11-694: Lefebvre ( French: [ləfɛvʁ] ; commonly / l ə ˈ f iː v ər / in English-speaking countries, as well as / l ə ˈ f eɪ v / or / l ə ˈ f ɛ v / ) is a common northern French surname. Alternative forms include Lefebvre , le Febvre , Le Febvre , Lefèbvre , le Fèbvre , Le Fèbvre , as well as the common variant Lefèvre ( le Fèvre , Le Fèvre ; anglicized Lefevre , le Fevre , Le Fevre , LeFevre , LeFever ). Dialectal variants include Lefevere (Belgium), Lefebre , Lefeuvre (western France), and Lefébure (northern France and Normandy). The name derives from faber ,
22-503: A bellows ) to superheat the inside, allowing for efficient melting, soldering and annealing of metals. Today, this tool is still widely used by blacksmiths as it was traditionally. The term, metalsmith , often refers to artisans and craftpersons who practice their craft in many different metals, including gold, copper and silver. Jewelers often refer to their craft as metalsmithing , and many universities offer degree programs in metalsmithing, jewelry, enameling and blacksmithing under
33-414: A time before there were machines and tools to help perform tasks en masse . Pre-industrial civilization dates back to centuries ago, but the main era known as the pre-industrial society occurred right before the industrial society . Pre-Industrial societies vary from region to region depending on the culture of a given area or history of social and political life. Europe was known for its feudal system and
44-439: Is also a common surname, yielding not only Lefevre and LeFever, but also Lafevre , Lafever , Lefavre , LeFave , LaFave , as well as other variant spellings. The English surname Feaver is also derived from Lefebvre. Metalsmith A metalsmith or simply smith is a craftsperson fashioning useful items (for example, tools, kitchenware , tableware , jewelry , armor and weapons ) out of various metals . Smithing
55-466: Is one of the oldest metalworking occupations . Shaping metal with a hammer ( forging ) is the archetypical component of smithing. Often the hammering is done while the metal is hot, having been heated in a forge . Smithing can also involve the other aspects of metalworking , such as refining metals from their ores (traditionally done by smelting ), casting it into shapes ( founding ), and filing to shape and size. The prevalence of metalworking in
66-571: The Italian Renaissance . The term "pre-industrial" is also used as a benchmark for environmental conditions before the development of industrial society: for example, the Paris Agreement , adopted in Paris on 12 December, 2015 and in force from 4 November, 2016, "aims to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees celsius , compared to pre-industrial levels." The date for
77-767: The Latin word for "craftsman", "worker"; used in Late Latin in Gaul to mean smith . In the Occitan and Arpitan extension area, the variation is Fabre , Favre , Faure , Favret , Favrette or Dufaure and in Corsica Fabri (cf. Italian Fabbri , Fabri ). In Celtic-speaking Brittany , the corresponding name is Le Goff(ic) , with the article le to translate Breton ar . Many northern French surnames (especially in Normandy ) are used with
88-544: The auspices of their fine arts programs. Machinists are metalsmiths who produce high-precision parts and tools. The most advanced of these tools, CNC machines, are computer controlled and largely automated. Pre-Industrial Era Pre-industrial society refers to social attributes and forms of political and cultural organization that were prevalent before the advent of the Industrial Revolution , which occurred from 1750 to 1850. Pre-industrial refers to
99-572: The culture of recent centuries has led Smith and its equivalents in various languages to be a common occupational surname (German Schmidt or Schmied , Portuguese Ferreiro , Ferreira , French Lefèvre , Spanish Herrero , Italian Fabbri , Ferrari , Ferrero , Ukrainian Koval etc.). As a suffix , -smith connotes a meaning of a specialized craftsperson—for example, wordsmith and tunesmith are nouns synonymous with writer or songwriter, respectively. In pre-industrialized times, smiths held high or special social standing since they supplied
110-497: The definite masculine article as a prefix (Lefebvre, Lefèvre; a more archaic spelling is Le Febvre ), with the contracted masculine article as a prefix ( Dufaure ) in the south of France, or without article/prefix ( Favre , Faure ) in the south of France, but the meaning is the same. For Anglophone purposes, the name has evolved, especially in the United States and Anglophone regions of Canada—mainly by Acadians , among whom it
121-412: The metal tools needed for farming (especially the plough ) and warfare . More details on the history can be found in the article blacksmith . A metalsmith is one who works with or has the knowledge and the capacity of working with "all" metals. Types of smiths include: The ancient traditional tool of the smith is a forge or smithy , which is a furnace designed to allow compressed air (through
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