81-1040: The Leeds Carnival , also called the Leeds West Indian Carnival or the Chapeltown Carnival , is one of the longest running West Indian carnivals in Europe , having been going since 1967. The carnival is held in the Chapeltown and Harehills parts of Leeds every August bank holiday weekend. Attendance is estimated at 150,000. It is a three-day event, climaxing in a carnival procession on Bank Holiday Monday, which starts and finishes in Potternewton Park in Chapeltown. A parade of floats and dancers makes its way along Harehills Avenue, down Roundhay Road in Harehills, along Barrack Road and back along Chapeltown Road to
162-448: A Leeds University student from Nevis , who is longstanding Chairman; Ian Charles, who was still Co-ordinator in 2008; and Gertrude Paul , a teacher. Arthur France proposed what would be the first Caribbean-style outdoor carnival organized by people of Caribbean origin in Europe. As the local Caribbean association was not forthcoming, he formed his own committee, and Ian Charles's home became
243-537: A ' Black British ' heading), and 'Mixed: White and Black Caribbean' (under a ' Mixed ' heading) denote full or partial descent, and recorded 594,825 and 426,715 persons, respectively, at the 2011 United Kingdom census . ' White : White Caribbean', 'Mixed: Caribbean Asian' and 'Mixed: White Caribbean' are census categories which were also utilised. In this regard, and illustrating complexities within African Caribbean peoplehood, there are notable examples of those with
324-812: A Cabinet committee was established to find "ways which might be adopted to check the immigration into this country of coloured people from British colonial territories." In February 1951, the committee reported that no restrictions were required. There was plenty of work in post-war Britain, and industries such as British Rail , the National Health Service and public transport recruited almost exclusively from Jamaica and Barbados. Though African-Caribbean people were encouraged to journey to Britain through immigration campaigns created by successive British governments, many new arrivals endured prejudice, intolerance and racism from sectors of white society . This experience marked African-Caribbean people's relations with
405-553: A Jamaican newspaper offering cheap transport on the ship for anybody who wanted to travel to the United Kingdom. Many former servicemen took this opportunity to return to Britain with the hopes of rejoining the RAF , while others decided to make the journey just to see what England was like. Unlike the previous two ships, the arrival of the Windrush received a great deal of media attention and
486-584: A class of free people of color , especially in the French islands, where certain individuals of mixed race were given rights. On Saint-Domingue , free people of color and slaves rebelled against harsh conditions, and constant inter-imperial warfare. Inspired by French revolutionary sentiments which pronounced all men free and equal, Toussaint L'Ouverture and Jean Jacques Dessalines led the Haitian Revolution . When it became independent in 1804, Haiti became
567-516: A factory for costumes. Five contestants entered the first Carnival Queen Show, won by Vicky Seal as the Sun Goddess. They joined bands and dancers in a procession from Potternewton Park to Leeds Town Hall , where a steel band competition was followed by a dance. About 1,000 people attended. The Leeds performers were invited to participate in the Notting Hill Carnival later the same year. In
648-589: A further comparison found that Black Caribbeans (with British Chinese and Indians) had lower child and adult poverty rates than Bangladeshis, Pakistanis and Black Africans. White Britons tend to have the highest net wealth. Estimates of Black Caribbean wealth vary, according to source. A 2020 report by the Resolution Foundation found Black Caribbeans have a median net family wealth per adult of £120,000 (higher than Chinese, Black African, Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Other White), placing them in third place out of
729-484: A generation celebrated in the "Windrush 75 1948–2023 Souvenir Edition" of The Voice published in June 2023. The 1970s and 1980s were decades of comparative turbulence in wider British society; industrial disputes preceded a period of deep recession and widespread unemployment which seriously affected the economically less prosperous African-Caribbean community. During the decades of the 1970s and 1980s, unemployment among
810-660: A higher hourly median wage than Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Black Africans, White other and the other Asian ethnic group. Black Caribbean women continued to earn more on average than White British women. According to the 2021 United Kingdom census , the ten local authorities with the largest proportion of Black Caribbean people were largely concentrated in Greater London: Lewisham (10.61%), Croydon (9.24%), Lambeth (9.13%), Hackney (6.91%), Waltham Forest (6.32%), Brent (6.26%), Haringey (6.18%), Southwark (5.90%), Enfield (5.15%) and Birmingham (3.91%). In Wales,
