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35-559: Lercara Friddi rises almost at the foot of Colle Madore and its Sican archeological site, between the Landro valley and the valley of Fiumetorto and Platani. Archeological discoveries showed that this Colle and the valley have been inhabited since the 11th century BC, first inhabited by the Sican people. It is located on the Palermo – Agrigento route, at a height of 670 metres above sea level. Lercara Friddi

70-546: A distinct people following the annexation of Sicily by the Roman Republic. Minos , according to tradition, went to Sicania, or Sicily, as it is now called, in search of Daedalus , and there perished by a violent death. A few short inscriptions using the Greek alphabet have been found in the extinct Sicanian language. Except for names, they have not been translated, and the language is unclassified due to lack of data. Due to

105-512: A good starting point for identifying Sicanian towns. These tentatively-identified "Sicanian" toponyms seem to display similarities with other non-Indo-European substratal languages within the proposed Aegean language family , although these proposed connections remain nebulous. Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy The proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy happened with a normative act of

140-505: A mere and mixed empire [...] inhabited by 1536 souls, for which there are 483 houses [...] six Churches." In 1801 the poet Giovanni Meli mentions Lercara Friddi (with the place-name of Alcara de freddi), in a passage of his reflection of the current state of the Kingdom of Sicily about agriculture and farmers: "...Those few, who remain in the villages, attached to their little families, finding themselves weak, and ill-fed, or falling into rhapsodization (terrible disease, first described by

175-572: A war with the Oenotrians . They settled in the north-west corner of the island, forcing the Sicanians to move across eastward. The Sicels were the next to arrive, from mainland Italy , and settled in the east. The arrival of the Sicels is thought to have occurred during the thirteenth or eleventh century BCE. The Sicanians area after this became limited to the south-western part of the island with settlements in

210-574: A whole people place the crown of Italy on your head blessed by Providence Immediately after the start of the legislature, on 21 February, the then Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour presented to the Senate a bill, consisting of a single article, to formalize the new name of the King. This became law on 17 March 1861, with the publication in the Official Journal of the Kingdom of Italy n.67. 17 March

245-480: Is a list of Mayors of Lercara Friddi: Below is a list of the Archpriests of Lercara Friddi. The church of Lercara Friddi was consecrated in 1656 and the position of Archpriest was granted in 1664 by Archbishop of Palermo , Pietro Jerónimo Martínez y Rubio . GRANDMA BELLINO'S COOKBOOK by Daniel Bellin Z .. Sicani The Sicani or Sicanians were one of three ancient peoples of Sicily present at

280-532: Is commemorated annually by the anniversary of the unification of Italy , a national holiday established in 1911 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary. The royal decree read: Art. 1. King Victor Emmanuel II assumes for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy In the Report Cavour recalled that Parliament, on the solemn day of the royal session, with the enthusiasm of gratitude and affection, hailed Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy. However, in

315-529: The Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia — the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 — with which Victor Emmanuel II assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy . 17 March is commemorated annually by the anniversary of the unification of Italy , a national holiday established in 1911 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary, and also celebrated, in the Republican era , in 1961 and 2011. Following

350-627: The Second Italian War of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand , led by Giuseppe Garibaldi , in the two-year period 1859–60, the goal of the unification of Italy had been largely achieved, with the sole exception of the Triveneto and Lazio . The annexation to the Kingdom of Sardinia of the various provinces had been sanctioned by a series of plebiscites . However, the new state still carried

385-524: The Sicilian Fasci , Lercara paid a toll of eleven victims in the Christmas Day protest. The slow decline of the sulfur economy was associated with dramatic labor conditions, particularly child and female labor, denounced by Alfonso Giordano and Jessie White-Mario . Over half a century later, they were echoed by Carlo Levi in 1951 and the journalist and poet Mario Farinella . On Croce Hill, abutting

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420-632: The Unity of Italy the conditions of much of the population of the Mezzogiorno (and Sicily in particular), still remained largely unsatisfactory. The Southern question saw the upsurge of brigandage , which in 1863 and 1876 also involved two members of the Rose-Gardners, who were kidnapped and freed upon payment of a ransom. In 1893, the year of the beginning of the crisis in the sulfur industry, several Lercarean miners complained of serious wage delays. And during

455-637: The "new provinces", while the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy , not elected but appointed by the king, had been integrated with appointments of senators from different parts of Italy. The opening of the new legislature took place with the speech of the Crown pronounced by the King. The Senate in the reply voted on 26 February spoke explicitly of a new realm. The Chamber of Deputies in the response speech to Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy , written by Giuseppe Ferrari and dated 13 March 1861, already declared that: The suffrages of

