Misplaced Pages

#920079

106-705: In 1986, the Leitz company changed its name to Leica and moved its factory from Wetzlar to the nearby town of Solms . Leica Camera AG is 55% owned by Austrian investment firm ACM Projektentwicklung GmbH and 45% owned by The Blackstone Group which licenses the Leica brand name from the Danaher Corporation -owned Leica Microsystems GmbH. From the year 1907 to the 1950s, the buildings that formed Leica factory were built on Ernst Leitz Street in Wetzlar , and remained until 1986, when

212-445: A 16:9 screen to avoid pillarboxing but distorts the image so subjects appear short and fat. Both PAL and NTSC have provision for some data pulses contained within the video signal used to signal the aspect ratio (See ITU-R BT.1119-1 – Widescreen signaling for broadcasting). These pulses are detected by television sets that have widescreen displays and cause the television to automatically switch to 16:9 display mode. When 4:3 material

318-453: A 5:3 (= 15:9) ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced a wider ratio of 5 + 1 ⁄ 3 to 3 (= 16:9). Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9 (= 4 :3 ), and 16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the DVD standard. DVD producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.66:1, 1.75:1, 1.77:1 and 1.78:1 within

424-407: A brick building on a stone base, which was covered by a sloping roof and a slate roof. However, in the same year, it was decided to use the new construction of concrete skeletons and a simpler façade design. The four-story building is divided into six groups of windows, each of which has three windows. Narrow wall patterns and lightly embedded parapets summarize the three lowest floors. The fourth floor

530-513: A county in 1223, until it was dissolved in 1806. Early branches of the House of Solms were Burgsolms (extinguished 1415), Konigsberg (near Biebertal , extinguished 1364), Old and New Hohensolms (at Hohenahr , extinguished in the 14th century) and Braunfels . The still existing lines are the princely branches of Solms-Braunfels , Solms-Hohensolms-Lich with their seat in Lich and Solms-Baruth , furthermore

636-456: A different factor in the center and at the edges (as in Wide Zoom mode ). In motion picture formats, the physical size of the film area between the sprocket perforations determines the image's size. The universal standard (established by William Dickson and Thomas Edison in 1892) is a frame that is four perforations high. The film itself is 35 mm wide (1.38 in), but the area between

742-486: A fast 1/1000 s shutter speed, and various iterations of the III (a,b,c,d,f,&g) series became the flagship models and best sellers into the late 1950s. Further iterations of models I and II were offered but did not sell well. Prior to WWII , Leica and competing Contax cameras from Zeiss Ikon were considered to be the finest 35 mm cameras, but post-WWII the companies had competition from Soviet and Japanese copies. During

848-411: A loggia-like ninth floor, that later was closed. Due to the urban landscape that characterized the size of the building, the planning of the district government was initially rejected because of a simple and unsatisfactory exterior design. Even so, the building was built in 1938 between the two oldest skyscrapers. In 1950, west of the skyscraper of 1911, a skyscraper of similar construction with nine floors

954-498: A mathematical abstraction used in resampling images to convert between resolutions. Non-square pixels arise often in early digital TV standards, related to digitalization of analog TV signals – whose horizontal and vertical resolutions differ and are thus best described by non-square pixels – and also in some digital videocameras and computer display modes , such as Color Graphics Adapter (CGA). Today they arise particularly in transcoding between resolutions with different SARs. DAR

1060-450: A photograph of the Tank Man during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests . Following censorship of the Leica brand on Sina Weibo , Leica revoked the commercial and sought to distance themselves from it, claiming the company did not sanction its production. In September 2022, Leica announced Cine 1, a laser projector, for release in 2023. The model is Leica's return to digital projectors, which

1166-508: A publicly owned company. In 1998, the Leica group was divided into two independent units: Leica Microsystems and Leica Geosystems . On 1 October 2012, Leica Camera AG was delisted from the Frankfurt Stock Exchange after Lisa Germany Holding GmbH acquired the remaining minority shares stock resulting in the company being owned privately. On 26 November 2013, Leica Camera AG announced the purchase of Sinar Photography AG , Zurich,

SECTION 10

#1733093019921

1272-491: A rare 1923 Leica camera for 2.6 million euros ($ 2.8 million) at an auction in Vienna. Notably, Leica cameras with military markings are highly valued; this started a market for refurbished Soviet copies with fake markings. The earliest Leica prototypes were developed by the company Ernst Leitz GmbH during the first years of the 20th century, but marketing did not commence until the mid-1920s. The Leicas were innovative, by orienting

1378-564: A series of Leica lenses, and the name of the second appeared in the SummaREX. In 1930, the Leica I Schraubgewinde was first produced. It had an exchangeable lens system based on a 39mm diameter screw thread, often referred to as the Leica Thread Mount or LTM . In addition to the 50 mm normal lens , a 35 mm wide angle and a 135 mm telephoto lens were initially available. During

1484-479: A slightly larger area APS-H (not to be confused with the APS-H film format), while Nikon developed its own APS-C standard, which it calls DX . Regardless of the different flavors of sensors, and their varying sizes, they are close enough to the original APS-C image size, and maintain the classic 3:2 image proportions that these sensors are generally known as an "APS-C" sized sensor. The reason for DSLR's image sensors being

