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38-606: At first based in Fréjus , from the beginning of the 17th century the fleet was based at two specialized arsenals: The fleet's flagship was traditionally the Réale , flying the flag of général des galères  [ fr ] (a grand-officer of the crown of France), as seen at the Musée national de la Marine . The flagship was always the most powerful ship present in Toulon. Under Louis XIV this

76-525: A fulling mill at Arsenal, and a necropolis in Sainte-Brigitte and fishponds on the coast at Saint-Aygulf. The aqueduct is 42 km long and runs for 1.8 km on bridges and 500m on walls. Large parts of the aqueduct are still well preserved. An archaeological campaign in July 2005 revealed a portion of ancient rocky coast which showed it was almost one kilometre further inland than current estimates. In

114-466: A hot-summer mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ). Fréjus is twinned with: Cornelius Gallus Gaius Cornelius Gallus (c. 70 – 26 BC) was a Roman poet , orator , politician and military commander, at one time appointed by the Emperor Augustus as prefect of Egypt. Although only nine lines of his poetry are extant today, he was considered by Ovid as one of

152-442: A high reputation among his contemporaries as a man of intellect, and Ovid ( Tristia , IV) considered him the first of the elegiac poets of Rome. Along with Ennius , Varro Atacinus , Lucretius , Virgil , and Tibullus , Ovid includes him in a list of the most notable Latin poets, writing: Gallus et Hesperiīs et Gallus nōtus Eōīs;     et sua cum Gallō nōta Lycōris erit. "Gallus shall be known in

190-474: A lighthouse. Two lighthouses were constructed on the quays and a third assisted mariners in locating the harbour's sea entrance. The third, situated on the Île du Lion de Mer, would have been the primary beacon that ships would have navigated toward. As ships approached the harbour, the Triton lighthouse on the northern side of the channel into the harbour and the other lighthouse on the southern side would have marked

228-700: Is available as a scan at the Internet Archive and is (2021) being prepared as an e-book by Project Gutenberg. The story of Gallus's fall from Augustus's favour forms the framework for an extensive learned discourse on what life was like in Rome as evidenced in Latin extracts from a number of writers (Suetonius, Martial, Pliny, Ovid, etc.) but most notably quotations in the Ancient Greek from Cassius Dio. The book contains extensive notes and 'Excursus' on various subjects including:

266-555: Is the Massif de l'Esterel . In 2014 , David Rachline of the National Front (later renamed National Rally) was elected Mayor of Fréjus. Fréjus is a resort town which hosts three to four times as many people as its regular inhabitants over the summer. It organises several fairs throughout the year; there is the pottery fair and the Bravade amongst its Roman and Gothic architecture with

304-962: The Siege of Toulon in 1793 and during the battles of the Nile in 1798 and Trafalgar in 1805. The term "Fleet of the Levant" was temporary readopted after the French Restoration and the July Monarchy . Fr%C3%A9jus Fréjus ( French: [fʁeʒys] ; Occitan : Frejús [fɾeˈdʒys] ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France . It neighbours Saint-Raphaël , effectively forming one urban agglomeration. The north of

342-524: The amphitheatre , the aqueduct from Mons, Var , as well as the theatre. In addition the old town is home to many other impressive remains, city walls, the two gates (of Rome, of Reyran), the square of Agricola with the gate of the Gauls, an exedra and the platform with a cistern on the Butte Saint-Antoine, the paving of the via Aurelia which passed through the city, the remains of the ancient harbour with

380-498: The 'old tile' roof tops and tinted walls. Port Fréjus which has a capacity of 750 moorings, is surrounded by beautiful fine sandy beaches. There is an annual ' Roc d'Azur ' mountain bike event. The Fréjus railway station offers connections to Saint-Raphaël, Les Arcs and Cannes and a few other regional destinations. Long distance destinations are accessible from the nearby Saint-Raphaël-Valescure station. The A8 autoroute connects Fréjus with Aix-en-Provence and Nice . Fréjus has

