analysis techniques. A focus on digital media has slightly changed the vocabulary so that marketing mix modeling is commonly referred to as attribution modeling in the digital or marketing mix modeling context. These tools and techniques support both strategic marketing decisions (such as how much overall to spend on marketing, how to allocate budgets across

3795-806: The outcomes of campaigns or efforts, and to guide decisions for investment and consumer targeting. Demographic studies, customer segmentation, conjoint analysis and other techniques allow marketers to use large amounts of consumer purchase, survey and panel data to understand and communicate marketing strategy. Marketing analytics consists of both qualitative and quantitative, structured and unstructured data used to drive strategic decisions about brand and revenue outcomes. The process involves predictive modelling, marketing experimentation, automation and real-time sales communications. The data enables companies to make predictions and alter strategic execution to maximize performance results. Web analytics allows marketers to collect session-level information about interactions on

3864-466: The portfolio as a whole. The least risk loan may be to the very wealthy, but there are a very limited number of wealthy people. On the other hand, there are many poor that can be lent to, but at greater risk. Some balance must be struck that maximizes return and minimizes risk. The analytics solution may combine time series analysis with many other issues in order to make decisions on when to lend money to these different borrower segments, or decisions on

3933-421: The practice of the legal profession. For example, case management systems, customer relationship management systems ("CRMs") and proofreading tools for Microsoft Office. InterAction is a customer relationship management system designed specifically for professional services firms such as accountancy and legal firms. Business Insight Solutions offers news and business content and market intelligence tools. It

4002-478: The scientific world and the insurance industry. It is also extensively used in financial institutions like online payment gateway companies to analyse if a transaction was genuine or fraud. For this purpose, they use the transaction history of the customer. This is more commonly used in Credit Card purchases, when there is a sudden spike in the customer transaction volume the customer gets a call of confirmation if

4071-435: The specific focus of the analysis. Some examples include workforce analytics, HR analytics, talent analytics, people insights, talent insights, colleague insights, human capital analytics, and human resources information system (HRIS) analytics. HR analytics is the application of analytics to help companies manage human resources . HR analytics has become a strategic tool in analyzing and forecasting human-related trends in

4140-498: The technical aspects of analytics, especially in the emerging fields such as the use of machine learning techniques like neural networks , decision trees, logistic regression, linear to multiple regression analysis , and classification to do predictive modeling . It also includes unsupervised machine learning techniques like cluster analysis , principal component analysis , segmentation profile analysis and association analysis. Marketing organizations use analytics to determine

4209-453: The transaction was initiated by him/her. This helps in reducing loss due to such circumstances. Digital analytics is a set of business and technical activities that define, create, collect, verify or transform digital data into reporting, research, analyses, recommendations, optimizations, predictions, and automation. This also includes the SEO ( search engine optimization ) where the keyword search

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4278-592: The well-known Queen's Law Bookseller. Butterworths was acquired by International Publishing Corporation in 1965; IPC was acquired by the Reed Group in 1970. Heinemann Professional Publishing was merged with Butterworths Scientific in 1990 to form Butterworth-Heinemann . The Butterworths publishing business is now owned and operated in the UK by Reed Elsevier (UK) Ltd, a company in the Reed Elsevier Group. Publications continue to be produced by RELX (UK) Ltd using

4347-449: Was "unacceptably dirty." In February 1970, Mead reorganized Data Corporation's Information Systems Division into a new Mead subsidiary called Mead Data Central (MDC). Wilson and Rubin, respectively, were installed as president and vice president. A year later, Mead bought out the OSBA's interests in the OBAR project, and OBAR disappears from the historical record after that point. After Wilson

4416-444: Was able to execute over 90% of searches within fewer than five seconds. Over 100 text terminals had been deployed to various legal offices (i.e., law firms and government agencies) and over 4,000 users had been trained. By 1975, the LEXIS database had grown to 5 billion characters and could handle up to 200 terminals simultaneously. By 1976, the LEXIS database included case law from six states, plus various federal materials. MDC turned

4485-443: Was founded in 1818 by Henry Butterworth (1786–1860). He was a pupil at King Henry VIII School , Coventry . After leaving Coventry he was apprenticed to and, for some time, worked for his uncle Joseph Butterworth , the great law bookseller of Fleet Street . In 1818, however, disagreement between them as to the terms of partnership made Henry set up on his own account at the corner of Middle Temple Gate (7 Fleet Street), where he became

4554-485: Was nonexistent, the legal market had potential, and OBAR needed to be rebuilt to profitably exploit that market. At the time, OBAR searches often took up to five hours to complete if more than one user was online, and its original terminals were noisy Teletypes with slow transmission rates of 10 characters per second. The original OBAR terminals were belatedly replaced with CRT text terminals in 1970. OBAR also had quality control issues; Rubin later recalled that its data

4623-449: Was often part of what was offered. As Batch processing systems replaced Tab Equipment, service bureaus, from the mid 1950s, could offer this too. A few decades later, sharing of mainframes via Timesharing was a step forward. These concepts already existed - advertising and Ad agencies. Initially newspapers sold space in bulk to print space brokers; they resold the space, but individual customers made their own ads. Subsequently,

4692-534: Was put in charge, he became reluctant to implement his own study's recommendation to abandon the OBAR/Data Central work to date and start over. In September 1971, Mead's management relegated Wilson to vice chairman of the board (i.e., a nonoperational role) and elevated Rubin to president of MDC. Rubin pushed the legacy Data Central technology back to Mead Corporation. Under a newly organized division, Mead Technical Laboratories, Data Central continued to operate as

4761-413: Was required to sell the titles as a condition of acquiring competing publisher West . In 1998, Reed Elsevier acquired Shepard's Citations and made it part of LexisNexis. Before electronic citators like Westlaw's KeyCite appeared, Shepard's was the only legal citation service which attempted to provide comprehensive coverage of American law . In 2019, LexisNexis announced a joint venture with Knowable,

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