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44-681: Legalise Cannabis Australia ( LCA ), also known as the Legalise Cannabis Party ( LCP ) and formerly the Help End Marijuana Prohibition ( HEMP ) Party , is a registered single-issue Australian political party. It has a number of policies that centre around the re-legalisation and regulation of cannabis for personal, medicinal and industrial uses in Australia. The party's headquarters were based in Nimbin, New South Wales , which

88-603: A clearer picture of the positive and negative impacts of coalition-building on the party and to identify lessons learned that can inform any future coalition-building efforts. Coalitions manifest in a variety of forms, types, and terms of duration. Campaign coalitions are high intensity and involve long-term cooperation. Federations are characterized by a relatively lower degree of involvement, intensity, and participation, also involving long-term cooperation but with members' primary commitment remaining with their own entities. Instrumental coalitions have low-intensity involvement without

132-411: A country not have to have been a traditional ally to join a coalition, but nations can join, vary their contributions and caveats, withdraw, and be replaced by new members as the situation changes or national agendas change. The expansion of assets accessible to member nations to perform military operations is a crucial attribute of coalitions. In many ways, coalition warfare serves to make the crafting of

176-444: A distorted impression: a candidate's overall views may not enjoy the same support. For example, a person who votes for a socially liberal Republican candidate, based solely on their support of abortion , may not necessarily share the candidate's other views on social issues , such as gun rights or family values . A single-issue party is a political party which focuses any campaign, efforts, or activism almost exclusively on only

220-682: A foundation to mediate conflict. Finally, event-based coalitions are those that have a high level of involvement and the potential for future collaboration. In contrast to alliances , coalitions may be termed partnerships of unequals , since comparative political, economic, and military might, as well as the extent to which a nation is prepared to commit to the coalition, dictate influence. Coalitions can often occur as unplanned responses to situations of danger, uncertainty, or extraordinary events, directed at interim objectives. Coalitions can be classified as internal or external. Internal coalitions consist of people who are already in an organization, such as

264-528: A full platform, however. The most electorally successful British single-issue party is the pro- Brexit UKIP which later due to its success started to formulate other policies. As its consequences started to become clear, its former leader Nigel Farage left and founded the Brexit Party , renamed Reform UK as the withdrawal process gained momentum. Other single-issue parties in the UK are anti- devolution Abolish

308-653: A nationwide Senate vote of 0.71 percent at the 2013 federal election . Historically the party's best result was at the 1994 Elizabeth by-election in South Australia with a 5.37 percent primary vote. For the 2016 federal election , the (HEMP) Party fielded two candidates for the Senate in New South Wales, but only one each in the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia. So that

352-623: A peace more difficult than winning the war itself. An example of such a coalition happened after World War I during the 1919 Versailles Peace Conference , when the Allied powers attempted to reach a peace agreement. Examples of military coalitions include the Coalition of the Gulf War , when George H. W. Bush ended Saddam Hussein's aggression in the Middle East by enlisting and leading a military coalition in

396-546: A point. This coalition of unions is often very effective as it can cause massive inconvenience to the country. The formation of coalitions such as the Community-Labor Coalition have proven to be an important strategy for social change in many contexts. In social groups, a coalition often forms from private citizens uniting behind a common goal or purpose, sometimes within a coalitional identity. Many of these private citizen groups form grassroots organizations, such as

440-649: A primary vote of 14.57% in the outer suburban seat of Ipswich West - a new high for the party. Single-issue politics One weakness of such an approach is that effective political parties are usually coalitions of factions or advocacy groups . Bringing together political forces based on a single intellectual or cultural common denominator can be unrealistic; though there may be considerable public opinion on one side of an argument, it does not necessarily follow that mobilizing under that one banner will bring results. A defining issue may indeed come to dominate one particular electoral campaign, sufficiently to swing