490-467: The Lercara Friddi Cemetery was moved from the main town square, to the outskirts of the city. Families who had relatives buried in the old cemetery had the opportunity to move their relatives to the new cemetery, but at the family's cost. Only a few families paid. The families that didn't pay had their relatives moved for free, but they had no tombstone, only a small stone marker. However, after

525-736: The Sicani originated on the Iberian Peninsula , from around a river they called "Sicanus" and had migrated to Sicily following an invasion by the Ligurians . (The name Sicanus has been linked to the modern river known in Spanish as the Júcar .) Thucydides' source is unknown, although he often draws on the Sicilian historian Antiochus of Syracuse . Conversely, Timaeus of Tauromenium (writing c. 300 BCE) considers

560-484: The Sicani to be indigenous to Sicily. A third theory, put forward by some modern scholars, suggests that the Sicani were immigrants, who gained control of areas previously inhabited by native tribes. The testimony of a Sicanian migration by land is supported by Greek geographer Pausanias , who does not seem to depend on Thucydides when he asserts that three peoples arrived in Sicily: Sicani, Sicels and Phrygians :

595-648: The Sicani were influenced at an early stage by the Mycenaeans (prior to the Greek colonisation of Sicily). It is generally agreed by scholars that the Sicani preceded other inhabitants of Sicily in prehistory, namely the Elymians and Sicels . The former are thought to be the next recorded people to settle Sicily. According to Hellanicus of Lesbos , Elymians were a population of Italic origin, who arrived in Sicily after having fought

630-608: The area of Gela and Agrigentum . The Sicani enter the historical record with the Phoenicians, who established colonies during the 11th century BCE – preceding the Greeks, who founded the colony of Syracuse . While many other Greek colonies were established around the island, by 734 BCE Syracuse had become the largest city in the Greek-speaking world. The Sicani were gradually absorbed by these colonizing peoples. They disappeared as

665-715: The built-up area, there is valuable 19th-century structure: the Holy Cross and the water reservoir that fed the public fountains ( the basin ). Deserving attention are the elevations of the Sartorio Plexus and the array because of the semiotic clash between the Catholic Church and local Freemasonry in the late 19th-early 20th century period. Lercara is also home to the War Memorial, built in 1922 by sculptor Cosmo Sorgi, and several public monuments that, among others, celebrate

700-519: The cel. Linnaeus ) which between weakness, and contraction takes away the use of their knees, and legs or they do not have the strength to withstand the aerial vicissitudes of autumn, or the rigors of winter, hence the frequent epidemics, which depopulate the villages, and the countryside; as we have seen in this year that in Alcara alone of the colds between the space of a few months one thousand were missing, half dead and half fled for misery, and debts. And oh

735-400: The church of St. Anne, built by Francesca Lercaro between 1605 and 1610 on the same street of the same name; and the church of San Gregorio Traumaturgo, initially built by Raffaella Lercaro de Amezcua between 1627 and 1640 and then rebuilt several times until the early 19th century, corresponding to the upper part of Giulio Sartorio Street (all disappeared over time). The initial development of

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770-470: The feudary of Friddi, Friddigrandi, and Faverchi, dedicated to the production of wine and wheat. The descendants of Baldassarre Gomez de Amezcua and Francesca Lercaro were the Counts of Lercara Friddi, until 1956 Leonello Lercaro was a Genoese entrepreneur of Armenian origin, who came to Sicily in 1570 in search of better luck, and thanks to whose resourcefulness the original city nucleus was created. The family

805-796: The first two came from Italy, while the third came from Troy . Pliny the Elder and Gaius Julius Solinus also mention the Sicani, among the peoples of the Mount Albanus league in the Old Latium . The Sicans are mentioned in Virgil 's Aeneid as allies of the Rutuli , Aurunci and Sacrani of Old Latium. Aulus Gellius and Macrobius remember them with the Aurunci and the Pelasgians . Archaeological research suggests that

840-563: The great loss, which is this to the state! [...]" With the Sicilian Constitution of 1812 and the repeal of the feudality , Lercara Friddi was also given the title of "Free University." It was the discovery of sulfur that changed the fortunes of the town, making it an important mining center, the only one in the province of Palermo, for the extraction and processing of Sicilian sulfur, spurring its growth from 1828. The development led to an unprecedented population increase. In 1910,

