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88-552: John J. Dickey came to the small town of Jackson in November 1882 in an effort to convince the community to start a high school. His mission was to establish a high school in every county seat in Eastern Kentucky. He aimed to educate young men so that they could attend Kentucky colleges in ( Lexington , Winchester , Danville , Georgetown etc. The expectation was that graduates would return home to teach other children. Jackson

176-403: A Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics . In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County. By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as white flight – as Blacks continued to move beyond

264-462: A boardinghouse for the students. This was the start of what became Old Lees, now the J. Phil Smith Administration Building. The new building would not come easily. Dickey wanted to secure subscriptions to build the new school building and secure a deed to have the building erected. He proposed erecting a $ 10,000 brick building, and Dodge pledged to provide $ 3,500 for a building if the people of Breathitt County could raise $ 3,500 themselves. Trustees of

352-667: A chapel in South Jackson across from the railroad depot. It was renamed the McCormick Chapel. Besides church services it was used as a school. At this time the institute's owning body, Central University, was going through tough financial times of its own. They had lost a few programs and faced low enrollment. Central University therefore merged with Centre College , which it had split from with three decades before. All institution control went to Centre College's main campus in Danville and

440-675: A disagreement with SBC's board. So, in December 1995, President Derrickson and the board of trustees signed the land and the facilities over to the University of Kentucky. This transfer officially took place in July 1996 once the Fall academic year began. Many local residents disagreed with this move, but others believed that this was the best option to keep the campus open. Lees College became Lees College Campus of Hazard Community College. This name only stuck for

528-486: A heart attack soon after. Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderperson Eugene Sawyer , who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Richard M. Daley , son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development , as well as closing Meigs Field in the middle of the night and destroying

616-475: A junior college. By doing so, it would have to meet the standards of the accreditation of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to be declared a "junior college" i.e. biology labs, cafeteria, dormitory space, curriculum, library, extracurricular activities, efficient faculty (with the degrees standard to teach), and so on. In response, Lees did start a Boys and Girls Basketball teams. They used

704-484: A member of the Roane State College team, Harriman, Tn., at age73, becoming the world's oldest college basketball player (2008-09). The administrations of J. Phil Smith (1958–1959) and Lawrence H. Hollander (1959–1960) did not last long, but continued the growth and prosperity of Lees Junior College. In 1961, Troy R. Eslinger became president of Lees and remained in post for 27 years. Eslinger oversaw many changes to

792-660: A model for the new field of social work . During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera , smallpox , and yellow fever were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states. The city established many large, well-landscaped municipal parks , which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago

880-472: A new grade with the use of jackscrews for raising buildings. While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River , and subsequently into Lake Michigan , polluting the city's primary freshwater source. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs . In 1900,

968-414: A railroad through the region – specifically the county. He proposed that Dickey move the school to Jackson, build up the morale and intellectual side, and he (Dodge) would build up the material side of Jackson: to allow it to become a "great country". Dodge offered board and tuition to 25 young men of the county for three years. The catch: that the people of Breathitt County would provide a school building and

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1056-598: A semester. Two years later there were more than 300 students. Van Meter devised an early method of student loans with one of the local banks. He ensured the survival of the school for decades to come. In the 1930s, Van Meter created a football field, the Barkley Bowl, named after (then) Senator and future vice president Alben W. Barkley . It was completed in 1935, with funding from the Works Progress Administration and donations. Lees continued to grow through

1144-545: A year when the KCTCS was formed by Kentucky Legislature by passing the Postsecondary Improvement Act of 1997 . This meant that all community colleges became their own independent system (away from their universities) and added technical campuses as well. Lees College, Inc. continues to support the campus and its students financially today. Jackson, Kentucky Jackson is a home rule-class city in and

1232-558: Is in the Jackson Independent Schools school district, which operates Jackson City School , an elementary, middle and high school combined. The remainder of the city is in the Breathitt County School District . Schools relevant to the city include: Former schools: There is a private school, Oakdale Christian Academy. There is a vocational school called Breathitt County Area Technology Center – On

1320-407: Is known to botanists as Allium tricoccum and known more commonly as "ramps". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as " Checagou " was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir. Henri Joutel , in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew profusely in the area. According to his diary of late September 1687: ... when we arrived at

