107-783: Lee Valley Leisure Complex is located at Edmonton in the Middle Lea Valley , and is part of the Lee Valley Park . The site was formerly known as the Picketts Lock Sports Centre . In 2000 it was announced that the centre would be the site of the National Athletics Stadium, and it was intended that it would host the 2005 World Athletics Championships . The project was abandoned by the Government in October 2001 on
214-543: A local board being formed for the 3,894 acres (15.76 km ) parish of Edmonton in 1850, which eventually achieved the status of municipal borough (main article Municipal Borough of Edmonton ) in 1937. At the 1961 census the borough had a population of 91,956. This was absorbed into the London Borough of Enfield in 1965, and the former town hall and civic buildings were controversially demolished by Enfield Council in 1989. Pymmes Park with its historic walled garden
321-581: A parish in the Edmonton Hundred of Middlesex, Edmonton became an urban district in 1894, and a municipal borough in 1937. Local government took place at the now-demolished Edmonton Town Hall in Fore Street between 1855 and 1965. In 1965, following reform of local government in London , the municipal borough and former parish of Edmonton was abolished, merging with that of Enfield and Southgate to form
428-433: A working-class population to the area, encouraging much of this development. By the 1930s, the area had become a popular north London shopping destination, and in the 1960s and 1970s, the area underwent major redevelopment, with the construction of an indoor market and shopping centre , as well as mass construction of council housing , including tower blocks . In recent years, as a result of increased levels of immigration,
535-597: A " salad bowl " and as a " cultural mosaic ", in contrast to a " melting pot ". States that embody multicultural ideals have arguably existed since ancient times. The Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus the Great followed a policy of incorporating and tolerating various cultures. A historical example of multiculturalism was the Habsburg monarchy , which had broken up in 1918 and under whose roof many different ethnic, linguistic and religious groups lived together. The Habsburg rule
642-459: A 73-room Travelodge hotel will be opened on the development. Edmonton Green area is currently being regenerated by St. Modwen Properties , who bought the property from the London Borough of Enfield in 1999. Phase 1 was completed in 2007 and includes a Primary health care centre, 176 affordable residential units, bus station, hotel, leisure centre, new retail outlets and the refurbishment of
749-457: A covert form of racism that does not purport ethnic superiority as much as it asserts stereotypes of perceived "incompatibility of life-styles and traditions". While there is research that suggests that ethnic diversity increases chances of war, lower public goods provision and decreases democratization, there is also research that shows that ethnic diversity in itself is not detrimental to peace, public goods provision or democracy. Rather, it
856-512: A de facto single national identity during the 18th and/or 19th centuries. Multiculturalism has been official policy in several Western nations since the 1970s, for reasons that varied from country to country, including the fact that many of the great cities of the Western world are increasingly made of a mosaic of cultures. The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on
963-414: A different site. However, the benefactor, Obadiah Legrew, grew tired of the children close to his home. He had the original school demolished, drew £170 from the trust, and purchased another plot of land. In 1793 the new school was built afresh, away from his delicate ears. Pupils aged between 7 and 14 were clothed and educated, although the main purpose was to fit them for domestic service. The facade carries
1070-518: A figure of a charity girl and the words A structure of Hope founded in Faith on the basis of Charity . The school closed in 1904. Lamb's Cottage Ethnically diverse Multiculturalism is the coexistence of multiple cultures. The word is used in sociology, in political philosophy , and colloquially. In sociology and everyday usage, it is usually a synonym for ethnic or cultural pluralism in which various ethnic and cultural groups exist in
1177-589: A higher level of public altruism. For example, the degree of ethnic homogeneity correlates with the government's share of gross domestic product as well as the average wealth of citizens. Case studies of the United States, Africa and South-East Asia find that multi-ethnic societies are less charitable and less able to cooperate to develop public infrastructure. Moscow beggars receive more gifts from fellow ethnics than from other ethnies [ sic ]. A recent multi-city study of municipal spending on public goods in
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#17328765790041284-434: A large scale, it can occur as a result of either legal or illegal migration to and from different jurisdictions around the world. In reference to political science, multiculturalism can be defined as a state's capacity to effectively and efficiently deal with cultural plurality within its sovereign borders. Multiculturalism as a political philosophy involves ideologies and policies which vary widely. It has been described as