875-711: The lack of clear linguistic or cultural boundaries between Sicani and Sicel areas to the east, the existence of Sicanian as a distinct language is open to question; it is also unclear whether Sicanian survived as a language as late as the classical period, even in spoken form. On the other hand, the term Sicanian remains useful as a means of identifying the older, possibly non-Indo-European linguistic substrate, geographically overlaid by later arrivals such as Sicel and Elymian. Recurring suffixes like - ina , - ana , - ara , - ssus and - ssa are often found in Sicanian place names (e.g. Camarina, Telmissus and Cimissa), and are thus proposed as

910-399: The memory of distinguished local personalities (some are the work of fine artists of the past such as Mario Rutelli , Antonio Ugo and Domenico De Lisi ). Notable civil or historical buildings are: Ruins dating back to the 8th and 6th centuries BC can be found in the archaeological area of Colle Madore. The archaeological finds started in 1992 when citizen Antonino Caruso handed over to

945-568: The municipality a group of valuable finds, recovered accidentally, from Madore Hill. On this high ground near the town was "the temple of Aphrodite /tomb of Minos ," according to the thesis of Danilo Caruso, A scholar who also attributed anonymous canvases, kept at the Cathedral and in San Matteo, to Zoppo di Gangi (stage name of two Sicilian artists of the late 16th-early 17th-century) and the 19th-century painter Giuseppe Carta . The coat of arms of

980-451: The municipality is blazoned with four bands of red and three bands of gold; the shield timbered by a prince's crown. The Municipal Library "Giuseppe Mavaro" (Lercarese teacher and scholar of literature and municipal history) houses "Costume in the Pup," by Vito Giangrasso, and the archaeological museum. The Lercarese 'cassa rurale' was founded by Giusto Favarò and Archpriest Giuseppe Marino. Below

1015-588: The name of Kingdom of Sardinia. On 18 February 1861, the new Parliament, already known as the Italian Parliament, met in Turin, at Palazzo Carignano , formerly the seat of the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia , even though it was numbered as VIII, thus continuing the numbering of the legislatures of the Kingdom of Sardinia. The Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy also included parliamentarians elected in

1050-507: The origins of the patronal feast and the church of Maria Santissima of Constantinople (which preserved the graffiti). For a long time, the major urban areas of Lercara Friddi were mainly places of worship: after the church of St. Gregory of Armenia, built by Leonello Lercaro between 1573 and 1580 in the area of Via dei Martiri, there were the church of Our Lady of the Rosary, built by Baldassarre Gomez de Amezcua between 1595 and 1604 on Pucci Street;

1085-589: The settlement suffered from the dangerous conditions imposed on the settlers, but it found impulsed in 1618 with the arrival of Francesco Scammacca Gravina, heir to the Lercaro barony, who in addition to residing in the nascent center favored improvements such as new roads, beverage works and additional churches. In 1708, the barony of Lercara was elevated to the rank of principality. In the book About Noble Sicily, written in 1754 by Francesco Maria Emanuele Gaetani , Lercara delli Friddi turns out to be "Baronial land with

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1120-680: The text approved by the Senate a second article also appears on the question of the heading of legislative acts. It was therefore established that: Art. 2. The acts of the Government and any other act which must be titled in the name of the King will be headed with the following formula: (In the name of the King) By the Grace of God and the will of the Nation KING OF ITALY The numeral of Victor Emmanuel of Savoy continued to be "second", not "first", as

1155-464: The time of Phoenician and Greek colonization . The Sicani dwelt east of the Elymians and west of the Sicels , having, according to Diodorus Siculus , the boundary with the last in the ancient Himera river ( Salso ) after a series of battles between these tribes. The Sicani are the oldest inhabitants of Sicily with a recorded name. In the 5th century BCE, the Greek historian Thucydides , claims that

1190-560: Was Catholic, of Greek rite, and this can be seen in Lercara with the icon of the Madonna of Constantinople, found by the sixteen-year-old Oliva Baccarella in 1807. The graffiti effigy, bearing the date of 1734, came presumably from a Lercarese church that followed the rite of the Lercari. The church, was found outdoors nearby stream: the popular tradition passes on that event as miraculous, from which were

1225-559: Was home to many sulfur mines . When they closed in the 1950s; many of the miners immigrated to Belgium , to work in the coal mines . It was founded, as part of the new cities established by the Spanish administration of King Philip II of Spain to repopulate the abandoned feudaries, with the licentia populandi of September 22, 1595. It was granted to Baldassarre Gomez de Amezcua; who was married to Francesca Lercaro, daughter of Leonello and Elisabetta Ventimiglia, who had some marriage dowries in

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