418-410: The Butte Saint-Antoine, three of which are outside the city walls. A probable military or naval camp was excavated at Aiguières, Villeneuve near the ancient shore line and associated with the nearby baths, and also a 4th-century mausoleum at rue de La Tourrache. The remains of a suburban villa are at La Rose des Sables. Roman road bridges still exist at Cantonniers and at Esclapes (with three arches),

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456-610: The Council of Valencia, a bishop was appointed in Frejus, but he never came. I was the first of the bishops of that city. I was able to build the first Cathedral with its Baptistery." The decay of Rome led to that of the cities of its empire. The richest architecture belongs to the Roman city whose many buildings make it the richest concentration of this period in France after Arles . The most notable are

494-509: The Levant and the Ponant fleets were entrusted on 12 November 1669 to two vice-admirals . The first vice-admiral of the Levant was Anne Hilarion de Costentin, Comte de Tourville , designated as such in 1669. Louis XIV had intended to appoint Abraham Duquesne to share the post, but he died in 1688, and the Comte de Tourville continued in the post until 1701. Although Tourville commanded the fleet during

532-533: The Muses have made songs which I can utter worthy of my mistress. So long as . . . [they are pleasing?] to you, I am not afraid to be judged by you, Viscus, . . . nor by you, Cato." The fragments of four poems attributed to him, first published by Aldus Manutius in 1590 and printed in Alexander Riese 's Anthologia Latina (1869), are generally regarded as a forgery; and Pomponius Gauricus's ascription to him of

570-626: The Parthians: Fāta mihi, Caesar, tum erunt mea dulcia, quom tū     maxima Rōmānae pars eris historiae postque tuum reditum multōrum templa deōrum     fīxa legam spolieis deivitiōra tueis. "I will count myself blessed by fortune, Caesar, when you become the greatest part of Roman history; and when, after your return, I admire the temples of many gods adorned and enriched with your spoils." This obsequious compliment need not be taken seriously. Later Augustan poets tended to distance themselves from

608-594: The West and in the East; and with Gallus his Lycoris shall also be known." He wrote four books of elegies chiefly on his mistress Lycoris (a poetical name for Cytheris , a notorious actress), in which he took for his model Euphorion of Chalcis ; he also translated some of this author's works into Latin . He is often thought of as a key figure in the establishment of the genre of Latin love-elegy, and an inspiration for Propertius , Tibullus , and Ovid . Scholars used to believe, in

646-620: The absence of any surviving poetry by Gallus and on the basis of his high reputation among his contemporaries, that his poetical gifts were little short of those of Virgil. The classicist Tenney Frank famously declared in 1922: 'What would we not barter of all the sesquipedalian epics of empire for a few pages of Cornelius Gallus, a thousand for each!' The discoveries at Qasr Ibrim have now given us nine lines of Gallus. Coincidentally, one of them mentions Lycoris, ('saddened, Lycoris, by your wanton behaviour'), confirming their authorship. Almost nothing by Gallus has survived; until 1978, only one line

684-575: The amphitheatre, the aqueduct, the lighthouse, the baths and the theatre. Forum Julii had impressive walls of 3.7 km length that protected an area of 35 hectares. There were about six thousand inhabitants. The territory of the city, the civitas forojuliensis, extended from Cabasse in the west to Fayence and Mons in the north. It became an important market town for craft and agricultural production. Agriculture developed with villa rusticas such as at Villepey and Saint-Raphaël . Mining of green sandstone and blue porphyry and fish farming contributed to

722-482: The battles of the reign of Louis XIV, his successors were too old to have likely served at sea. In practice, the squadrons at sea were under officers with the rank of Lieutenant général des Armées navales . The Fleet of the Levant was renamed the "Mediterranean Squadron" ( escadre de la Méditerranée , fr:Escadre de la Méditerranée ) after the French Revolution . The fleet was successively almost annihilated during