1391-630: A mix of ethnic groups. After slavery was no longer permitted in Peru, African-Peruvians and Asian-Peruvians have contributed to Peruvian culture in many ways. Today, Amerindians make up 45% of the population, Mestizos 37%, white 15% and 3% is composed by black , Chinese, and others. In 1821, Peru's president José de San Martín gave foreigners the freedom to start industries in Peru's ground, 2 years after, foreigners that lived in Peru for more than 5 years were considered naturalized citizens, which then decreased to 3 years. Although official multiculturalism policy
1498-612: A multicultural country. After the betrayal of Hernán Cortés to the Aztecs, the Spanish conquered the Aztec Empire and colonized indigenous people. They influenced the indigenous religion, politics, culture and ethnicity. The Spanish opened schools in which they taught Christianity, and the Spanish language eventually surpassed indigenous languages, making it the most spoken language in Mexico. Mestizo
1605-487: A public park in 1906. Pymmes House was destroyed by fire during the Second World War and the remains were demolished. In the 17th century the then rural Edmonton had a reputation for supernatural activities. In approximately 1600, a play entitled The Merry Devil of Edmonton was performed in London about a wizard who lived there. In 1621 the villagers accused an old woman, Elizabeth Sawyer, of witchcraft and she
1712-402: A radically transformed urban centre with a pedestrian shopping area, car parking for 3000, 750 flats including three 25 story tower blocks (Grampian House, Mendip House and Pennine House) and new civic and amenity buildings to replace the old town hall and baths . When Edmonton was incorporated within the new London Borough of Enfield (1965) plans for the civic buildings were abandoned. Only
1819-435: A single society. It can describe a mixed ethnic community area where multiple cultural traditions exist (such as New York City , London , Mumbai , Hong Kong , or Paris ) or a single country (such as Switzerland, Belgium, Singapore or Russia). Groups associated with an indigenous , aboriginal or autochthonous ethnic group and settler-descended ethnic groups are often the focus. In reference to sociology, multiculturalism
1926-576: A threat to the Māori as an attempt by the New Zealand Government to undermine Māori demands for self-determination and encourage assimilation. Right wing sympathisers have been shown to increasingly take part in a multitude of online discursive efforts directed against global brands' multicultural advertisements. Though not called Multiculturalism as such, the preamble of Argentina's constitution explicitly promotes immigration , and recognizes
2033-442: Is "the form of integration" that (1) best fits the ideal of egalitarianism , (2) has "the best chance of succeeding" in the "post- 9/11 , post 7/7 " world, and (3) has remained "moderate [and] pragmatic". Bhikhu Parekh counters what he sees as the tendencies to equate multiculturalism with racial minorities "demanding special rights" and to see these as promoting a "thinly veiled racis[m]". Instead, he argues that multiculturalism
2140-657: Is 8.4 miles (13.5 km) north-northeast of Charing Cross and stretches from just south of the North Circular Road , where it borders Tottenham , to its boundary with Ponders End to the north. Bush Hill Park , Winchmore Hill and Palmers Green adjoin the western boundary along the Great Cambridge Road , while the River Lee Diversion forms Edmonton's eastern boundary with Chingford . The northern part of Edmonton, known as Lower Edmonton, corresponds to
2247-421: Is Upper Edmonton's park. Pymmes Park originated as a private estate. In the late 16th century it was owned by the powerful Cecil family. In 1589 Robert Cecil , later 1st Earl of Salisbury , spent his honeymoon at Pymmes. Cecil was a protege of Francis Walsingham , Elizabeth I 's chief spymaster and he succeeded him as Secretary of State in 1590. The estate was eventually acquired by Edmonton Council and opened as
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#17328765790042354-423: Is a wide variety of ethnic groups, the major group being Mestizos followed by White Mexicans and Indigenous Mexicans . There are many other ethnic groups such as Arab Mexicans , Afro-Mexicans and Asian Mexicans . From the year 2000 to 2010, the number of people in Mexico that were born in another country doubled, reaching a total of 961,121 people, mostly coming from Guatemala and the United States. Mexico
2461-456: Is against most historical precedent." The American classicist Victor Davis Hanson used the perceived differences in "rationality" between Moctezuma and Cortés to argue that Western culture was superior to every culture in the entire world, which thus led him to reject multiculturalism as a false doctrine that placed all cultures on an equal footing. In New Zealand ( Aotearoa ), which is officially bi-cultural, multiculturalism has been seen as
2568-444: Is argued that nation states , who would previously have been synonymous with a distinctive cultural identity of their own, lose out to enforced multiculturalism and that this ultimately erodes the host nations' distinct culture. Sarah Song views cultures as historically shaped entities by its members, and that they lack boundaries due to globalization, thereby making them stronger than others might assume. She goes on to argue against