891-518: A nation proud. And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then, And let it circulate through every vein." There are records of small communities in the ports of Cardiff , Liverpool , London and South Shields dating back to the mid-18th century. These communities were formed by freed slaves following the abolition of slavery in 1833 . Typical occupations of the early migrants were footmen or coachmen . Prominent African-Caribbean people in Britain during
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#1732875837397972-536: A parent or grandparent of African-Caribbean ancestry identifying with, or being perceived as, white people in the United Kingdom . A glossary published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health with the intention of stimulating debate about the development of better and more internationally applicable terms to describe ethnicity and race, suggests a definition of Afro-Caribbean/African Caribbean as, "A person of African ancestral origins whose family settled in
1053-680: A precursor to what became the annual Notting Hill Carnival . Some of the racism and intolerance was stoked by explicitly fascist or anti-immigration movements including Oswald Mosley 's Union Movement , the League of Empire Loyalists , the White Defence League , the National Labour Party and others. Influenced by this kind of propaganda, gangs of Teddy Boys would sometimes attack black people in London. Historian Winston James argues that
1134-659: A series of governmental policies had caused some to be erroneously labelled as unlawfully residing in the UK in the 2000s and 2010s, which subsequently became known as the Windrush scandal . The population has a diverse background, with origins in Jamaica , Trinidad and Tobago , The Bahamas , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Barbados , Grenada , Antigua and Barbuda , Saint Lucia , Dominica , Montserrat , British Virgin Islands , Turks and Caicos Islands , Cayman Islands , Anguilla , Saint Vincent and
1215-403: A term to define all Black British residents, though the phrase African and Caribbean has more often been used to cover such a broader grouping. The British Sociological Association 's guidelines on ethnicity and race state that "African-Caribbean has replaced the term Afro-Caribbean to refer to Caribbean peoples and those of Caribbean origin who are of African descent. There is now a view that
1296-543: A write-in ethnic group under the White Other census subcategory, may also denote partial or distant African Caribbean heritage. Outside of censuses, there are notable examples of people with African Caribbean ancestry (often via a grandparent or great-grandparent) who are perceived as, or identified with, being white people in the United Kingdom . In the 2021 Census of England and Wales , 623,115 people classified themselves as 'Black Caribbean", amounting to 1 per cent of
1377-485: Is based on the type of work a person does, or what they used to do if they are retired. According to data based on the 2011 Census, 40.7% of Black Caribbeans placed in the top 3 socio-economic groups (higher/lower managerial, professional and intermediate). This ranked as the fifth highest combined percentage out of the 18 ethnicities featured. In terms of occupational class, research by Professor Yaojun Li finds that second-generation Black Caribbean men (i.e. those born in
1458-719: Is categorised as part of Central America. 1,252 people born in Belize were recorded living in England and Wales, 79 in Scotland and 22 in Northern Ireland. Based on a variety of official sources and extrapolating from figures for England alone, Ceri Peach estimated that the number of people in Britain born in the West Indies grew from 15,000 in 1951, to 172,000 in 1961 and 304,000 in 1971, and then fell slightly to 295,000 in 1981. He estimates
1539-520: Is published separately for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In England and Wales, 160,095 residents reported their country of birth as Jamaica, 22,872 Trinidad and Tobago, 18,672 Barbados, 9,274 Grenada, 9,096 St Lucia, 7,390 St Vincent and the Grenadines, 7,270 Montserrat, 6,359 Dominica, 5,629 St Kitts and Nevis, 3,697 Antigua and Barbuda, 2,355 Cuba, 1,812 The Bahamas and 1,303 Dominican Republic. 8,301 people reported being born elsewhere in
1620-558: The 2011 and 2021 United Kingdom censuses. 'Black Caribbean' is under a ' Black or Black British ' heading in the census. 'Mixed: White and Black Caribbean' also had a significant recorded population within the country, denoting unquantified partial African Caribbean descent, as well as 'White' ancestry. This ethnic group category was listed under a ' Mixed ' heading in the census. Other 'Mixed' subcategories which identify some form of Caribbean descent are 'Mixed: Caribbean Asian' and 'Mixed: White Caribbean'. 'White Other: White Caribbean',