484-411: A single issue or a very narrow range of issues (e.g., such as a gun rights organization that might also support knife rights). It is generally believed that single-issue parties are favored by voluntary voting systems, as they tend to attract very committed supporters who will always vote. Through systems like instant runoff voting and proportional representation they can have substantial influence on

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528-400: A single overpowering threat – perhaps to freedom or a way of life or a crucial national interest – or the presence of a single despotic figure or regime whose continued existence is considered not only abhorrent to the generality of nations but also destabilizing to the region or world order. In mathematics, the term coalition is linked to an equation which uses

572-412: A way to funnel more votes to another candidate with quite different policies. For instance, in the 1999 New South Wales state election , candidate Malcolm Jones received just 0.2% of the primary vote, but achieved the quota of 4.5% required to win a Legislative Council seat after receiving preferences from a wide range of minor parties (including both the 'Gun Owners and Sporting Hunters Rights Party' and

616-740: A workplace. For example, a trade union is a type of coalition formed to represent employees' wages, benefits, and working conditions. Without this unity between employees, workers may be subjugated to harsh working environments and low pay due to no practical regulations. Often, organizations prefer to meet with members of their respective internal coalitions before implementing changes in the workplace to ensure support. In contrast, external coalitions consist of people that are members of different organizations who collaborate their efforts to achieve an overall objective. For example, in order to prevent gun violence and advocate gun control, several groups, unions, and nonprofit organizations banded together to form

660-458: Is negotiating a coalition . Based on the strategy that each party has prepared, the parties come together to negotiate and reach an agreement on the coalition terms. Depending on the context and objectives of the coalition, these negotiations may be completely secret or partially public. While some issues may be agreed on with relative ease, others may be more contentious and require different approaches to reach compromise. As negotiation concludes,

704-430: Is an example of a single-issue group. What differentiates single-issue groups from other interest groups is their intense style of lobbying. The term single-issue voter has been used to describe people who may make voting decisions based on the candidates' stance on a single issue (e.g., support or opposition to abortion rights, or in support of gun rights or gun control ). The existence of single-issue voters can give

748-469: Is financial. In economics, when two opposing sectors, such as a buyer and seller or two sellers, come together, it can be thought of as a coalition in the denotative sense, as the two groups come together temporarily to achieve a goal. One example would be the 1997 deal between Microsoft and Apple . The deal consisted of Microsoft rescuing the then-struggling Apple with a cash infusion of $ 150 million. Unions can be viewed as coalitions of workers, usually of

792-621: Is hardly a new phenomenon. In the 1880s, the third government of William Ewart Gladstone made British politics in practical terms single-issue, around the Home Rule Bill , leading to a split of the Liberal Party . Single-issue politics are a form of litmus test ; common examples are abortion , taxation , animal rights , environment , and guns . The National Rifle Association in the United States, which has only one specific interest,

836-565: Is known to have a high population of recreational cannabis users and hippies . The group was founded in 1993 by Nigel Quinlan, who ran as a candidate under the name Nigel Freemarijuana. In 2001, Freemarijuana's name was assessed by the Australian Electoral Commission as to whether it was suitable to be added to the electoral roll – the Commission found that it was, meaning Freemarijuana could run as an electoral candidate under

880-513: The 2020 Eden-Monaro by-election and received 2.3% of votes beating out almost every other minor party. At the 2021 Western Australian state election , the Party's local affiliate, Legalise Cannabis WA , were successful in gaining two seats in the Legislative Council , marking the first parliamentary representation for HEMP or its state affiliate parties. At the 2022 Victorian state election

924-555: The Animal Justice Party , Dignity for Disability , the Australian Reason Party , Australian Motoring Enthusiast Party . Coalition A coalition is formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political, military, or economical spaces. According to A Guide for Political Parties published by

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968-555: The Christian Coalition , which is the largest grassroots political group in the US. Activist groups in civil society are also viewed as coalitions for their respective cause. These activists are joined together by their belief in what they want to achieve or accomplish. Military coalitions can be built and united under a singular power by multiple states and governments. They are fluid in terms of membership – not only does