1590-486: A slightly similar 18.5:9 format. The Apple iPhone X also has a similar screen ratio of 19.5:9 (2.16:1). Anamorphic format is the cinematography technique of shooting a widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film or other visual recording media with a non-widescreen native aspect ratio. When projected the image is then stretched back into the original proportions. Often, screen specifications are given by their diagonal length. The following formulae can be used to find

1696-454: A smaller area (25.1 mm × 16.7 mm) but retaining the same "classic" 3:2 proportions as full frame 35 mm film cameras. When discussing DSLRs and their non-SLR derivatives, the term APS-C has become an almost generic term. The two major camera manufacturers Canon and Nikon each developed and established sensor standards for their own versions of APS-C sized and proportioned sensors. Canon actually developed two standards, APS-C and

1802-443: A value of 1 to the image's height; an anamorphic frame (since 1970, approximately 2.39:1) is often incorrectly described (rounded) as either 2.4:1 or 2.40:1. After 1952, a number of aspect ratios were experimented with for anamorphic productions, including 2.66:1 and 2.55:1. A SMPTE specification for anamorphic projection from 1957 (PH22.106-1957) finally standardized the aperture to 2.35:1. An update in 1970 (PH22.106-1971) changed

1908-444: A wider higher resolution image. In either case the image was squeezed horizontally to fit the film's frame size and avoid any unused film area. The development of various film camera systems must ultimately cater to the placement of the frame in relation to the lateral constraints of the perforations and the optical soundtrack area. One clever wide screen alternative, VistaVision , used standard 35 mm film running sideways through

2014-410: A widescreen film to be presented in an altered format ( cropped , letterboxed or expanded beyond the original aspect ratio). It is also not uncommon for windowboxing to occur (when letterbox and pillarbox happen simultaneously). For instance, a 16:9 broadcast could embed a 4:3 commercial within the 16:9 image area. A viewer watching on a standard 4:3 (non-widescreen) television would see a 4:3 image of

2120-538: Is a more appropriate term, but is rarely used. Modified Aspect Ratio (MAR) is a home cinema term for the aspect ratio or dimensions in which a film was modified to fit a specific type of screen, as opposed to original aspect ratio. Modified aspect ratios are usually either 1.33:1 (historically), or (with the advent of widescreen television sets) 1.43:1 aspect ratio. 1.33:1 was the modified aspect ratio used historically on 4:3 broadcast television and home videotape formats such as VHS and Beta. A modified aspect ratio transfer

2226-645: Is a town west of Wetzlar in the Lahn-Dill-Kreis , Hessen , Germany with around 13,500 inhabitants. In the constituent community of Burgsolms once stood the ancestral castle of the Counts and Princes of Solms . Solms lies right in the Lahn valley at the mouth of the eponymous little river Solmsbach and is nestled between the foothills of both the Taunus and Westerwald at heights from 140 to 400 m above sea level . It

SECTION 20

#1733093019921

2332-462: Is about 7 km west of Wetzlar and 30 km northeast of Limburg an der Lahn . Solms borders in the north on the community of Ehringshausen and the town of Aßlar , in the east on the town of Wetzlar , in the southeast on the community of Schöffengrund , in the southwest on the town of Braunfels and in the west on the town of Leun (all in the Lahn-Dill-Kreis). The town consists of

2438-445: Is achieved by enlarging the original image to fill the receiving format's display area and cutting off any excess picture information ( zooming and cropping ), by adding horizontal mattes ( letterboxing ) or vertical mattes ( pillarboxing ) to retain the original format's aspect ratio, by stretching (hence distorting) the image to fill the receiving format's ratio, or by scaling by different factors in both directions, possibly scaling by

2544-445: Is achieved by means of pan and scan or EAR (Expanded Aspect Ratio)/ open matte , the latter meaning removing the cinematic matte from a 2.40:1 film to open up the full 1.33:1 frame or from 2.40:1 to 1.43:1 in IMAX . Another name for it is rescaled aspect ratio. Multiple aspect ratios create additional burdens on directors and the public, and confusion among TV broadcasters. It is common for

2650-414: Is also known as image aspect ratio and picture aspect ratio , though the latter can be confused with pixel aspect ratio; PAR is also known as sample aspect ratio , though it can also be confused with storage aspect ratio. Original Aspect Ratio (OAR) is a home cinema term for the aspect ratio or dimensions in which a film or visual production was produced, as envisioned by the people involved in

2756-412: Is displayed with square pixels , then these ratios agree. If, instead, non-square ("rectangular") pixels are used, then these ratios differ. The aspect ratio of the pixels themselves is known as the pixel aspect ratio (PAR) – for square pixels this is 1:1 – and these are related by the identity: Rearranging (solving for PAR) yields: For example: However, because standard definition digital video

2862-442: Is included (such as the aforementioned commercial), the television switches to a 4:3 display mode to correctly display the material. Where a video signal is transmitted via a European SCART connection, one of the status lines is used to signal 16:9 material as well. Common aspect ratios in still photography include: Many digital still cameras offer user options for selecting multiple image aspect ratios. Some achieve this through