1701-516: The 2011 UK Census Birmingham was home to the largest Black Caribbean population, followed by Croydon , Lewisham , Lambeth , Brent and Hackney . Beginning from the 16th century until the early 19th century, Africans were purchased by European slave traders and shipped across the Atlantic to work as slaves in the various European colonies in the Americas . Approximately 13 million Africans came to
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#17328758373971782-589: The Baptist War , led by Sam Sharpe in Jamaica, created the conditions for the incremental abolition of slavery in the region by various colonial powers. Great Britain abolished slavery in its holdings in 1834. Cuba was the last island to be emancipated, when Spain abolished slavery in its colonies. During the 20th century, Afro-Caribbean people, who were a majority in many Caribbean societies, began to assert their cultural, economic, and political rights with more vigor on
1863-457: The Caribbean , and further trace much of their ancestry to West and Central Africa or they are nationals of the Caribbean who reside in the UK. There are some self-identified Afro-Caribbean people who are multi-racial. The most common and traditional use of the term African-Caribbean community is in reference to groups of residents continuing aspects of Caribbean culture, customs and traditions in
1944-512: The Dominican Republic ). During the 17th and 18th centuries, European colonial development in the Caribbean became increasingly reliant on plantation slavery to cultivate and process the lucrative commodity crop of sugarcane . On many islands shortly before the end of the 18th century, the enslaved Afro-Caribbean people greatly outnumbered their European masters. In addition, there developed
2025-774: The 1950s and 1960s, a disproportionate number of Caribbean migrant children were (often wrongly) classified as " educationally subnormal " and placed in special schools and units. By the end of the 1980s, the chances of white school leavers finding employment were four times better than those of black pupils. In 2000–01, black pupils were three times more likely than white pupils and ten times more likely than Indian pupils to be officially excluded from school for disciplinary reasons. In 2004, 23.2 per cent of Black Caribbean pupils in England achieved five or more GCSEs or equivalent at grades A* to C including English and mathematics, compared with 41.6 per cent of White British pupils and 40.9 per cent of all pupils regardless of ethnicity. In 2013,
2106-478: The 1970s a procession route was established from Potternewton Park and back again via the city centre. The steel bands were on human-powered wheeled platforms. In 1977 crowds of 10,000 were reported. The 1980s established a shorter route around Chapeltown and Harehills, and also sponsorship by local organizations. A Carnival Prince and Princess (children aged three to 13) were also chosen. Attendance reached 40,000 in 1988. In 1990 three people died during violence in
2187-483: The 1970s/1980s). The corresponding 2020 figure for White British men is 35.8%. The report claims that this convergence is "testimony to the accomplishments of black Caribbean men, as well as the openness of British economic life". In 2007, a study by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation found that Black Caribbeans had one of the lowest poverty rates among the different main ethnic minority groups in Britain. Of
2268-582: The 19th century include: The growing Caribbean presence in the British military led to approximately 15,000 Afro-Caribbean immigrants arriving in the north-west of England around the time of World War I to work in munitions factories. During the First World War, Sergeant William Robinson Clarke travelled from his native Jamaica and became Britain's first black pilot. The Jamaican poet and communist activist , Claude McKay came to England following
2349-408: The 2001 Census recorded 146,401 people born in Jamaica, 21,601 from Barbados, 21,283 from Trinidad and Tobago, 20,872 from Guyana, 9,783 from Grenada, 8,265 from Saint Lucia, 7,983 from Montserrat, 7,091 from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 6,739 from Dominica, 6,519 from Saint Kitts and Nevis, 3,891 from Antigua and Barbuda and 498 from Anguilla. Detailed country-of-birth data from the 2011 Census
2430-515: The Americas this way, to various locations such as Saint-Domingue , New Spain , Colonial Brazil and the Thirteen Colonies . Historians estimated approximately two million Africans were shipped to various British colonies in the Caribbean and South America. These slaves would be given new names , adopt European dress and Christianity , and be forced to work on plantations which produced cash crops to be shipped back to Europe , completing