760-534: The cause of Octavian and as a reward for his services was made prefect of Egypt ( Suetonius , Augustus , 66 ). In 30 BC, Cornelius Gallus led a campaign to subdue a revolt in Thebes. He erected a monument in Philae to glorify his accomplishments. Gallus' conduct brought him into disgrace with the emperor and a new prefect was appointed. After his recall, Gallus committed suicide ( Cassius Dio , liii 23 ). Gallus enjoyed

798-511: The city the capital of the new province of Narbonensis in 22 BC, spurring rapid development. It became one of the most important ports in the Mediterranean; its port was the only naval base for the Roman fleet of Gaul which remained operative until the reign of Claudius and only the second port after Ostia until at least the time of Nero. Subsequently, under Tiberius , the major monuments and amenities still visible today were constructed:

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836-604: The commune forms part of the Massif de l'Esterel . On 2 December 1959, the Malpasset Dam , on the Reyran River above the city of Fréjus, ruptured, killing over 400 people. The origins of Frejus probably lie with the Celto - Ligurian people who settled around the natural harbour of Aegytna. The remains of a defensive wall are still visible on Mont Auriasque and Cap Capelin. The Phocaeans of Marseille later established an outpost on

874-553: The elegiac verses of Maximianus is no longer accepted. Gallus is the central figure in a fictionalised but fact-based account of the private life, manner and customs of the Romans: Gallus, or Roman Scenes of the time of Augustus , written by Professor Wilhelm Adolf Becker of Leipzig and published there in 1838. The work was translated into English by the Rev. Frederick Metcalfe in the 1840s. The 1898 Longmans, Green & Co. edition

912-480: The entrance and thus provided safe passage into the harbour. Between the 7th and the 9th centuries, Muslim invaders repeatedly raided the city. The sea encroached on the land while invasions by the Muslims and pirates left the monuments in ruin. By the 10th century there was very little left of the colony, mostly rubble. Sea-borne silt clogged up the port and led to the formation of a huge swampy plain, which then separated

950-548: The former the more likely. Jean-Paul Boucher recognized at least five candidates, and considered Forum Iulii Iriensium (modern Voghera ) the most suitable. It has been also suggested that "Foroiuliensis" could refer not to Gallus' birthplace, but rather to the place where he performed a memorable act, namely the erection of the Vatican obelisk in the Forum Iulium of Alexandria , thus making some generic mentions of Gallia as

988-484: The founding of Forum Julii is uncertain, but it was certainly before 43 BC since it appears in the correspondence between Plancus and Cicero and 49 BC is most likely. It was at Forum Julii that Octavius repatriated the galleys taken from Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. Between 29 and 27 BC, it became a colony for his veterans of the 8th legion , adding the suffix Octavanorum Colonia . Augustus made

1026-539: The major Latin poets of the 1st century BC. The identity of Gallus' purported birthplace, Forum Iulii , is still uncertain, and it is based on the epithet "Foroiuliensis" that Jerome gave to him. In Roman times, there were several cities with this name, but a dispute about Gallus' birthplace between Fréjus and the other cities is attested since the Renaissance . During the 20th century, Ronald Syme took into consideration Fréjus and Cividale del Friuli , and called

1064-411: The manuscript has only four words and appears to be the end of a poem or epigram complaining about Lycoris's treatment of her lover:     trīstia nēquitiā ... Lycori, tuā "sad because of your bad behaviour, Lycoris". It has been argued that the next four lines pay homage to Julius Caesar shortly before his assassination in 44 BC, on the eve of his projected campaign against

1102-423: The middle of the 1st century AD at the time of the creation of Forum Iulii, this coastline was a narrow band of approximately 100m wide at the south of the Butte Saint-Antoine. Further archaeology has revealed much information on the ancient port. A Triton monument was discovered at the entrance to the harbour. This statue and the remains of a Roman building at the end of the eastern quay nearby, shows this site to be