1408-675: Is land and 0.15 square miles (0.4 km ), or 6.11%, is water. The climate in this area is characterized by relatively moderate temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen climate classification places the city in the humid subtropical zone, which is abbreviated as Cfa . The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from 34.9 °F (1.6 °C) in January to 75.4 °F (24.1 °C) in July. On average, there are 17 days where temperatures remain at or below freezing and 15 days with highs at or above 90 °F (32 °C) per year. In addition, although

1496-554: Is routinely ranked among the world's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic , and the region is also the nation's railroad hub. The Chicago area has one of the highest gross domestic products (GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $ 689 billion in 2018. Chicago's economy is diverse , with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. Chicago is a major destination for tourism , including visitors to its cultural institutions , and Lake Michigan beaches . Chicago's culture has contributed much to

1584-473: The Black Belt . While home loan discriminatory redlining against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known as blockbusting , completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods. Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in

1672-699: The Calumet River in the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago

1760-548: The Chicago School , the development of the City Beautiful movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance, culture , commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation . It has the largest and most diverse finance derivatives market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone. O'Hare International Airport

1848-580: The Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy . The Chicago Board of Trade (established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized "exchange-traded" forward contracts, which were called futures contracts . In

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1936-525: The Jefferson Township , which now makes up most of Chicago's Northwest Side . The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States . Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in

2024-503: The Miami , Sauk and Meskwaki peoples in this region. The first known permanent settler in Chicago was trader Jean Baptiste Point du Sable . Du Sable was of African descent, perhaps born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago." In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in

2112-584: The Midwestern United States . With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 census , it is the third-most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles . As the seat of Cook County , the second-most populous county in the U.S., Chicago is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area , often colloquially called "Chicagoland" and home to 9.6 million residents. Located on

2200-578: The New Negro Movement , in art, literature, and music. Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 , also occurred. The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition

2288-803: The Northwest Indian War , an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville . In 1803, the U.S. Army constructed Fort Dearborn , which was destroyed during the War of 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn by the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt. After the War of 1812, the Ottawa , Ojibwe , and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to

2376-463: The University of Chicago , Northwestern University , and the University of Illinois Chicago , among other institutions of learning . Professional sports in Chicago include all major professional leagues , including two Major League Baseball teams. The name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami–Illinois word shikaakwa for a wild relative of the onion ; it

2464-663: The Washington and Jackson Parks. During World War I and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the Southern United States . Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903. This Great Migration had an immense cultural impact, called the Chicago Black Renaissance , part of

2552-519: The county seat of Breathitt County , Kentucky , in the United States. The population was 2,231 according to the 2010 U.S. census . It was the home of the Jackson Academy, which became Lees College . Upon the creation of Breathitt County in 1839, local landowner Simon Cockrell Sr. donated 10 acres (4.0 ha) to serve as its seat of government. The community was originally known as Breathitt , Breathitt Town , or Breathitt Court House after

2640-490: The 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals. In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American time zones . This system for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at

2728-477: The 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas , the champion of the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery. These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln , to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the 1860 Republican National Convention , which

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2816-433: The 1930s and 40s, to an average of 350 students a semester. Enrolment was lower during World War II and the college had to shut down for a semester. Van Meter retired in 1948. Van Meter Gymnasium, completed in 1957, was named in his honor. This also contained rooms for the music/orchestra program, a stage for the arts/music program, a student center with a bowling lane, a multipurpose room, and later an electric organ inside

2904-542: The 1983–84 school year. The project fell through, possibly because of financial difficulties. Lees Junior College officially changed its name to Lees College in 1984. It remained a private two-year liberal arts college despite the name change. Eslinger retired in 1988. In the 1990s Lees had financial problems. This was due to many factors: being a private college in a region of poverty; the spread of public institutions nearby; competition with other institutions for funding; little endowment; and many other factors. Enrollment

2992-681: The 57th mayor of Chicago. Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the Chicago Metropolitan Area , situated in both the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region . The city rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds . In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and

3080-455: The Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been a Democrat . From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis

3168-527: The Mississippi River. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time. Much of the city, including railroads and stockyards , survived intact, and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction. During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed

3256-509: The South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project . This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945. Mayor Richard J. Daley ,

3344-612: The United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis . The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the 1833 Treaty of Chicago and sent west of the Mississippi River as part of the federal policy of Indian removal . On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago

3432-775: The United States of foreign parentage. Germans , Irish , Poles , Swedes , and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886, and in 1894 the Pullman Strike . Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr to found Hull House in 1889. Programs that were developed there became

3520-496: The area falls under USDA hardiness zone 6b, the record longest streak without 0 °F (−18 °C) lows occurred from February 6, 1996, to January 15, 2009 (12 years, 344 days). The highest recorded temperature was 104 °F (40 °C) on June 29, 2012, and the lowest recorded temperature was −18 °F (−28 °C) on January 19, 1994, and January 20 and 21, 1985. Precipitation averages 48.3 inches (1,230 mm) annually, falling on an average 144 days, and

3608-757: The building of the Bennett Memorial School, later the Sue Bennett College . When Dickey resigned, the board of trustees still owed the building contractor $ 4,000. To address this debt but keep the school open, in 1891 the trustees sold the property to L.H. Blanton, acting representative for Central University in Richmond, Kentucky. The school's name was changed to Jackson Collegiate Institution, and it encompassed all grades from primary to higher education. In 1897 Susanna Preston Walker Lees (otherwise known as Susan P. Lees), of New York, made large donations to

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3696-457: The building. The first students graduated in May 1885, but land was not acquired until 1886. At that point the school acquired more than 3 acres of land. A contract was agreed to build the building for $ 4,680 – a far cry from the original plan of $ 10,000. It was to be made of brick, with two stories, have a chapel, a bell tower, a basement, and multiple classrooms. This building would not be completed until

3784-462: The campus of Breathitt County High School; the vocational school serves both Breathitt County Schools and Jackson Independent Schools. The city of Jackson and Breathitt County are host to many local festivals. In Jackson: Other festivals that occur outside the city but in Breathitt County : Chicago Chicago is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in

3872-518: The campus, including the renovation of Old Lees and the removal of the belltower. In 1963 the board of trustees began plans to build a new dorm room because of the overflow of Jackson Hall and the very small Bach Hall. With the help of the E.O. Robinson Mountain Fund and Mr. and Mrs. Robert Meteer, the new dorm was completed in 1966. It was called Meteer Hall, as the Meteers had donated $ 10,000 towards it. Around

3960-598: The city in 1891, and Jackson boomed until the L&;N continued the line on to Hazard in 1912. A fire on Halloween , 1913, burned down much of the town. Jackson is located at 37°33′11″N 83°23′18″W  /  37.55306°N 83.38833°W  / 37.55306; -83.38833 (37.553012, −83.388249). The city is nestled in the heart of the Cumberland Plateau of the Appalachian Mountains , with

4048-553: The city include the central business district, called the Loop , and the North, South , and West Sides . The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes. The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront. The South Side is the largest section of

4136-529: The city was affected by a series of tenant rent strikes , which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords. Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924,

4224-415: The city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019. All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk was Anna Valencia and the city treasurer was Melissa Conyears-Ervin . On May 15, 2023, Brandon Johnson assumed office as

4312-424: The city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-ridden Cabrini-Green housing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of

4400-487: The consolidation. Around this time (by 1911) the board of trustees sold a piece of property on Highland Avenue to the Jackson Grade Common School. It built an elementary school and, later, a high school. This became Jackson Independent Schools , locally known as Jackson City School . In 1917, the board of trustees elected John C. Hanley as president of Lees. The board hired him to upgrade the institution to

4488-515: The convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower , which in 1974 became the world's tallest building ), University of Illinois at Chicago , McCormick Place , and O'Hare International Airport , were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. In 1979, Jane Byrne ,

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4576-465: The county, but upon its incorporation as a city by the state legislature in 1843, it was renamed Jackson to honor former president Andrew Jackson . Local feuds led the national press to publish stories about Jackson and "Bloody Breathitt": state troops were dispatched twice in the 1870s and again in 1903 – after the assassination of U.S. Commissioner James B. Marcum on the courthouse steps – to restore order. The Kentucky Union Railroad reached

4664-479: The district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power. The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $ 1.95 billion. On February 23, 2011, Rahm Emanuel , a former White House Chief of Staff and member of the House of Representatives , won the mayoral election. Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015. Lori Lightfoot ,

