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49-983: The party was founded in 1992 by De Paoli, a former blue-collar worker, local leader of the Marxist-Leninist League, and municipal councillor for the Greens in Brescia . De Paoli was elected senator both in the 1992 general election (when the party won 2.1% in Lombardy) and the 1994 general election (4.3%). For the 1996 general election the party joined forces with Alleanza Lombarda Autonomia (a 1989 split from Lega Lombarda, led by Angela Bossi and Pierangelo Brivio , sister and brother-in-law of Umberto Bossi respectively), forming Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda . In 2009, Lega Alpina Lumbarda, led by De Paoli, filed lists in some Lombard provincial elections. The list gained everywhere less than 1%. The electoral results of

98-718: A day after the cabinet's swearing-in ceremony. In 1993 the Greens joined forces with the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) within the Alliance of Progressives , a broad left-wing coalition. As a result, Rutelli was elected mayor of Rome . The party was also joined by Carlo Ripa di Meana , a former Socialist member of the European Commission and minister of the Environment, who became

147-573: A goal which could be reached only by the German minorities in South Tirol. All remained votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where a D'Hondt method was used: inside the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected. In February 1991, the Italian Communist Party (PCI) split into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), led by Achille Occhetto , and

196-564: A result, Legambiente , the largest environmentalist association of Italy, showed more support for the PD than the Greens themselves. In the run-up of the 2008 general election , the Greens participated in the foundation of The Left – The Rainbow electoral list with the PRC, the PdCI and Democratic Left (SD). The coalition obtained just 3.1% of the vote and the Greens lost their parliamentary representation. In

245-587: A short-lived experiment. In 2012 Bonelli stood as candidate for mayor of Taranto , garnering 11.9% of the vote. In the 2013 general election the Greens were part of the Civil Revolution coalition, which obtained a mere 2.2% of the vote and no seats. In May the ERC was disbanded and in November, during a party congress, Luana Zanella was elected to serve as co-spokesperson along with Bonelli. The Greens contested

294-549: A small majority. Opposition parties won a significant amount of support; however, the largest opposition party, the Italian Communist Party (PCI), had suffered an internal crisis after the fall of the Soviet Union , with the bulk of the party reforming into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and a minority forming the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC). Collectively, they suffered a 4% swing against them, with

343-537: A sub-group of the FdV within the Mixed Group instead. In July 2021 the FdV was merged into EV. In their history the Greens were never able to reach the electoral success of many green parties all around Europe. They had a stable share of vote around 2% and experienced a slight decline in the 2010s. Their characterization as party of the far left did not help them in northern Italy , where they had their best results at

392-459: The mani pulite scandal, which began shortly before the election and expanded in scope throughout 1992 and 1993. The scandal implicated vast sections of almost every major political party in Italy in extensive corruption. This had catastrophic consequences for the political landscape as the governing parties became extremely unpopular. The 1992–1994 parliamentary term also saw the first major change to

441-511: The 2014 European Parliament election with Green Italia (GI), a green party established in 2013 and led by Monica Frassoni and Fabio Granata , within the joint list European Greens – Green Italia . The electoral list received 0.9% of the vote and did not return any MEPs. In January 2015 senator Bartolomeo Pepe , a former member of the M5S, joined the party, giving it parliamentary representation after seven years. In June another former senator of

490-649: The Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), headed by Armando Cossutta . Occhetto, leader of the PCI since 1988, stunned the party faithfully assembled in a working-class section of Bologna with a speech heralding the end of Communism, a move now referred to in Italian politics as the svolta della Bolognina (Bolognina turning point). The collapse of the Communist governments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe had convinced Occhetto that

539-600: The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). At the 2001 general election the Greens formed a joint list with the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI): The Sunflower . The combination scored 2.2%, thus failing to surpass the 4% threshold. The Greens elected seven deputies and ten senators in single-member constituencies, as part of The Olive Tree coalition. After the alliance with the SDI, a relatively centrist party,

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588-524: The largest remainder method with Imperiali quota . The remaining votes and seats were transferred at national level, where they were divided using the Hare quota , and automatically distributed to best losers into the local lists. For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were established, even if the assembly had risen to 315 members. The candidates needed a landslide victory of two thirds of votes to be elected,