1140-636: The remains of the north quay, the lighthouse and quay of Augustus, a mosaic floor of fighting cocks in a private property, the sewers under the present rue Jean Jaures, the baptistry in Frejus Cathedral dates from the 5th century AD and columns there are from Roman buildings. No fewer than five public baths are known in the city, those of the Porte Dorée, the Plate-Forme, les Poiriers, Villeneuve (probably military, and incorporated in modern buildings) and on

1178-666: The site. Frejus was strategically situated at an important crossroads formed by the Via Julia Augusta (which ran between Italy and the Rhône) and the Via Domitia . Although there are only few traces of a settlement at that time, it is known that the poet Cornelius Gallus was born there in 67 BC. Julius Caesar wanted to supplant Massalia and he founded the city as Forum Julii meaning 'market of Julius'. Tacitus also named its port claustra maris (gateway to sea). The exact date of

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1216-452: The sole possible clue about his place of origin. Born in a humble family, Gallus moved to Rome at an early age where he was taught by the same master as Virgil and Varius Rufus . Virgil, who was in great measure indebted to the influence of Gallus for the restoration of his estate, dedicated one of his eclogues (X) to him. The Erotica Pathemata of Parthenius of Nicaea was also dedicated to Gallus. In political life Gallus espoused

1254-513: The thriving economy. In 40 AD Gnaeus Julius Agricola , who later completed the Roman conquest of Britain, was born in Forum Julii. He was father-in-law of the historian Tacitus, whose biography of Agricola mentions that Forum Julii was an "ancient and illustrious colony". The city was also mentioned several times in the writings of Strabo and Pliny the Elder . In early 69 the Battle of Forum Julii

1292-648: The village from the sea. Napoleon landed at Frejus on 9 October 1799, returning from Egypt in order to ostensibly defend the French Directory in Paris. During the First World War Fréjus became the main centre for hivernage (wintering) for the Senegalese Tirailleurs . The town also contained segregated hospitals with images of African village life painted on the walls. As a backdrop there

1330-793: The world of high politics and often drew a humorous contrast between the martial ambition of their ruler and their own ignoble love affairs. The next, missing, stanza may have subverted the sense, e.g. 'As it is, while you're off winning renown by conquering Parthia, I'm stuck here in Rome, with nothing to do but make love to Lycoris.' A second, incomplete, block of four lines appears to refer to Lycoris. So long as she likes his verses, Gallus seems to be saying, he can ignore any 'peer reviews' they might attract from critics such as Publius Valerius Cato and Viscus: . . . tandem fēcērunt carmina Mūsae     quae possim dominā deicere digna meā. . . . ātur idem tibi, nōn ego, Visce     . . . Katō, iūdice tē vereor. "At last

1368-483: Was fought between the armies of the rival emperors Otho and Vitellius . The exact location of this battle is not known, but afterwards Vitellius retreated to Antipolis . The 4th century saw the creation of the Diocese of Fréjus , France's second largest after that of Lyon; the building of the first church is attested in 374 with the election of a bishop. Saint-Léonce became Bishop of Fréjus in 433 and wrote: "From 374, at

1406-612: Was known, quoted in Vibius Sequester 's De Fluminibus , with regard to the Hypanis river. The line is a dactylic pentameter :     ūnō tellūrēs dīvidit amne duās , "with its single stream it divides two continents," Then, in 1978 a papyrus was found at Qasr Ibrim , in Egyptian Nubia, containing nine lines by Gallus, arguably the oldest surviving manuscript of Latin poetry. The first readable line of

1444-429: Was the either 110-gun Royal Louis constructed in 1667 and destroyed in 1690 or her successor, also named Royal Louis , constructed in 1692. The gun decks of these vessels were painted red, upper decks in blue, picked out with gilding. Under Louis XVI the flagships were the 110-gun Majestueux constructed in 1780 and then the 118-gun Océan -class Commerce de Marseille constructed in 1788. The command of

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