2511-462: The Caribbean before emigrating and who self identifies, or is identified, as Afro-Caribbean (in terms of racial classifications, this population approximates to the group known as Negroid or similar terms)". A survey of the use of terms to describe people of African descent in medical research notes that: "The term African Caribbean/Afro-Caribbean when used in Europe and North America usually refers to people with African ancestral origins who migrated via
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2592-450: The Caribbean islands". It suggests that use of the term in the UK is inconsistent, with some researchers using it to describe people of Black and of Caribbean descent, whereas others use it to refer to those of either West African or Caribbean background. Furthermore, as immigration to the United Kingdom from Africa increased in the late 20th century, the term has sometimes been used to include British residents solely of African origin or as
2673-550: The Caribbean was in part the result of massive depopulation of the native Taíno and other Indigenous peoples caused by the new infectious diseases , harsh conditions, and warfare brought by European colonists. By the mid-16th century, the slave trade from West Africa to the Caribbean was so profitable that Francis Drake and John Hawkins were prepared to engage in piracy as well as break Spanish colonial laws, in order to forcibly transport approximately 1500 enslaved people from Sierra Leone to Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and
2754-577: The Caribbean". There isn't one particular 'ethnic group' census category used by the Office for National Statistics , within the UK census , which comprehensively describes or encompasses persons who are a part of, or identified with, the African-Caribbean community in the United Kingdom. 'Black Caribbean' is the category which recorded the highest population figures (associated with African Caribbean heritage) at
2835-594: The Caribbean, bringing the total Caribbean-born population of England and Wales to 264,125. Of this number, 262,092 were resident in England and 2,033 in Wales. In Scotland, 2,054 Caribbean-born residents were recorded, and in Northern Ireland 314. Guyana is categorised as part of South America in the Census results, which show that 21,417 residents of England and Wales, 350 of Scotland and 56 of Northern Ireland were born in Guyana. Belize
2916-499: The Department for Education in 2015 notes that "Black Caribbean and Mixed White & Black Caribbean students have...shown very strong improvement, from being half as likely [as] White British students to achieve the benchmarks of educational success in the early 2000s to near parity in 2013, although stubborn gaps do remain". Black Caribbean pupils have a higher university entry rate than White British students. Socio-economic status
2997-477: The First World War and became the first Black British journalist, writing for the Workers' Dreadnought . Bahamian Dr Allan Glaisyer Minns became the first black mayor in Britain when he was elected Mayor of Thetford , Norfolk , in 1904. In February 1941, 345 West Indian workers were brought to work in and around Liverpool . They were generally better skilled than the local Black British population. There
3078-543: The Grenadines , Guyana , and Belize . In the 21st century, Afro-Caribbean communities are present throughout the United Kingdom's major cities, and the surviving members of this generation, sometimes called the Windrush Britons, and their descendants, constitute the multi-ethnic cultural group residing in the country. As there is no specific UK census category which comprehensively covers the community, population numbers remain somewhat ambiguous. 'Black Caribbean' (under
3159-530: The National Library of Medicine, the average African Caribbean person has on average 20% European Admixture. Arriving in small numbers to reside in port cities in England and Wales since the mid-18th century, the most significant wave of migration came after World War II , coinciding with the decolonisation era and the dissolution of the British Empire. The governments of the United Kingdom, France, and
3240-533: The Netherlands promoted immigration to address domestic labor shortages. Known as the Windrush generation , they had arrived as citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKCs) in the 1950s and 1960s owing to birth in the former British colonies of the Caribbean . Although those who settled in the UK prior to 1973 were granted either right of abode or indefinite leave to remain by the Immigration Act 1971 ,