2968-651: Is probably a reference to German patent No. 384071 "Rollfilmkamera" granted to Ernst Leitz, Optische Werke in Wetzlar, on November 3, 1923. The company had always had progressive labor policies which encouraged the retention of skilled workers, many of whom were Jewish. Ernst Leitz II , who began managing the company in 1920, responded to the election of Hitler in 1933 by helping Jews to leave Germany, by "assigning" hundreds (even if they were not actually employees) to overseas sales offices where they were helped to find jobs. The effort intensified after Kristallnacht in 1938, until

3074-549: Is similar to the 1.90:1 standard acquisition formats mandated by these content platforms and is not necessarily a creative choice. Moreover, some mobile devices, such as the LG G6 , LG V30 , Huawei Mate 10 Pro , Google Pixel 2 XL , OnePlus 5T and Sony Xperia XZ3 , are embracing the 2.00:1 format (advertised as 18:9), as well as the Samsung Galaxy S8 , Samsung Galaxy Note 8 , Samsung Galaxy S9 and Samsung Galaxy Note 9 with

3180-553: Is sometimes used for feature films. Square displays are rarely used in devices and monitors. Nonetheless, video consumption on social apps has grown rapidly and led to the emergence of new video formats more suited to mobile devices that can be held in horizontal and vertical orientations. In that sense, square video was popularized by mobile apps such as Instagram and Vine and has since been supported by other major social platforms including Facebook and X . It can fill nearly twice as much screen space compared to 16:9 format (when

3286-496: Is tall, in the classic "panorama" style. Common print sizes in the United States (in inches ) include 4×6 (1.5), 5×7 (1.4), 4×5 and 8×10 (1.25), and 11×14 (1.27); large format cameras typically use one of these aspect ratios. Medium-format cameras typically have format designated by nominal sizes in centimeters (6×6, 6×7, 6×9, 6×4.5), but these numbers should not be interpreted as exact in computing aspect ratios. For example,

Leica Camera - Misplaced Pages Continue

3392-438: Is used by classic 35 mm film cameras using a 36 mm × 24 mm image size, and their digital derivatives represented by DSLRs . Typical DSLRs come in two flavors, the so-called professional "full frame" (36 mm × 24 mm) sensors and variations of smaller, so called "APS-C" sensors. The term "APS" is derived from another film format known as APS and the "-C" refers to "Classic" mode, which exposed images over

3498-442: Is visually separated from the lower part of the building by a very distant cornice. On either side of the central building there was a hip roof with high ceilings. The mansard's floor expanded as production and workers also increased. Only a few years later, Leitz again demanded the construction of a tall building. After the planning of Jean Schmidt, contractor Robert Schneider built a four-story building in 1911. The basement building

3604-457: Is yet another format that can find its roots in the APS film camera. Known as APS-P (30.2 × 9.5 mm), with the -P" denoting "Panorama", the 3:1 format was used for panorama photography. The APS-P panorama standard is the least adhered to any APS standard, and panoramic implementation varies with by manufacturer on different cameras, with the only commonality being that the image is much longer than it

3710-400: The 5th-generation MacBook Pro switched to a taller aspect ratio of approximately 1.54:1. The MacBook Air continues to use 16:10 as of 2022. 16:9 (1.77:1) (generally named as Sixteen-by-Nine, Sixteen-Nine, and Sixteen-to-Nine) is the international standard format of HDTV , non-HD digital television and analog widescreen television PALplus . Japan's Hi-Vision originally started with

3816-454: The Duchy of Nassau , Solms passed to Prussia in 1815. As part of Hesse's municipal reforms, the communities of Albshausen and Oberbiel voluntarily merged on 1 July 1971 to form Bielhausen , while Burgsolms and Oberndorf did the same to form Solms . By state law, these two new communities were amalgamated with Niederbiel on 1 January 1977 to make the new greater community of Solms, which in 1978

3922-715: The Micro Four Thirds mount, including the 12 mm f /1.4 Summilux, 15 mm f /1.7 Summilux and 25 mm f /1.4 Summilux prime lenses, and zooms including a 12–60 mm f /2.8–4 and 100–400 mm f /4–6.3 . Leica and Minolta signed a technical cooperation agreement in June 1972. In 2020, Leica entered a strategic partnership with Insta360 to help produce the ONE R 1-Inch Edition. Since then, ONE R has been recognised as one of TIME magazine's best inventions of 2020. Since 2016, Leica has established partnership with

4028-482: The silent era . It is also very close to the 1.375:1 Academy ratio , defined by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as a standard after the advent of optical sound-on-film . By having TV match this aspect ratio, movies originally photographed on 35 mm film could be satisfactorily viewed on TV in the early days of the medium (i.e. the 1940s and the 1950s). With the adoption of high-definition television ,

4134-403: The "-H" denoting "High Definition", the 16:9 format is also the standard image aspect ratio for HDTV. 16:9 is gaining popularity as a format in all classes of consumer still cameras which also shoot High Definition ( HD ) video . When still cameras have an HD video capability, some can also record stills in the 16:9 format, ideal for display on HD televisions and widescreen computer displays. 3:1

4240-521: The 16:9 DVD frame by hard matting or adding black bars within the image itself. The 16:9 aspect ratio was used often in British TVs in the United Kingdom in the 1990s, and is also used in smartphones, laptops, and desktops. Equivalent to integer ratio of 37:20. When cinema attendance dropped, Hollywood created widescreen aspect ratios in order to differentiate the film industry from TV, with one of