1012-634: The Coalition to Stop Gun Violence . External coalitions base their confidence in gaining credibility on inviting unlikely partners who wish to attain the same end goal, even if the reasons to achieve the goal differ. Coalition government is an alternative model to a majority government , the latter being prevalent in winner-take-all first-past-the-post electoral systems that favor clear distinctions between winners and losers. Not only can coalitions of legislative groups form governments in parliamentary systems , they can also form in divisions of power. Most typical analyses of coalitions in politics deal with

1056-592: The National Democratic Institute and the Oslo Center for Peace and Human Rights, there are five steps to coalition building. The first step in coalition building involves developing a party strategy that will prepare for successful negotiation. The more effort parties place on this step, the more likely they are to identify strategic partners, negotiate a good deal and avoid some of the common mistakes associated with coalition building. The second step

1100-692: The Party for the Animals , the Reformed Political Party , or the former Pacifist Socialist Party . Other single-issue parties focus on the interests of a specific target group, such as ethnic minorities , retirees , and students . Green parties , cannabis political parties and pirate parties which exist in a number of countries, are explicitly based around the single issues of environmental protection , cannabis legalization and copyright liberalization respectively. These parties often evolve to adopt

1144-592: The United Kingdom . The party went on to become a national party, the National Health Action Party . Similar parties in the UK are the Save Huddersfield NHS party which had representation on Kirklees Council , and Save Chase Farm party. In instant-runoff electoral systems which allow unsuccessful parties to designate where their votes are redistributed, single-issue parties may be formed as

1188-533: The United States ). Alternatively, it may proceed through political advocacy groups of various kinds, including Lobby groups, pressure groups and other forms of political expression external to normal representative government . Within a broad-based party it may be the concern of a single-issue caucus . Very visible as it was in Western democracies in the second half of the twentieth century, single-issue politics

1232-527: The 'Animal Liberation Party'); MLC Lee Rhiannon accused many of these parties of being nothing more than fronts. A similar type of political party has been plentiful in the Netherlands, where they are called testimonial parties . Testimonial parties are often concentrated around a specific set of principles or policies which they seek to promote without the compromises contingent on ordinary coalition politics. Examples of some successful testimonial parties are

1276-607: The 1991 Gulf War's Operation Desert Storm as well as his son George W. Bush's efforts in the Coalition of the Willing , a phrase employed during the 2003 campaign for the war in Iraq led by the US and its allies. A contemporary example is the United Nations coalition that intervened in the 2011 Libyan Civil War against Muammar Gaddafi . For coalitions to be effective in principle or in action, participating nations have tended to require

1320-604: The Scottish Parliament Party and Abolish the Welsh Assembly Party , animal rights advocates Animal Protection Party and the Animal Welfare Party and the pro fox-hunting Countryside Party . There were also the electoral reform advocates No Candidate Deserves My Vote! party. In 2019, an anti-environmentalist Polish political party called the Party of Drivers ( Polish : Partia Kierowców )

1364-519: The agreement between political parties needs to be formally sealed. This third step includes finalizing a written agreement, securing formal approval of the deal from the relevant structures of the coalition’s member parties and announcing the coalition details to the general public. The next step involves working in coalition . As the coalition partners begin working to implement their agreement, they will need to maintain good relations by continuing efforts to increase or sustain trust and communication among

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1408-564: The candidates did not end up in the "ungrouped" column, they teamed up with the Australian Sex Party which also fielded a single senate candidate in most states. It also fielded a candidate for the Division of Solomon in the House of Representatives . The HEMP Party scored well in the 2019 federal election with over 260,000 votes and 1.8% of the primary senate vote. Michael Balderstone ran in

1452-485: The formation of multiparty cabinets in parliamentary regimes. In Germany, every administration has been a multiparty coalition since the conclusion of the Second World War ;– an example of coalition government creation in a parliamentary system. When different winning coalitions can be formed in a parliament, the party composition of the government may depend on the bargaining power of each party and