3321-467: The UK or arrived before the age of 13) are more or less on par with White British men, while Black Caribbean women had a higher occupational class than White British women from the 1970s to the 1990s. Second-generation Black Caribbean women have now surpassed White British women. Further research by Dr Richard Norrie of Civitas noted a growing Black middle class, with around 35.7% of Black Caribbean men in "middle class" jobs in 2020 (compared to only 7% in
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3402-401: The UK, noting that in a 1992 health survey, 17 per cent of 722 African–Caribbeans surveyed, including 36 percent of those aged 16 to 29, described themselves as " Black British ". This, he suggests, "appears to be a pragmatic and spontaneous (rather than politically led) response to the wish to describe an allegiance to a 'British' identity and the diminishing importance of ties with a homeland in
3483-504: The UK. The earliest generations of Afro-Caribbean people to migrate to Britain trace their ancestry to a wide range of Afro Caribbean ethnic groups. Afro-Caribbean people descend from disparate groups of African peoples who were brought, sold and taken from West Africa as slaves to the colonial Caribbean . In addition, British African Caribbeans may have ancestry from various indigenous Caribbean tribes, and from settlers of European and Asian ethnic groups . According to
3564-565: The White ethnic group. Between 2004-2008 and 2013-2014, Black Caribbeans earned more than their White British counterparts. In 2015, the Equality and Human Rights Commission conducted research into ethnic minority pay gaps between 1993-2014. The report found that UK born Black Caribbean men had closed much of the pay gap to White British males, while UK born Black Caribbean women consistently out-earned White British women. In 2019, Black Caribbeans had
3645-521: The area afterwards. The decade saw increased professionalism by the now very experienced Carnival Committee and the introduction of lorries to carry bands. 1997 was the 30th anniversary and Arthur France received the MBE for his work with the local community. 2007 was the 40th anniversary, with crowds of 100,000 for the first time. It was also the 25th anniversary of the Leeds West Indian Centre, and
3726-639: The bicentenary of the British abolition of transatlantic slavery . Ian Charles also received the MBE. In 2020 it was cancelled for the first time, because of the COVID-19 pandemic . It returned in 2022. British African-Caribbean community British African-Caribbean people or British Afro-Caribbean people are an ethnic group in the United Kingdom . They are British citizens whose recent ancestors originate from
3807-462: The broader "Caribbean or Black" heading. In Northern Ireland, 372 people specified their ethnicity as "Caribbean". The published results for the "Mixed" category are not broken down into sub-categories for Scotland and Northern Ireland as they are for England and Wales. In the UK Census of 2001 , 565,876 people classified themselves in the category 'Black Caribbean', amounting to around 1 per cent of
3888-436: The children of Caribbean migrants ran at three to four times that of white school leavers. By 1982 the number of all people out of work in Britain had risen above three million for the first time since the 1930s. Societal racism , discrimination, poverty , powerlessness and oppressive policing sparked a series of riots in areas with substantial African-Caribbean populations. These "uprisings" (as they were described by some in
3969-856: The community is traditionally associated with a particular area, such as Brixton , Harlesden , Stonebridge , Hackney , Lewisham , Tottenham , Croydon and Peckham in London, West Bowling and Heaton in Bradford, Chapeltown in Leeds, St. Pauls in Bristol, Handsworth , Aston and Ladywood in Birmingham, Moss Side in Manchester, St Ann's in Nottingham, Pitsmoor in Sheffield and Toxteth in Liverpool. According to
4050-503: The community) took place in St Pauls in 1980, Brixton , Toxteth and Moss Side in 1981, St Pauls again in 1982, Notting Hill Gate in 1982, Toxteth in 1982, and Handsworth , Brixton and Tottenham in 1985. The riots had a profoundly unsettling effect on local residents, and led the then Home Secretary William Whitelaw to commission the Scarman report to address the root causes of
4131-678: The disturbances. The report identified both "racial discrimination" and a "racial disadvantage" in Britain, concluding that urgent action was needed to prevent these issues becoming an "endemic, ineradicable disease threatening the very survival of our society". The era saw an increase in attacks on black people by white people. The Joint Campaign Against Racism committee reported that there had been more than 20,000 attacks on non-white Britons including Britons of Asian origin during 1985. Afro-Caribbean people Afro-Caribbean or African Caribbean people are Caribbean people who trace their full or partial ancestry to Africa . The majority of