4346-494: The 1950s Japanese quality and innovation, along with low pricing, devastated the European camera industry. Leica became an expensive type of camera bought largely by professional or serious photographers. However, the advent of reflex camera technology made rangefinders somewhat obsolete, leaving Leica the main product of a diminishing market segment. Leica has remained a notable tradename into the 21st Century. The original producer of

Leica Camera - Misplaced Pages Continue

4452-596: The 200 mm f /4.5 Telyt Lens. This date is significant because it places Leica among the 35 mm SLR pioneers. Until the 1964 introduction of the Leicaflex, the PLOOT and Visoflex were Leica's only SLR offerings. A redesigned PLOOT was introduced by Leica in 1951 as the Visoflex I. This was followed by a much more compact Visoflex II in 1960 (which was the only Visoflex version available in both LTM screwmount and M-bayonet), and

4558-533: The 24x36 mm format needed a lens designed specially for it. The first Leica lens was a 50 mm f /3.5 design based on the Cooke triplet of 1893, adapted by Max Berek at Leitz. The lens has five elements in three groups—the third group being three cemented elements—and was initially named the Leitz Anastigmat. Unlike other triplets, the Leitz Anastigmat has the diaphragm between the first and second elements. When

4664-399: The 3:2 aspect ratio of a DSLR/35 mm, since 6/2=3 and 4/2=2. For analog projection of photographic slides, projector and screen use a 1:1 aspect ratio, supporting horizontal and vertical orientation equally well. In contrast, digital projection technology typically supports vertically oriented images only at a fraction of the resolution of landscape-oriented images. For example, projecting

4770-603: The Chinese telecommunications company Huawei , and Leica cameras will be co-engineered into Huawei smartphones , including the P series and Mate series . The first smartphone to be co-engineered with a Leica camera was the Huawei P9 . The partnership ended with the Huawei P50 series in 2021. In 2021, Leica has established technology partnership with Sharp Corporation , and Leica cameras will be co-engineered into Sharp smartphones for

4876-519: The Counts of Solms-Laubach with their seat in Laubach , Solms-Rödelheim-Assenheim with their seat in Assenheim, Solms-Sonnewalde and Solms-Wildenfels . The Burgsolms castle at Solms, ancestral seat of the family since around 1100, was destroyed in 1384 by a coalition of nearby towns under the leadership of Wetzlar , forcing count John to move to Greifenstein castle. After a short while being part of

4982-511: The Focorapid and Televit, that could replace certain lenses' helicoid mounts for sports and natural-life telephotography. In 1986, the Leitz company changed its name to Leica (LEItz CAmera), due to the fame of the Leica tradename. At this time, Leica relocated its factory from Wetzlar (Germany) to the nearby town of Solms (Germany). In 1996, Leica Camera separated from the Leica Group and became

5088-617: The Japanese market only. The first smartphone to be co-engineered with a Leica camera was the AQUOS R6 with 1-inch-sensor camera. Then Leica with the SoftBank introduced the smartphone Leitz Phone 1 which have same specifications as AQUOS R6 but different design. In 2022, Leica entered a strategic partnership with Xiaomi to jointly develop Leica cameras to be used in Xiaomi flagship smartphones, succeeding

5194-510: The L-mount platform. The three companies would form a strategic and technical alliance, yet remain independent. Leica-branded lenses, such as some Nocticron , Elmarit and Summilux lenses, have been used on many Panasonic (Matsushita) digital cameras ( Lumix ) and video recorders since 1995. Panasonic/Leica models were the first to incorporate optical image stabilization in their digital cameras. Several Panasonic/Leica lenses have been produced for

5300-574: The Leica was first vended, this lens was renamed the ELMAX, for E Leitz and Max Berek. By 1925, the Leitz laboratories had produced glasses with improved optical properties, and Professor Berek designed an improved version of the ELMAX named the ELMAR that had four elements in three groups. The third group was simplified to two cemented elements, which was easier and cheaper to make. Professor Berek had two dogs, Hektor and Rex. The first of these, Hektor, gave his name to

5406-648: The Rangefinder Leicas and the SLR Leicas was the Leica Visoflex System , a mirror reflex box that attached to the lens mount of Leica rangefinders (separate versions were made for the screwmount and M series bodies) and accepted lenses made especially for the Visoflex System. Rather than using the camera's rangefinder, focusing was via a groundglass screen. A coupling released both mirror and shutter to make

SECTION 50

#1733093019921

5512-456: The Swiss manufacturer of view cameras. In May 2014, Leica Camera AG finished building a new factory at Leitz Park 1 in the new industrial part of Wetzlar and relocated back to the city where it started. In April 2019, a television commercial for Leica titled " The Hunt " was released online. The commercial depicts photojournalists in war-torn and politically unstable environments; one of whom takes

5618-473: The Visoflex III with instant-return mirror in 1964. Leica lenses for the Visoflex system included focal lengths of 65, 180 (rare), 200, 280, 400, 560, and 800mm. In addition, the optical groups of many rangefinder lenses could be removed and attached to the Visoflex via a system of adapters. The Visoflex system was discontinued in 1984. The leica M6, the top model in the company's M 35mm rangefinder camera line at