2675-727: Is celebrated across the country and has heavy influences from the Aymara, the Quechua, the Spanish, and other popular cultures from around Latin America. Brazil has been known to acclaim multiculturalism and has undergone many changes regarding this in the past few decades. Brazil is a controversial country when it comes to defining a multicultural country. There are two views: the Harvard Institute of Economic Research states that Brazil has an intersection of many cultures because of recent migration, while
2782-516: Is different, and the goal may be a mono-cultural or mono-ethnic nation-building – for instance in the Malaysian government's attempt to create a 'Malaysian race' by 2020. Multiculturalism is seen by its supporters as a fairer system that allows people to truly express who they are within a society, that is more tolerant and that adapts better to social issues. They argue that culture is not one definable thing based on one race or religion, but rather
2889-604: Is in Montagu Road B137 road . The site also incorporates the Western Synagogue Cemetery founded in 1884 (containing 3 Commonwealth service war graves of World War II ) and adjoins the Tottenham Park Cemetery . Edmonton Girls' Charity School The simple yellow brick structure with red brick dressings is located on the south side of Church Street. Initially the school, founded in 1784, had been on
2996-458: Is in fact "not about minorities" but "is about the proper terms of the relationship between different cultural communities", which means that the standards by which the communities resolve their differences, e.g., "the principles of justice" must not come from only one of the cultures but must come "through an open and equal dialogue between them." Balibar characterizes criticisms of multiculturalism as "differentialist racism", which he describes as
3103-502: Is mainly composed of a mixture of their indigenous culture, Spanish, and African. There was a heavy influence of Spanish culture due to the Spanish Conquest, which influenced their religion, language and traditions. African influence can be seen in their music. While Spanish is Venezuela's main language, there are more than 40 indigenous languages spoken to this day. Colombia , with an estimated population of 51 million inhabitants,
3210-573: Is no systematic relationship between levels of immigration or ethnic diversity and social cohesion or trust . Studies show that factors such as economic inequality and trust in government are much more important for social cohesion than diversity. In countries and regions where income inequality is low and where people trust their government, social cohesion remains strong even with high levels of diversity. Canada and Australia, for example, are countries with high levels of immigration and diversity, but also with stable and well-functioning societies. On
3317-427: Is not established at the federal level, ethnic and cultural diversity is common in rural , suburban and urban areas. Continuous mass immigration was a feature of the United States economy and society since the first half of the 19th century. The absorption of the stream of immigrants became, in itself, a prominent feature of America's national myth . The idea of the melting pot is a metaphor that implies that all
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3424-581: Is now Hertfordshire as far as South Mimms . Local government in the modern sense began in 1837 with the Edmonton Union, set up under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 . This also covered a wide district of 47,102 acres (190.62 km ), including the modern boroughs of Haringey and Enfield, plus Cheshunt , Waltham Abbey and Waltham Cross . The town hall was built in 1884 and extended in 1903. The crenelated perpendicular Edmonton Town Hall
3531-410: Is quickly becoming a melting pot , with many immigrants coming into the country. It is considered to be a cradle of civilization , which influences their multiculturalism and diversity, by having different civilizations influence them. A distinguishable trait of Mexico's culture is the mestizaje of its people, which caused the combination of Spanish influence, their indigenous roots while also adapting
3638-584: Is reflected in the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The Broadcasting Act of 1991 asserts the Canadian broadcasting system should reflect the diversity of cultures in the country. Canadian multiculturalism is looked upon with admiration outside the country, resulting in the Canadian public dismissing most critics of
3745-453: Is still a lack of school engagement in these matters. Canadian society is often depicted as being "very progressive, diverse, and multicultural" often acknowledging several different cultures and beliefs. Multiculturalism (a Just Society ) was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government during the premiership of Pierre Elliott Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s. Multiculturalism
3852-598: Is the 15th lowest out of the 628 wards of Greater London. All Saints' Church The mostly 15th-century church is located in Church Street. It is the oldest building in Edmonton. Angel Place A circa 1730 terrace of linked Grade II* Listed Buildings which were altered in the middle of the 19th century. 185, 187 and 189 were extensively restored in the 1980s to include the formation of an arch at 187 Angel Place with prize-winning gardens behind. Set back from Fore Street,