4752-434: The doors closed would be to have an outside institution take over. He convinced the board that this was the case. Derrickson looked into several different institutes including Morehead State University , Pikeville College (now University of Pikeville), and the University of Kentucky . Eventually, the University of Kentucky were interested as they had tried to acquire Sue Bennett College , but this had fallen through due to

4840-698: The downtown located on the north bank of the North Fork of the Kentucky River . To limit flooding, the Kentucky River was redirected in 1963 by way of a small cut-through through the mountain, and its former channel, a river meander , was left behind as Panbowl Lake , now a prime attraction for fishermen. According to the United States Census Bureau , Jackson has a total area of 2.7 square miles (6.9 km ), of which 2.5 square miles (6.5 km )

4928-526: The fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. During World War II , the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than Nazi Germany from 1943 – 1945. The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the second wave , as hundreds of thousands of blacks from

5016-412: The institute. This money was used to remodel the school building. In honor of the renovation, Central University decided to rename the school as S.P. Lees Collegiate Institute. The main building was known as Old Lees. When Susanna Lees died in 1902, she left $ 20,000 to the institute. Cyrus H. McCormick of Chicago also donated money to the school. Another building was acquired through these donations,

5104-451: The lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge of Blue Island in the city's far south side. Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include Lincoln Park , Grant Park , Burnham Park , and Jackson Park . There are 24 public beaches across 26 miles (42 km) of

5192-554: The main gymnasium. This was supported by fundraising of $ 250,000 under the motto, "Lees College: the Great Mountain Benefactress". After the retirement of Van Meter, the college continued to grow despite disputes over whether to keep accreditation. Robert Landolt (president 1948–58) oversaw the building of Van Meter Gymnasium and the growth of men's basketball. A starring member of the 1954-55 basketball team, Kenneth Paul Mink, later achieved international fame when he became

5280-734: The neighboring Jackson City School's Gymnasium (now their old gym) as their home court and adopted a mascot, the Bearcats (changed to Generals around the 1950s). But by 1925 when Hanley left to become president of Sayre School in Lexington, Kentucky , the school had failed to become a junior college. In October 1927, Lees Collegiate Institution finally became Lees Junior College, offering two years of college coursework. Even following this, there were arguments about accreditation. Jackson Hall (co-ed dorm) also opened in 1927. It replaced Little Hall, which had been struck by lightning and burned down. The new hall

5368-453: The population of Jackson, KY grew from 2,106 to 2,201, a 4.51% increase and its median household income grew from $ 30,898 to $ 32,644, a 5.65% increase. The 5 largest ethnic groups in Jackson, KY are White (Non-Hispanic) (98.9%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (1.04%), White (Hispanic) (0.0454%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (0%), and Black or African American (Hispanic) (0%). Much of the city

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5456-498: The present location of Jackson Park . The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history. The University of Chicago , formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance , a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects

5544-593: The problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River , which flows into

5632-434: The public school were formed by the summer of 1883: John Jay Dickey (president), S.H. Patrick (secretary), William M. Combs (treasurer), S.H. Hurst, E.C. Strong, Willie Spencer, and Sam Jett. This ensured a committee to secure a site for the building and article of incorporation for the continuity of the school. By October 1883, more than $ 3,657 had been raised for the building, but there was no property owned on which to erect

5720-584: The runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. In 1992, a construction accident near the Kinzie Street Bridge produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an abandoned freight tunnel system extending throughout the downtown Loop district. The tunnels filled with 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m ) of water, affecting buildings throughout

5808-596: The said place called "Chicagou" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region. The city has had several nicknames throughout its history, such as the Windy City , Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the Potawatomi , an indigenous tribe who had succeeded

5896-451: The same time, E.O. Robinson Mountain Fund provided a second gift as it proposed to donate $ 25,000 to the college on the basis that they match the funds. This was the start of the plans for the new Library/Science Building on campus. By the 1980s, Lees trustees were planning to update more of its campus. In Nancy Stamper Begley's Had It Not Been for Lees , she talks about plans for a new Performing Arts Student Center, with building to begin in

5984-426: The shore of Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed . It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless, but Chicago's population continued to grow. Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and architecture , such as

6072-447: The steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Freedom Movement , which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention , which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside

6160-484: The summer of 1888 due to many financial complications with the contractor. In addition, Dodge failed to pay his balance and Dickey assumed responsibility for Dodge's pledge. By July 1890, Dickey had resigned his responsibilities as principal of Jackson Academy to take over as editor of the Jackson Hustler , a newspaper in Jackson. D. Floyd Hagins was elected to succeed Dickey as principal. Dickey remained in Jackson until 1895 when he moved to London, Kentucky to help with

6248-448: The unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed the Memorial Day massacre of 1937 in the neighborhood of East Side. In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami, Florida , during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition World's Fair . The theme of

6336-606: The university changed its name to Central University of Kentucky. (It changed back to Centre College in 1918 due to a Kentucky legislation ruling). All the buildings in Richmond in 1906 were used for a new institution, known as Eastern Kentucky State Normal School; today it is Eastern Kentucky University . In October 1906, control of S. P. Lees Collegiate Institute was passed to the Southern Synod of Kentucky (Presbyterian Church), which had been responsible for Central University before

6424-625: The visual arts, literature , film, theater , comedy (especially improvisational comedy ), food , dance, and music (particularly jazz , blues , soul , hip-hop , gospel , and electronic dance music , including house music ). Chicago is home to the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Lyric Opera of Chicago , while the Art Institute of Chicago provides an influential visual arts museum and art school . The Chicago area also hosts

6512-644: The waterfront. Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier , Northerly Island , the Museum Campus , and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront. An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions. Major sections of

6600-438: The wettest month by normal rainfall is May. Normal winter snowfall is 23.5 inches (60 cm), though, as is typical in areas in the humid subtropical zone, snow cover does not remain for long, as there is an average of only 18 days with at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow cover. As of 2020, Jackson, KY had a population of 2.2k people with a median age of 42 and a median household income of $ 32,644. Between 2019 and 2020

6688-525: The world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction. The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township , which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and

6776-431: Was John H. Rauch, M.D. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. In

6864-467: Was called the Society for Human Rights . It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom . Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband. The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of

6952-462: Was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks. The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m) above sea level . While measurements vary somewhat,

7040-566: Was held in a purpose-built auditorium called the Wigwam . He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the American Civil War . To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approved Chesbrough 's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system. The project raised much of central Chicago to

7128-455: Was hired as acting president. The chairman of the board of trustees asked Van Meter to keep the college open until February 1, 1929, when it was assumed it would be shut down, because of financial and accreditation problems. Yet in less than a year Van Meter had achieved a fully accredited faculty, clean facilities, cemented sidewalks and updated scientific equipment for the school. The student body more than doubled from 33 to over 100 students in

7216-521: Was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837, and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city. As the site of the Chicago Portage , the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad , and the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on

7304-568: Was located in the basement of the county courthouse, with Dickey serving as principal and Hurst his assistant. There were initially 51 pupils. During this time, Anson G.P. Dodge was staying in Jackson. He was the son of William E. Dodge , a Member of Congress for New York City , a millionaire and philanthropist. Anson Dodge represented the Kentucky Union Railroad Company (later the Lexington and Eastern Railway) and wanted to build

7392-402: Was named after the city because the residents had donated to help build a new dormitory. Around the same time, Lees Junior College was in the news as they started their inaugural football season. "St. Xavier U. beats Lees College: 132-0" . Many of the players were still in high school (Jackson City) and new to football. In 1928 President Donald W. Miller left the college and Jesse O. Van Meter

7480-420: Was not the problem – the college was about average with about a 350 student population. The board of trustees asked Charles Derrickson (a former alumnus and faculty member of Morehead State University ) to help fix the situation after William Bradshaw resigned to move to another institution in 1992. Derrickson found that it was financially difficult to keep the college going and felt that the only way to not have

7568-434: Was one of the many places where he had planned to stop. However, his horse became lame and Dickey was stuck in Jackson for a few weeks. During this time, he visited the homes of many residents and found a great need for education. The town had only two elementary schools and no high school in the entire county. In January 1883, Dickey began a subscription school with the help of R.A. Hurst (a local lawyer and teacher). The school

7656-455: Was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters , including Al Capone , Dion O'Banion , Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era . Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran. From 1920 to 1921,

7744-469: Was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago. Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, with Unemployed Councils contributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 the Workers Alliance of America begun organizing the poor, workers,

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