5724-577: The architect presented a completely revised plan. The plan was now made up of eight floors for Leica production. The building was built with a concrete construction modeled from the production halls of Opel in Rüsselsheim , Zeiss in Jena and Wernerwerk in Berlin . It was possible to access all the floors through two stairs. The government of the city and the district finally approved a construction of eight floors with

5830-412: The aspect ratio mainly used when the 4:3 programs are cropped. 16:10 (8:5) is an aspect ratio mostly used for computer displays and tablet computers . The width of the display is 1.6 times its height. This ratio is close to the golden ratio " φ {\displaystyle \varphi } " which is approximately 1.618. LCD computer displays using the 16:10 ratio started to appear in

5936-411: The aspect ratio to 2.40:1 in order to make splices less noticeable. This aspect ratio of 2.40:1 was confirmed by the most recent revision from August 1993 (SMPTE 195-1993). In American cinemas, the common projection ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.40:1. Some European countries have 1. 6 :1 as the wide screen standard. The "Academy ratio" of 1.375:1 was used for all cinema films in the sound era until 1953 (with

6042-624: The borders were closed in September 1939. The extent of what came to be known as the " Leica Freedom Train " only became public after his death, well after the war. After the war, Leitz continued to produce the late versions of the Leica II and the Leica III through the 1950s. However, in 1954, Leitz introduced the Leica M3 , with the new Leica M mount , a bayonet-like lens mount . The new camera also combined

6148-467: The camera gate, so that the sprocket holes were above and below frame, allowing a larger horizontal negative size per frame as only the vertical size was now restricted by the perforations. There were even a limited number of projectors constructed to also run the print-film horizontally. Generally, however, the 1.50:1 ratio of the initial VistaVision image was optically converted to a vertical print (on standard four-perforation 35 mm movie film ) to show with

6254-461: The camera have high quality lenses that could create well-defined negatives. Barnack tried a Zeiss Tessar on his early prototype camera, but because the Tessar was designed for the 18×24 mm cine format, it inadequately covered the Leica's 24×36mm negative. Barnack resorted to a Leitz Mikro-Summar 1:4.5/42 mm lens for the prototype, but to achieve resolution necessary for satisfactory enlargement,

6360-417: The camera. It was an immediate success when introduced at the 1925 Leipzig Spring Fair as the Leica I (for Leitz camera ). The focal plane shutter has a range from 1/20 to 1/500 second, in addition to a Z for Zeit (time) position. Barnack conceived the Leica as a small camera that produced a small negative. To make large photos by enlargement, (the "small negative, large picture" concept) requires that

6466-475: The cameras, Ernst Leitz GmbH , is now three independent companies: Leica Camera AG, Leica Geosystems AG, and Leica Microsystems GmbH, which manufacture cameras, geo survey equipment, and microscopes , respectively. Leica Microsystems GmbH owns the Leica brand and licenses its use to the other two companies. During the 2018 Photokina in Cologne, Leica announced that Sigma and Panasonic had become licensed for

SECTION 60

#1733093019921

6572-420: The commercial with 2 sets of black stripes, vertical and horizontal (windowboxing or the postage stamp effect). A similar scenario may also occur for a widescreen set owner when viewing 16:9 material embedded in a 4:3 frame, and then watching that in 16:9. Active Format Description is a mechanism used in digital broadcasting to avoid this problem. It is also common that a 4:3 image is stretched horizontally to fit

6678-414: The common print paper size of 8 in × 10 in (20.3 cm × 25.4 cm) without cropping and is still in common use for prints from digital cameras. 4:3 is used by most digital point-and-shoot cameras , Four Thirds system , Micro Four Thirds system cameras and medium format 645 cameras. The 4:3 digital format popularity was developed to match the then prevailing digital displays of

6784-617: The company produced under the Pradovit brand. Leica cameras are particularly associated with street photography , especially in the latter twentieth century; they were used by photographers such as Henri Cartier-Bresson and Sebastião Salgado . Leica cameras, lenses, accessories and sales literature are collectible. There are dozens of Leica books and collector's guides, notably the three-volume Leica, an Illustrated History by James L. Lager. Early or rare cameras and accessories can sell for very high prices. For instance, an anonymous buyer bought

6890-551: The creation of the work. As an example, the film Gladiator was released to theaters in the 2.40:1 aspect ratio. It was filmed in Super 35 and, in addition to being presented in cinemas and television in the Original Aspect Ratio (OAR) of 2.40:1, it was also broadcast without the matte , altering the aspect ratio to the television standard of 1.33:1. Because of the varied ways in which films are shot, IAR (Intended Aspect Ratio)

6996-400: The device is held differently while viewing from how video was recorded). 4:3 (1.33:1) (generally read as Four-Three, Four-by-Three, or Four-to-Three) for standard television for fullscreen aspect ratio 1.33:1 has been in use since the invention of moving picture cameras , and many computer monitors used to employ the same aspect ratio. 4:3 was the aspect ratio used for 35 mm films in

7102-466: The early 1930s. Once again, it was Jean Schmidt, who prepared the plans for a first seven-story skyscraper. The still existing façade drawings show the columns with arches on the ground floor and that are fitted between a long strip of windows with excessive pilasters. The general design shows a mixture of very graphic elements and remains of curved Modernist forms that recall the buildings by Joseph Maria Olbrich at Mathildenhöhe of Darmstadt. In 1936,