637-786: The 4% threshold. In the 2020 Italian regional elections a re-edition of Green Europe won seats in Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Marche and Campania. Together with the seat won in Trentino in 2018, the Greens had a total of 5 seats in Regional Councils, their best result in terms of representation in a decade. In March 2021 Rossella Muroni (GI) left the Free and Equal group in order to establish, along with Lorenzo Fioramonti (GI, former M5S ), Alessandro Fusacchia ( Italian Radicals , former +E ), Andrea Cecconi (ex-M5S) and Antonio Lombardo (ex-M5S),

686-473: The 5-party Andreotti VI Cabinet was replaced with the 4-party (quadripartito) Andreotti VII cabinet . On 17 February 1992, judge Antonio Di Pietro had Mario Chiesa , a member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), arrested for accepting a bribe from a Milan cleaning firm. The Socialists distanced themselves from Chiesa. Bettino Craxi called Chiesa mariuolo , or "villain", a "wild splinter" of

735-559: The Greens joined The Union , the new successor alliance to The Olive Tree, with party secretary Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio receiving 2.2% of the vote in the open primary election for the coalition's leader. At the 2006 general election the party was part of the winning coalition The Union, and scored 2.1%, obtained 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . The Together with the Union list, an alliance of Greens, Communists and Consumers polled 4.2% in

784-447: The Greens shifted far to the left, prompting the exit of leading members as Ronchi, Mattioli, Scalia, Corleone and Manconi. The Greens were since part of the so-called " radical left ", along with the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) and the Party of Italian Communists (PdCI). At the 2004 European Parliament election the Greens obtained 2.5% of the vote and two MEPs. In February 2005

833-554: The Greens, participants of the new political force included, among others, Massimo Scalia (a former leading Green), Bruno Mellano (president of the Italian Radicals ), movie maker Mario Monicelli , writer Dacia Maraini , geologist Mario Tozzi and comedian Giobbe Covatta . As a result, in November 2011 the Ecologists and Civic Networks ( Ecologisti e Reti Civiche , ERC) coalition was officially launched, but it would be just

882-405: The Italian electoral system since the late 1940s, with a 1993 referendum abolishing the clause of the electoral law which required candidates to win two-thirds of votes to be elected in the Senate's single-member districts . This essentially transformed the Senate electoral law from de facto pure proportional representation to a mixed-member majoritarian system . Parliament subsequently passed

931-448: The Italian government, common in northern Italy, as many northerners felt that the government wasted resources collected mostly from northerners' taxes. Cultural influences from bordering countries in the North and resentment against illegal immigrants were also exploited. The party's electoral successes began roughly at a time when public disillusionment with the established political parties

980-569: The LV and the Rainbow Greens (VA), formed mainly by Radicals, including Adelaide Aglietta , Franco Corleone , Adele Faccio , Marco Taradash and Francesco Rutelli , as well as splinters from Proletarian Democracy , including Mario Capanna , Guido Pollice , Gianni Tamino and Edo Ronchi . The two lists obtained a combined 6.2% of the vote, of which 3.8% for the LV and 2.4% for the VA, and 5 MEPs . In 1990

1029-478: The M5S, Paola De Pin , joined the Greens and sat with senator Pepe within the Great Autonomies and Freedom group. Both Pepe and De Pin would soon leave the party. Another former M5S senator, Cristina De Pietro , would join the Greens in November 2016 and leave next year. In November 2015, during a party congress, Covatta was elected spokesperson, succeeding to Bonelli and Zanella. However, Covatta's role

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1078-447: The PDS losing a third of its seats compared to 1987, and the opposition was divided. The biggest winner of the election was Northern League , which was not inclined to alliances at the time due to its separatist leanings. The resulting parliament was therefore weak and difficult to bring to an agreement, and lasted only two years before new elections were held in 1994 . This was accelerated by

1127-451: The SDI –, SD and Unite the Left (UlS): Left and Freedom (SL). The list received just 3.1% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs. After the election, it was decided to transform SL into a permanent federation, that would eventually evolve into the joint party named Left Ecology Freedom (SEL), and Francescato wanted the Greens to join it. However, during a party congress in October 2009

1176-679: The beginning (for instance 7.1% in the 1990 Venetian regional election ). The Greens were stronger in cities and urban areas ( Milan , Venice , Rome , Naples , etc.), in northern mountain regions, such as Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (especially in South Tyrol , where they were organised in the local Greens , a broader left-wing party) and Aosta Valley (where the local section, the Alternative Greens , were merged into Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology in 2010), and in some southern regions, such as Basilicata and Campania . The party