3959-462: Is the appropriate way to deal with diversity and immigrant integration. The arguments regarding the perceived rights to a multicultural education include the proposition that it acts as a way to demand recognition of aspects of a group's culture subordination and its entire experience in contrast to a melting pot or non-multicultural societies. The term multiculturalism is most often used in reference to Western nation-states, which had seemingly achieved
4066-401: Is the end-state of either a natural or artificial process (for example: legally controlled immigration) and occurs on either a large national scale or on a smaller scale within a nation's communities. On a smaller scale this can occur artificially when a jurisdiction is established or expanded by amalgamating areas with two or more different cultures (e.g. French Canada and English Canada ). On
4173-669: The A1010 road , and standing close to the junction with the A406 road , the buildings were adjacent to The Angel public house demolished to widen the North Circular Road. Charles Lamb Institute The Grade II listed building is located in Church Street. Designed by J. S. Alder and opened in 1908. The building today is used as a church. Edmonton Central Library The former public library (closed 1991) opened in 1897 at Fore Street. Designed by Maurice Bingham Adams with bequests provided by
4280-456: The American founding fathers : Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people – a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs... This country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it
4387-525: The Domesday Book of 1086, where it is recorded as Adelmetone—'a farmstead or estate of a man called Ēadhelm' from an Old English personal name and tūn . Edmonton Hundred was a division of the historic county of Middlesex from Saxon times, an area of some 31,000 acres (130 km ) stretching up the west bank of the Lea from Tottenham to the county boundary south of Waltham Cross , and west into what
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4494-596: The European colonial system , as colonized nations in Africa and Asia successfully fought for their independence and pointed out the discriminatory underpinnings of the colonial system; and, in the United States in particular, with the rise of the Civil Rights Movement , which criticized ideals of assimilation that often led to prejudices against those who did not act according to Anglo-American standards and which led to
4601-516: The John Passmore Edwards foundation. Today the Grade II listed building is used as a religious and community centre. (Inside the library by the main entrance were two portrait plaques of Charles Lamb and John Keats by George Frampton , 1908. The plaques can be viewed at (Community House, 313 Fore Street, Edmonton). Edmonton Federation Cemetery The roughly triangular shaped Jewish cemetery
4708-479: The LGBT community, with arguments often focusing on ethnic and religious minorities, minority nations, indigenous peoples and even people with disabilities. It is within this context in which the term is most commonly understood and the broadness and scope of the definition, as well as its practical use, has been the subject of serious debate. Most debates over multiculturalism center around whether or not multiculturalism
4815-480: The Lee Valley Regional Park Authority (LVRPA). 51°37′51″N 0°02′16″W / 51.6307°N 0.0377°W / 51.6307; -0.0377 Edmonton, London Edmonton is a town in north London , England within the London Borough of Enfield , a local government district of Greater London . The northern part of the town is known as Lower Edmonton or Edmonton Green, and
4922-563: The Pew Research Center states that Brazil is culturally diverse but the majority of the country speaks Portuguese . Cities such as São Paulo are home to migrants from Japan, Italy, Lebanon and Portugal . There is a multicultural presence in this city, and this is prevalent throughout Brazil. Furthermore, Brazil is a country that has made great strides to embrace migrant cultures. There has been increased awareness of anti-blackness and active efforts to combat racism. However, there
5029-530: The 1950s council housing Gilpin House in Upper Fore Street. Edmonton was home to many industries which included manufacturing of gas appliances, electrical components and furniture. Most of this was lost in the latter part of the twentieth century. Household names that produced goods here included MK electric , Ever Ready batteries, British Oxygen , Glover and Main gas appliances. Eley Industrial Estate
5136-399: The 2011 census, between 36 and 38 per cent of the town's three electoral wards was white. On 10 February 2005, retailer IKEA opened its Tottenham store on Meridian Way, Edmonton. The Edmonton Green area is currently being redeveloped by St. Modwen Properties . The £100 million project will include new housing, bus station, clinic and refurbishment of the shopping centre. In addition,
5243-538: The N9 postcode area. Upper Edmonton, the southern part of the town, corresponds to the N18 postcode area. Edmonton lies about 52 feet (16 m) above sea level. The largest public parks are Pymmes Park and Jubilee Park. The old highway Ermine Street passed through what is today Edmonton. Ermine Street was the main Roman road from London to Lincoln and on to York . Edmonton appears in