7208-469: The exposure. Camera rangefinders are inherently limited in their ability to accurately focus long focal-length lenses; the mirror reflex box permitted much longer length lenses. Throughout its history, Leitz has been responsible for numerous optical innovations, such as aspherical production lenses, multicoated lenses, and rare earth lenses. The earliest Leica reflex housing was the PLOOT (Leitz's five letter code for its products), announced in 1935, along with

7314-411: The factory was moved to the city of Solms . The Wetzlar factory was located on the opposite side of the administrative building of 1957 and formed a special urban architecture; it is upstream from the slope of Kalsmunt and forms a structurally attractive graduation from the skyscrapers to the ruins of Kalsmunt Castle. In the last decades of the 19th century, Ernst Leitz moved its production facilities to

7420-454: The film horizontally, extending the frame size to 24×36mm with a 2:3 aspect ratio , instead of the 18×24 mm of cinema cameras, which transport the film vertically. The Leica had several model iterations, and in 1923, Barnack convinced his boss, Ernst Leitz II , to make a preproduction series of 31 cameras for the factory and outside photographers to test. Though the prototypes received mixed reception, Ernst Leitz decided in 1924 to produce

7526-447: The flatter 3:2 versus the taller point-and-shoot 4:3 is that DSLRs were designed to match the legacy 35 mm SLR film, whereas the majority of digital cameras were designed to match the predominant computer displays of the time, with VGA, SVGA, XGA and UXGA all being 4:3. Widescreen computer monitors did not become popular until the advent of HDTV , which uses a 16:9 image aspect ratio. Known as APS-H (30.2 mm × 16.7 mm), with

7632-431: The following centres: Solms is a town west of Wetzlar in the Lahn-Dill-Kreis , Hessen , Germany with around 13,500 inhabitants. In the constituent community of Burgsolms once stood the ancestral castle of the Counts and Princes of Solms . The municipal elections in 2011 yielded the following results: Note: FWG is a citizens' coalition. Since 2002 there has been a Town of Solms Youth Council serving as

7738-513: The formula, specifically 12:11 for PAL and 10:11 for NTSC. For consistency, the same effective pixel aspect ratios are used even for standard definition digital video originated in digital form rather than converted from analog. For more details refer to the main article . In analog images such as film there is no notion of pixel, nor notion of SAR or PAR, and "aspect ratio" refers unambiguously to DAR. Actual displays do not generally have non-square pixels, though digital sensors might; they are rather

7844-433: The height ( h ), width ( w ) and area ( A ), where r stands for ratio, written as a fraction of x by y , and d for diagonal length. This article primarily addresses the aspect ratio of images as displayed, which is more formally referred to as the display aspect ratio (DAR) . In digital images , there is a distinction with the storage aspect ratio (SAR) , which is the ratio of numbers of pixels . If an image

7950-408: The image frame sideways for the 35 mm film as opposed to the cine-camera tradition of across the film strip. The cameras were compact with collapsible lenses, for hiking and biking. The rangefinder feature was added to the Leica II in 1932, and that year both rangefinder and viewfinder cameras became available with interchangeable lenses. In 1933 the Leica III offered slow-speed shutter controls and

8056-923: The initials DBP, standing for Deutsches Bundespatent (Federal German Patent), instead of the DRP (Deutsches Reich patent) found on pre-war models. A number of camera companies have built models based on the Leica rangefinder design. These include the Leotax , Nicca and early Canon models in Japan , the Kardon in USA , the Reid in England and the FED and Zorki in the USSR . In the 1970s, Walter Mandler introduced computer aided design in optical engineering. Until at least

8162-467: The last model for which he was wholly responsible. Leitz continued to refine the original design through to 1957. The final version, the IIIg, includes a large viewfinder with several framelines. These models all have a functional combination of circular dials and square windows. Early Leica cameras bear the initials D.R.P., which stands for Deutsches Reichspatent, the name for German patents before May 1945. This

8268-493: The lens focusing mechanism. This model has a separate viewfinder (showing a reduced image) and rangefinder . In 1932, the flange to filmplane was standardised to 28.8mm, first implemented on Leica model C, and the Leica Standard the next year. The Leica III added slow shutter speeds down to 1 second, and the model IIIa added the 1/1000 second shutter speed. The IIIa is the last model made before Barnack's death, and therefore

8374-401: The majority of modern televisions are now produced with 16:9 displays instead. Apple's iPad series of tablets continue to use 4:3 displays (despite other Apple products typically using widescreen aspect ratios) to better suit use as an e-reader ; however, the 2018 iPad Pro 11-inch uses a 1.43:1 aspect ratio. 14:9 (generally named as Fourteen-by-Nine, Fourteen-Nine, and Fourteen-to-Nine) is

8480-405: The mass market from 2003. By 2008, 16:10 had become the most common aspect ratio for LCD monitors and laptop displays. Since 2010, however, 16:9 has become the mainstream standard, driven by the 1080p standard for high definition television and lower manufacturing costs. In 2005–2008, 16:10 (1.6:1) overtook 4:3 as the most sold aspect ratio for LCD monitors. At the time, 16:10 also had 90% of