1496-431: The member parties. Each party will also need to find a balance between respecting its obligations to the coalition and maintaining its individual identity. The final step is to identify lessons learned . Regardless of whether it plans to move forward alone or in another coalition, it is important for each party to review and document lessons learned from each coalition-building experience. This will make it possible to get

1540-423: The most common purpose is to combat a common threat or to take advantage of a certain opportunity, resulting in the often temporary nature of coalitions. The common threat or existence of opportunity is what gives rise to the coalition and allows it to exist as all parties involved see the benefit in working together. Such collaborative processes allow the actors of the coalition to approach a common goal or accomplish

1584-535: The name. In 2007, prior to the 2007 federal election , HEMP was de-registered as a political party by the Australian Electoral Commission after a random audit of its membership. The group re-applied for party registration in February 2010, but according to HEMP secretary Graham Askey, delays in processing their application meant that registration did not proceed in time before the 2010 federal election

1628-476: The party had two candidates elected to the Legislative Council , David Ettershank and Rachel Payne . At the 2023 NSW state election , former Greens MP Jeremy Buckingham was elected to the Legislative Council . He made history by being the first politician in Australian history to produce a bud of cannabis during a Parliamentary session. In the 2024 Queensland by-election, LCP candidate Lindsay Melody gained

1672-675: The presence or lack of a dominant party . Coalitions are similar to parliamentary groups . Fluid coalitions, which change with each vote, exist in the European Parliament and Swiss parliament to pass legislation. The temporary collaboration of two or more separate parties with a set goal and common purpose can be viewed as a coalition in international relations . Coalition competitions are represented in international political dynamics. A coalition can be an ad hoc grouping of nations united for specific purposes. Although persons and groups form coalitions for many and varied reasons,

1716-448: The result. Imposing such an issue may well be what single-issue politics concern; but for the most part success is rather limited, and electorates choose governments for reasons with a broader base. Single-issue politics may express itself through the formation of a single-issue party, an approach that tends to be more successful in parliamentary systems based on proportional representation than in rigid two-party systems (like that of

1760-563: The results of elections. First-past-the-post voting systems tend to lessen their influence, but local single-issue parties, such as Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern , which sought to reopen the Accident and Emergency unit at Kidderminster Hospital , may see more success under this voting system. This party won the Wyre Forest seat , where the hospital is located, at two consecutive general elections (in 2001 and 2005 ) in

1804-697: The same job sector. When the agents considered are countries, the formation of an international treaty (e.g. trade agreements or international environmental agreements ) can also be seen as a coalition. In economics, a coalition's formation and its stability is mostly studied using game theory . In civil society , a coalition denotes a group effort or a population of people coming together who believe strongly in their cause. The term also describes alliances between civil society organizations, such as labor unions, community organizations, and religious institutions. In France for example, workers from different sectors and unions band together to aid each other in communicating

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1848-410: The same task. The behavior and dynamics of coalitions in international relations are created by commonalities and differences within the groups joining together. Rationality , group dynamics , and gender are all contributing factors of coalitional behaviors in an international security framework. Economic agents can form coalitions. When a coalition is formed around economic goals, the reasoning

1892-406: Was called. It was formally re-registered on 23 September 2010. At the party's AGM held on 11 September 2021, a name change was proposed to change the party's name to Legalise Cannabis Australia , which was passed in a vote by party members. The party's current affiliates are the following: HEMP has stood candidates in several federal and state elections, since its formation. The party received

1936-597: Was formed with the aim of "fighting for the rights of drivers and hauliers" . In Norway, there is also a party called Patient Focus (Norway) as a support movement for an expansion of the hospital in Alta Municipality in Finnmark . The Anti-Masonic Party opposed Freemasonry. Rent is Too Damn High is focused on housing. The Free-Soil Party opposed slavery. In Australia, a number of single-issue parties have been elected to federal and state parliaments such as

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