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#17328758373974212-524: The equivalent figures were 53.3 per cent for Black Caribbean pupils, 60.5 per cent for White British pupils and 60.6 per cent overall. Black Caribbean pupils from low income backgrounds tend to academically perform better than White British pupils from low income families. Amongst pupils eligible for free school meals (used as a measure of low family incomes), Black Caribbean pupils outperformed White British pupils by 36.9 to 27.9 per cent for boys and 47.7 to 36.8 per cent for girls in 2013. A report published by
4293-544: The established white community . Clashes continued and worsened into the 1950s, and riots erupted in cities including London, Birmingham and Nottingham . In 1958, attacks in the London area of Notting Hill by white youths marred relations with West Indian residents, and the following year as a positive response by the Caribbean community an indoor carnival event organised by West Indian Gazette editor Claudia Jones took place in St Pancras Town Hall, and would be
4374-479: The experience of suffering racism was a major factor in the development of a shared Caribbean identity among immigrants from a range of different island and class backgrounds. The shared experience of employment by organisations such as London Transport and the National Health Service also played a role in the building of a British African-Caribbean identity. Social Geographer Ceri Peach estimates that
4455-482: The first Afro-Caribbean republic in the Western Hemisphere and the first state which was both free from slavery (though not from forced labour ) and ruled by non-whites and former captives. In 1804, Haiti, with its overwhelmingly African population and leadership, became the second nation in the Americas to win independence from a European state. During the 19th century, continuous waves of rebellion, such as
4536-576: The former countries of the British Empire and Commonwealth also began to seek work in the UK, though the government's preference was for European workers to fill shortages. Kenneth Lunn writes that, "By promoting employment schemes for white European workers to fill existing labour shortages and by choosing to discourage, albeit in an informal manner, black workers from the Commonwealth, a clear set of preferences were displayed". The Ministry of Labour
4617-601: The highest proportion was in Cardiff at 0.37%. In the 2011 Census, the greatest concentration of 'Black Caribbean' people is found in London, where 344,597 residents classified themselves as Black Caribbean, accounting for 4.2 per cent of the city's population. Other significant concentrations were (not in order) Birmingham , Manchester , Bradford , Nottingham , Coventry , Wolverhampton, Luton , Watford , Slough , Leicester , Bristol , Gloucester , Leeds , Huddersfield , Sheffield , Liverpool and Cardiff . In these cities,
4698-574: The home and diaspora populations have produced a number of individuals who have had a notable influence on modern African, Caribbean and Western societies; they include political activists such as Marcus Garvey and C. L. R. James ; writers and theorists such as Aimé Césaire and Frantz Fanon ; US military leader and statesman Colin Powell ; athletes such as Usain Bolt , Tim Duncan and David Ortiz ; and musicians Bob Marley , Nicki Minaj and Rihanna . During
4779-430: The largest non-white ethnic minority groups, Bangladeshis (65%), Pakistanis (55%) and Black Africans (45%) had the highest poverty rates. Black Caribbeans (30%) and Indians (25%) had the lowest rates. For families where at least one adult was in paid work, Black Caribbeans and Indians again had the lowest poverty rates of 10-15%, compared to around 60% for Bangladeshis, 40% for Pakistanis and 30% for Black Africans. In 2011,
4860-543: The last leg of the triangular trade . Conditions on these plantations were harsh, and many escaped into the countryside or showed other forms of resistance. One impact of the American War of Independence was the differing historical development of African-American and African-Caribbeans. Whereas the American colonists had legalised slavery via their colonial assemblies , slavery was never legal under British common law and
4941-492: The major ethnic groups in the UK. Civitas's study found that Black Caribbeans have an individual median wealth of £85,000 - again placing them in third place out of the major ethnic groups in the UK: Between 1972-2020, of the largest ethnic minority groups in Britain, Black Caribbeans (and Indians) had the highest employment rates overall. For much of the 1970s, Black Caribbeans had the highest employment rates - even higher than