8586-484: The mid-1930s, a legendary soft-focus lens, the Thambar 90 mm f /2.2 was designed, and made in small numbers between 1935 and 1949, no more than 3000 units. It is now a rare collector's item. In 2017, a new version was produced, costing $ 6,495. A lens from the original series can fetch between $ 3,000 and $ 8,000, depending on condition. The Leica II was first produced in 1932, with a built in rangefinder coupled to

8692-651: The mid-1950s, Leitz offered factory upgrades of earlier Leica cameras to the current model's specifications. The upgraded cameras retained their original serial number. From 1964, Leica produced a series of single-lens reflex cameras, beginning with the Leicaflex , followed by the Leicaflex SL, the Leicaflex SL2 , and then the R series from R3 to R7, made in collaboration with the Minolta Corporation . The Leica R8

8798-532: The most common being the 1.85:1 ratio. The 2.00:1 aspect ratio was first used in the 1950s for the RKO Superscope format. Since 1998, cinematographer Vittorio Storaro has advocated for a format named " Univisium " that uses a 2.00:1 format. Univisium has gained little traction in the theatrical film market, but has recently been used by Netflix and Amazon Video for productions such as House of Cards and Transparent , respectively. This aspect ratio

8904-454: The most common cinema projection standards in the United States and elsewhere. The goal of these various lenses and aspect ratios was to capture as much of the frame as possible, onto as large an area of the film as possible, in order to fully utilize the film being used. Some of the aspect ratios were chosen to utilize smaller film sizes in order to save film costs while other aspect ratios were chosen to use larger film sizes in order to produce

9010-515: The notebook market and was the most commonly used aspect ratio for laptops. However, 16:10 had a short reign as the most common aspect ratio. Around 2008–2010, there was a rapid shift by computer display manufacturers to the 16:9 aspect ratio and by 2011 16:10 had almost disappeared from new mass market products. According to Net Applications , by October 2012 the market share of 16:10 displays had dropped to less than 23 percent. Notably, Apple used 16:10 for all of its MacBook models until 2021, when

9116-524: The partnership between Huawei and Leica. The first flagship smartphones under this new partnership were the Xiaomi 12S Ultra and Xiaomi MIX Fold 2 , launched in July and August 2022, respectively. In 2014, to commemorate Leica camera's 100th anniversary, they partnered with Swiss watch manufacture Valbray to develop a limited edition chronograph wristwatch with Valbray's signature Leica aperture inspired dial. Leica

9222-434: The perforations is 24.89 mm × 18.67 mm (0.980 in × 0.735 in), leaving the de facto ratio of 1.33:1. With a space designated for the standard optical soundtrack , and the frame size reduced to maintain an image that is wider than tall; this resulted in the Academy aperture of 22 mm × 16 mm (0.866 in × 0.630 in) or 1.375:1 aspect ratio. The motion picture industry convention assigns

9328-579: The rangefinder and viewfinder into one large, bright viewfinder with a brighter double image in the center. This system also introduced a system of parallax compensation and a new rubberized, reliable, focal-plane shutter. Leica continues to refine this model (the latest versions being the MP and MA, both of which have framelines for 28, 35, 50, 75, 90, and 135 mm lenses, which show automatically upon mounting). In 1952, Günther Leitz decided to establish Ernst Leitz Canada at Midland, Ontario . Post-war models bear

9434-470: The release of George Stevens' Shane in 1. 6 :1). During that time, television, which had a similar aspect ratio of 1. 3 :1, became a perceived threat to movie studios. Hollywood responded by creating a large number of wide-screen formats: CinemaScope (up to 2. 6 :1), Todd-AO (2.20:1), and VistaVision (up to 2.00:1) to name just a few. The flat 1.85:1 aspect ratio was introduced in May 1953, and became one of

9540-574: The river Lahn, was established in the early 20th century. It was originally home to a brad factory, a wireworks and a ball bearing factory. Solms had its first documentary mention in 788 in a donation document from the Lorsch Monastery. The villages that nowadays form the town of Solms belonged for centuries to the County of Solms, an independent state within the Holy Roman Empire , elevated to

9646-517: The slopes of Kalsmunt with sufficient residential buildings and workshops on the Laufdorfer Weg. At the turn of the century, the production of optical devices expanded so much that it originated the first skyscrapers in the city of Wetzlar. The oldest part of this row of tall buildings is now hidden by a new building at the Schützenstraße. The first plans of the architect Jean Schmidt in 1907 show

9752-609: The standard projectors available at theaters, and was then masked in the projector to the United States standard of 1.85:1. The format was briefly revived by Lucasfilm in the late 1970s for special effects work that required a larger negative size (due to image degradation from the optical printing steps necessary to make multi-layer composites). It went into obsolescence largely due to better cameras, lenses, and film stocks available for standard four-perforation formats, in addition to increased lab costs for making prints in comparison to more standard vertical processes. (The horizontal process

9858-501: The time, 4:3 computer monitors. This aspect ratio is also wider than the popular 16:9, thus being very popular among different E-Sports tournaments. The next several formats have their roots in classic film photography image sizes, both the classic 35 mm film camera, and the multiple format Advanced Photo System ( APS ) film camera. The APS camera was capable of selecting any of three image formats, APS-H ("High Definition" mode), APS-C ("Classic" mode) and APS-P ("Panoramic" mode). 3:2