1225-399: The competition of several centre-left parties, some of them new as The Democrats , of which Rutelli was a founding member. In the 1999 European Parliament election the Greens were reduced to 1.8% and two MEPs, prompting the resignation of Luigi Manconi , who had led the party since 1996. The party was thus re-organised under Grazia Francescato , a former president of the Italy's section of

1274-764: The doors to all former members. The attempt of re-uniting the Italian Greens failed as soon as in January 2007, when Mattioli, Scalia and Corleone finally left the party again, citing that it was drifting too much the far left , and announced their intention to participate to the foundation of the Democratic Party (PD). Within the PD, they joined the Democratic Ecologists ' faction, which already included several former Greens (Manconi, Ronchi, Lino De Benetti , Stefano Semenzato , Ermete Realacci , Gianni Vernetti , Franco Piro , Francesco Ferrante , Carla Rocchi , etc.). As

1323-454: The election for the Senate , electing 11 senators, 5 of whom were Greens. In 2006–2008 Pecoraro Scanio served as minister of the Environment, while Paolo Cento , national coordinator of the party and leader of the no global faction, was undersecretary of Economy and Finances. In November 2006 Pecoraro Scanio's political line was confirmed in a party congress, but the Greens also tried to re-open

1372-425: The election, the Greens the centre-left governments led by Romano Prodi , Massimo D'Alema and Giuliano Amato . Ronchi was minister of the Environment (1996–2000) and Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio minister of Agriculture (2000–2001). Since 1996 the party however started a slow decline. Some of its leading members left: Rutelli (who was re-elected mayor of Rome) in 1997 and Ripa di Meana in 1998. The party also suffered

1421-614: The era of Eurocommunism was over, and he transformed the PCI into a progressive left-wing party, the PDS. A third of the PCI's former members, led by Cossutta, refused to join the PDS, and founded the Communist Refoundation Party. The coalition ended in 1991 when the Italian Republican Party (PRI) withdrew its support from the coalition over its failure to be given the Ministry of Communications. On 29 March 1991,

1470-473: The executive and the remaining two coordinators, Zanella and Carrabs, led the transition. In December 2018, during a party congress, Matteo Badiali and Elena Grandi , supported by Bonelli and Zanella, were elected co-spokespersons of the party. In the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election the party formed Green Europe (EV), a joint electoral list with Italy in Common (IiC) and GI. The alliance

1519-746: The model of the French Europe Écologie . Francescato, De Petris and Cento continued to support SL as the Ecologists Association and would eventually leave the Greens. In September 2010 the Greens launched an Ecologist Constituent Assembly . In Bonelli's view the new political force would take inspiration both from the French Verts and the German Grünen and would be open to the contribution of movements and associations, notably including Beppe Grillo 's Five Star Movement (M5S). Other than

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1568-456: The moderate centre-left coalition led by the PD. Consequently, the Greens formed, along with the Italian Socialist Party and Civic Area , the Together electoral list for the 2018 general election . When the results came in, the list had obtained a mere 0.6% of the vote and no seats; additionally, no Green was elected in single-seat constituencies. After the election, Bonelli resigned from

1617-421: The more democratic socialist -oriented Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), while a minority who did not want to renounce the communist tradition became the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC); between them, they gained around 4% less than what the already declining PCI had obtained in the 1987 Italian general election , despite PRC absorbing the disbanded Proletarian Democracy (DP). The other major feature

1666-589: The other traditional government parties, with the exception of the Italian Republican Party (PRI) and the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), also experienced a slight decrease in their vote. The pure party-list proportional representation had traditionally become the electoral system for the Chamber of Deputies. Italian provinces were united in 32 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates. At constituency level, seats were divided between open lists using

1715-615: The otherwise clean PSI. Upset over this treatment by his former colleagues, Chiesa began to give information about corruption implicating his colleagues. This marked the beginning of the Mani pulite investigation; news of political corruption began spreading in the press. In February 1991, the Northern League , which was first launched as an upgrade of the Northern Alliance in December 1989,

1764-595: The party in Lombardy are shown in the table below. For general elections the results always refer to the Senate. Federation of the Greens The Federation of the Greens ( Italian : Federazione dei Verdi , FdV ), frequently referred to as Greens ( Verdi ), was a green political party in Italy . It was formed in 1990 by the merger of the Federation of Green Lists and the Rainbow Greens . The FdV

1813-420: The party rejected the proposal by narrowly electing Angelo Bonelli , candidate of the liberal faction led by Boato, instead of Francescato's candidate, Loredana De Petris . After his election, which marked the end of the dominance of the internal left wing over the party, Bonelli announced that the party will pursue an independent course from SL, and will try to coalesce a new "ecologist constituent assembly" on