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#17328758373975022-600: The modern Afro-Caribbean people descend from the Africans (primarily from West and Central Africa ) taken as slaves to colonial Caribbean via the trans-Atlantic slave trade between the 15th and 19th centuries to work primarily on various sugar plantations and in domestic households. Other names for the ethnic group include Black Caribbean , Afro- or Black West Indian , or Afro- or Black Antillean . The term West Indian Creole has also been used to refer to Afro-Caribbean people, as well as other ethnic and racial groups in
5103-616: The number of people in Britain born in the West Indies grew from 15,000 in 1951 to 172,000 in 1961. In 1962, the UK enacted the Commonwealth Immigrants Act , restricting the entry of immigrants, and by 1972 only holders of work permits, or people with parents or grandparents born in the United Kingdom , could gain entry – effectively stemming most Caribbean immigration. Despite the restrictive measures, an entire generation of Britons with African-Caribbean heritage now existed, contributing to British society in virtually every field,
5184-556: The park, where a wide range of stages and stalls provide entertainment and refreshment for carnival-goers. Since 2005 this event has been covered by BBC Radio 1Xtra in conjunction with Notting Hill Carnival . The Carnival Queen is chosen on the Friday before the main event, and in 2008 for the first time a Carnival King was chosen: they were Davina Williams and Tyrone Henry. The 2009 King and Queen were Tony and Nicole Isles, who are father and daughter. Its founders were Arthur France , then
5265-787: The passengers became an important landmark in the history of modern Britain, and the image of West Indians filing off the ship's gangplank has come to symbolise the beginning of modern British multicultural society. The arrival of West Indian immigrants on the Empire Windrush was not expected or approved of by the British government. George Isaacs , the Minister of Labour and National Service stated in Parliament that there would be no encouragement for others to follow their example. In June 1948, 11 Labour Members wrote to British Prime Minister Clement Attlee complaining about excessive immigration. In
5346-891: The peoples of the Caribbean over the centuries. Although most Afro-Caribbean people today continue to reside in English , French and Spanish -speaking Caribbean nations and territories, there are also significant diaspora populations throughout the Western world , especially in the United States , Canada , United Kingdom , France and the Netherlands . Caribbean peoples are predominantly of Christian faith, though some practice African-derived or syncretic religions, such as Santeria , Vodou and Winti . Many speak creole languages , such as Haitian Creole , Jamaican Patois , Sranantongo , Saint Lucian Creole , Martinican Creole or Papiamento . Both
5427-413: The population of West Indian ethnicity in 1981 to be between 500,000 and 550,000. Black Caribbeans are more likely than White Britons to have formal qualifications. In 2001, around 29% of White Britons had no qualifications, compared to 27% for Black Caribbeans. In 2011, 24% of White British had no qualifications, higher than the national average of 23%, compared to 20% for Black Caribbeans. Throughout
5508-581: The post-Columbian era, the archipelagos and islands of the Caribbean were the first sites of African diaspora dispersal in the western Atlantic. In 1492, Pedro Alonso Niño , an African-Spanish seafarer, was recorded as piloting one of Columbus' ships. He returned in 1499, but did not settle. In the early 16th century, more Africans began to enter the population of the Spanish Caribbean colonies, sometimes arriving as free men of mixed ancestry or as indentured servants, but increasingly as enslaved workers and servants. This increasing demand for African labour in
5589-516: The region, though there remains debate about its use to refer to Afro-Caribbean people specifically. The term Afro-Caribbean was not coined by Caribbean people themselves but was first used by European Americans in the late 1960s. People of Afro-Caribbean descent today are largely of West African and Central African ancestry, and may additionally be of other origins, including European , Chinese , South Asian and Amerindian descent, as there has been extensive intermarriage and unions among
5670-463: The right of entry and settlement in the UK. Many West Indians were attracted by better prospects in what was often referred to as the mother country. The first ships to carry large groups of West Indian people from Jamaica to the United Kingdom were the SS Ormonde , which docked at Liverpool on 31 March 1947 with 241 passengers, and the SS Almanzora , which arrived at Southampton on 21 December that same year, with 200 passengers. However, it