9964-652: The time, served as the model for this one. Leica offered a wide range of accessories. For instance, LTM (screwmount) lenses could be used on M cameras via an adapter. Similarly, Visoflex lenses could be used on the Leicaflex and R cameras with an adapter. Furthermore, certain LTM and M rangefinder lenses featured removable optical groups that could mount via adapters on the Visoflex system, thus making them usable as rangefinder or SLR lenses for Visoflex-equipped Screwmount and M rangefinder cameras, as well as being usable on Leicaflex and R cameras. Leica also offered focusing systems, such as

10070-400: The town's official board representing youth's interests and needs. It is elected every two years by children and youths who either live in the town or go to the comprehensive school . The town of Solms maintains partnerships with the following places: Oberbiel is home to two commercial-industrial areas. A shipping company has set up shop at the newer one, while the older one, on an island in

10176-589: The universal video format of the 20th century, and 16:9 (1. 7 :1), universal for high-definition television and European digital television . Other cinematic and video aspect ratios exist, but are used infrequently. In still camera photography, the most common aspect ratios are 4:3, 3:2 (1.5:1), and more recently found in consumer cameras, 16:9. Other aspect ratios, such as 5:3, 5:4, and 1:1 (square format), are used in photography as well, particularly in medium format and large format . With television, DVD and Blu-ray Disc , converting formats of unequal ratios

10282-430: The usable height of 120-format roll film is 56mm, so a width of 70mm (as in 6×7) yields an aspect ratio of 4:5 — ideal for enlarging to make an 8×10" portrait. Print sizes are usually defined by their portrait dimensions (tall) while equipment aspect ratios are defined by their landscape dimensions (wide, flipped sideways). A good example of this a 4×6 print (6 inch wide by 4 inch tall landscape) perfectly matches

10388-480: The use of multi-aspect sensors (notably Panasonic ), while others simply crop their native image format to have the output match the desired image aspect ratio. 1:1 is the classic Kodak image, and is available as a choice in some digital still cameras, and hearkens back to the days of film cameras when the square image was popular with photographers using twin lens reflex cameras. These medium format cameras used 120 film rolled onto spools. The 6 × 6 cm image size

10494-475: Was added. The first 35 mm film Leica prototypes were built by Oskar Barnack at Ernst Leitz Optische Werke, Wetzlar , in 1913. Some say the original Leica was intended as a compact camera for landscape photography , particularly during mountain hikes, but other sources indicate the camera was intended for test exposures with 35mm motion picture film. The Leica was the first practical 35 mm camera that used standard cinema 35 mm film . The Leica transports

10600-509: Was also adapted to 70 mm film by IMAX , which was first shown at the Osaka '70 Worlds Fair.) Super 16 mm film was frequently used for television production due to its lower cost, lack of need for soundtrack space on the film itself (as it is not projected but rather transferred to video), and aspect ratio similar to 16:9 (the native ratio of Super 16 mm is 15:9). It also can be blown up to 35 mm for theatrical release and therefore

10706-557: Was entirely designed and manufactured by Leica. The final model was the Leica R9 , which could be fitted with the Digital Module back. Leica was slow to produce an auto-exposure model, and never made a Leica R model that included auto-focusing. In 2009 the R-series was discontinued, citing new camera developments that had caused a massive loss of Leica sales. Conceptually intermediate between

10812-553: Was granted town rights. A new residential area has been being built on the western edge of Oberbiel since the 1990s. Aspect ratio (image) The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height. It is expressed as two numbers separated by a colon, width:height . Common aspect ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.40:1 in cinematography , 4:3 and 16:9 in television , and 3:2 in still photography . The common film aspect ratios used in cinemas are 1.85:1 and 2.40:1. Two common videographic aspect ratios are 4:3 (1. 3 :1),

10918-449: Was made of reinforced concrete with brick stairs. Again, the original plan, which provided a horizontal structure of the building through the cornucopia, was abandoned in favor of a simpler façade design. In the ten-axis building, similar to the oldest skyscraper, the lower levels are grouped by pilasters. The space between the two skyscrapers (which originally had been provided with subsequent buildings) had to be closed by another building in

11024-415: Was originally based on digitally sampling analog television, the 720 horizontal pixels actually capture a slightly wider image to avoid loss of the original analog picture. In actual images, these extra pixels are often partly or entirely black, as only the center 704 horizontal pixels carry actual 4:3 or 16:9 image. Hence, the actual pixel aspect ratio PAR for PAL video is a little different from that given by

11130-519: Was the classic 1:1 format in the recent past. 120 film can still be found and used today. Many Polaroid instant films were designed as square formats. Furthermore, up until August 2015, photo-sharing site Instagram only allowed users to upload images in 1:1 format. In 2017, Fujifilm added the 1:1 Instax Square format to their lineup of instant film cameras. Common in large and medium format photography ('6x7' cameras, actual size 56 mm × 70 mm (2.2 in × 2.8 in)), which fits

11236-486: Was traded as LCA1 on the Frankfurt stock exchange until October 2012. Digital types: M = Professional | ME = Entry level | MM = Monochrom | MD = No display MR = Increased resolution   CCD sensor   |   CMOS sensor   | Video capabilities Mechanical |  Mechanical TTL   |   Electronic Controlled Shutter TTL   Collaboration with Minolta Solms Solms

#920079