1862-405: The party's leader. In the 1994 European Parliament election won 3.2% of the vote and three MEPs, its best result as a joint party. In 1995 the Greens were a founding member of The Olive Tree coalition and in the 1996 general election , thanks to this alliance and several candidates in single-seat constituencies, they obtained 14 deputies and 14 senators, their highest number ever. Following

1911-546: The summer of 2008 Grazia Francescato , who had been leader before, represented the party's establishment and in the event was supported by Cento's left-wing, was elected at the helm of the party, by defeating two modernizers, Marco Boato and Fabio Roggiolani . For the 2009 election the Greens formed a joint list with the Movement for the Left (MpS) – a moderate split from the PRC –, the Socialist Party (PS) – successor of

1960-539: The two parties joined forces to form the Federation of the Greens , which inherited from the LV the Smiling Sun symbol of the northern European anti-nuclear movement , designed by Danish activist Anne Lund in 1975. In the 1992 general election the new party won 2.8% of the vote, returning 16 deputies and 4 senators. The party was briefly a member of the Ciampi Cabinet formed 28 April 1993, its sole minister resigning

2009-458: The vote, gaining 13 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and two senators. Later that year, the Greens successfully campaigned for three referendums aimed at stopping nuclear power in Italy , which had been proposed by the left-liberal Radical Party and was eventually supported by the country's three main parties ( Christian Democrats , Communists and Socialists ). At the 1989 European Parliament election there were two competing green parties:

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2058-520: Was at its height. The Tangentopoli corruption scandals, which invested most of the established parties, were unveiled from 1992 on. Contrarily to what many pundits observed at the beginning of the 1990s, the Northern League became a stable political force and it is by far the oldest party among those represented in the Italian Parliament . The Northern League's first electoral breakthrough

2107-420: Was at the 1990 regional elections, but it was with the 1992 general election that the party emerged as a leading political actor. Having gained 8.7% of the vote, 56 deputies, and 26 senators, it became the fourth largest party of the country and within the Italian Parliament . Christian Democracy (DC) suffered a significant swing against it, but the coalition it had led prior to the elections managed to retain

2156-409: Was officially transformed into a party through the merger of various regional parties, notably including Lombard League and Venetian League, under the leadership of Umberto Bossi . These continue to exist as "national" sections of the federal party. The Northern League exploited resentment against Rome 's centralism (with the famous slogan Roma ladrona , which loosely means "Rome big thief") and

2205-518: Was part of the European Green Party and the Global Greens . In July 2021 it was merged into Green Europe . The Federation of Green Lists was formed in 1984 by leading environmentalists and anti-nuclear activists, notably including Gianni Mattioli , Gianfranco Amendola , Massimo Scalia and Alexander Langer . The party made its debut at the 1987 general election and obtained 2.6% of

2254-534: Was reinforced by Marco Affronte , who had been elected with the M5S in 2014 and had joined as an independent the Greens–European Free Alliance group and the European Green Party , and eventually announced on Facebook that he had joined the FdV. However, IiC soon left the Greens in order to form an alternative alliance with More Europe , a liberal party. The list received 2.3% of the vote, quite an improvement from 2014, but still not enough to exceed

2303-428: Was soon transformed into that of a testimonial. In February 2017 the party appointed Bonelli and Fiorella Zabatta to serve as day-to-day coordinators and Zanella as international secretary. Later that year, the coordinators were three: Bonelli, Zanella and, representing the party's minority, Gianluca Carrabs . In December 2017, in an internal referendum, 73% of Green members voted in favour of their party's return to

2352-544: Was successively led by spokespersons, presidents and coordinators. Bold indicates the real leader/s of the time. 1992 Italian general election Giulio Andreotti DC Giuliano Amato PSI The 1992 Italian general election was held on 5 and 6 April 1992. They were the first without the traditionally second most important political force in Italian politics , the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which had been disbanded in 1991. Most of its members split between

2401-468: Was the sudden rise of the Northern League (LN), a federalist party that increased its vote from 0.5% of the preceding elections to more than 8%, increasing from a single member both in the Chamber and the Senate to 55 and 25, respectively. The "long wave" ( onda lunga ) of Bettino Craxi 's now centrist -oriented Italian Socialist Party (PSI), which in the past elections had been forecast next to overcome PCI, seemed to stop. Christian Democracy (DC) and

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