5751-454: The same month, Arthur Creech Jones , the Secretary of State for the Colonies noted in a Cabinet memorandum that the Jamaican Government could not legally prevent people from departing, and the British government could not legally prevent them from landing. However, he also stated that the government was opposed to this immigration, the Colonial Office and the Jamaican Government would take all possible steps to discourage it. In June 1950,
5832-460: The term should not be hyphenated and that indeed, the differences between such groups mean the people of African and Caribbean origins should be referred to separately". The Guardian and Observer style guide prescribes the use of "African-Caribbean" for use in the two newspapers, specifically noting "not Afro-Caribbean". Sociologist Peter J. Aspinall argues that the term "Black" has been reclaimed by people of African and Caribbean origin in
5913-428: The total population. In the 2011 Census of England and Wales , 594,825 individuals specified their ethnicity as "Caribbean" under the "Black/African/Caribbean/Black British" heading, and 426,715 as "White and Black Caribbean" under the "Mixed/multiple ethnic group" heading. In Scotland, 3,430 people classified themselves as "Caribbean, Caribbean Scottish or Caribbean British" and 730 as "Other Caribbean or Black" under
5994-517: The total population. Of the "minority ethnic" population, which amounted to 7.9 per cent of the total UK population, Black Caribbean people accounted for 12.2 per cent. In addition, 14.6 per cent of the minority ethnic population (equivalent to 1.2 per cent of the total population) identified as mixed race, of whom around one third stated that they were of mixed Black Caribbean and White descent. Year of arrival (2021 census, England and Wales) The Census also records respondents' countries of birth and
6075-409: The wider community over a long period. Early African-Caribbean immigrants found private employment and housing denied to them on the basis of race. Trade unions would often not help African-Caribbean workers and some pubs, clubs, dance halls and churches would bar black people from entering. Housing was in short supply following the wartime bombing, and the shortage led to some of the first clashes with
6156-808: The world stage. Marcus Garvey was among many influential immigrants to the United States from Jamaica, expanding his UNIA movement in New York City and the U.S. Afro-Caribbean people, such as Claude McKay and Eric D. Walrond , were influential in the Harlem Renaissance as artists and writers. Aimé Césaire developed a négritude movement. In the 1960s, the West Indian territories were given their political independence from British colonial rule . They were pre-eminent in creating new cultural forms such as reggae music , calypso and Rastafari within
6237-503: Was particularly opposed to recruiting labour from the Caribbean, arguing that "previously advertised shortages no longer existed. In labor sectors where shortages could not be denied, the ministry concentrated on demonstrating that colonial citizens would make unsuitable workers". Nonetheless, the British Nationality Act 1948 gave Citizenship of the UK and Colonies to all people living in the United Kingdom and its colonies, and
6318-515: Was reported by newspaper reporters and newsreel cameras. The arrivals were temporarily housed in the Clapham South deep shelter in southwest London, about two miles (three kilometres) away from Coldharbour Lane in Brixton . Many intended to stay in Britain for less than a few years, and some did return to the Caribbean, but the majority remained to settle permanently in Britain. The arrival of
6399-429: Was some tension between them and West Africans who had settled in the area. After World War II , many Caribbean people migrated to North America and Europe, especially to the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands. As a result of the losses during the war, the British government began to encourage mass immigration from mainland Europe to fill shortages in the labour market. Citizens from
6480-531: Was the voyage of HMT Empire Windrush in June the following year that was to become well-known. Empire Windrush arrived with a group of 802 migrants at the port of Tilbury , near London, on 22 June 1948. Empire Windrush was a troopship en route from Australia to England via the Atlantic , docking in Kingston, Jamaica , in order to pick up servicemen who were on leave. An advertisement had appeared in
6561-523: Was thus prohibited in Britain. The much lauded black Briton Ignatius Sancho was among the leading British abolitionists in the 18th century, and in 1783 an abolitionist movement spread throughout Britain to end slavery throughout the British Empire, with the poet William Cowper writing in 1785: "We have no slaves at home – Then why abroad? Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungs receive our air, that moment they are free. They touch our country, and their shackles fall. That's noble, and bespeaks
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