5350-493: The US found that diversity had a negative effect on civic engagement. The greater the diversity, the fewer people voted and the less they volunteered for community projects; also, trust among neighbours was only half that of homogenous communities. Putnam says, however, that "in the long run immigration and diversity are likely to have important cultural, economic, fiscal, and developmental benefits", as long as society successfully overcomes
5457-433: The United States found that ethnically or racially diverse cities spend a smaller portion of their budgets and less per capita on public services than do the more homogeneous cities. Dick Lamm , former three-term Democratic governor of the US state of Colorado , argued that "diverse peoples worldwide are mostly engaged in hating each other—that is, when they are not killing each other. A diverse, peaceful, or stable society
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#17328765790045564-672: The classroom. Studies estimated 46 million Americans ages 14 to 24 to be the most diverse generation in American society. In 2009 and 2010, controversy erupted in Texas as the state's curriculum committee made several changes to the state's requirements, often at the expense of minorities. They chose to juxtapose Abraham Lincoln's inaugural address with that of Confederate president Jefferson Davis ; they debated removing Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall and labor-leader Cesar Chavez and rejected calls to include more Hispanic figures, in spite of
5671-477: The comic tale of John Gilpin a linen draper of Cheapside London, who was probably based on a Mr Beyer, a linen draper of the Cheapside corner of Paternoster Row . Gilpin's spouse decides she and her husband should spend their twentieth wedding anniversary at The Bell Inn , Fore Street, Edmonton. The journey is beset with misfortune from start to finish. Gilpin loses control of his horse which carries him on to
5778-508: The concept. Multiculturalism in Canada is often looked at as one of Canada's significant accomplishments, and a key distinguishing element of Canadian identity . In a 2002 interview with The Globe and Mail , Karīm al-Hussainī , the 49th Aga Khan of the Ismaili Muslims , described Canada as "the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe", citing it as "a model for
5885-575: The culture traditions from their immigrants. Peru is an exemplary country of multiculturalism, in 2016 the INEI reported a total population of 31 million people. They share their borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Chile and Bolivia, and have welcomed many immigrants into their country creating a diverse community. Peru is the home to Amerindians but after the Spanish Conquest , the Spanish brought African, and Asian peoples as slaves to Peru creating
5992-410: The development of academic ethnic studies programs as a way to counteract the neglect of contributions by racial minorities in classrooms. As this history shows, multiculturalism in Western countries was seen to combat racism, to protect minority communities of all types, and to undo policies that had prevented minorities from having full access to the opportunities for freedom and equality promised by
6099-447: The edge of the village green. The service was infrequent and often required a change of train at the junction. This, coupled with the train taking the long way round through Stratford to get to the terminus at Bishopsgate, meant that the railway offered little competition to the existing horse coaches and buses. Edmonton's population grew with the opening of the high level railway at Edmonton Green station in 1872. The traffic produced by
6206-453: The effectiveness of their multicultural policies for integrating immigrants. Many nation-states in Africa, Asia, and the Americas are culturally diverse and are 'multicultural' in a descriptive sense. In some, ethnic communalism is a major political issue. The policies adopted by these states often have parallels with multiculturalist policies in the Western world, but the historical background
6313-487: The existing multi-storey car park . Demolition of the original 1970's leisure centre has been completed, that enabled construction to commence of a new Asda supermarket which opened in November 2008. The then Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , visited Edmonton in November 2008 to release his Time For Action plan. He claimed his proposals would help stop young people becoming repeat offenders. Edmonton currently has some of
6420-584: The former B&I Nathan factory on the Eley Industrial Estate. As of 2013, the area is dominated by the 100 metre Edmonton Incinerator chimney which was built in 1971. Other major employers include Coca-Cola . The railway arrived in 1840 with the opening of the first section of the Lea Valley Line from Stratford to Broxbourne . A station was provided in Water Lane (Angel Road) . As the station
6527-570: The former Habsburg port city of Trieste . In the political philosophy of multiculturalism, ideas are focused on the ways in which societies are either believed to or should, respond to cultural and Christian differences. It is often associated with "identity politics", "the politics of difference", and "the politics of recognition". It is also a matter of economic interests and political power. In more recent times political multiculturalist ideologies have been expanding in their use to include and define disadvantaged groups such as African Americans and
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#17328765790046634-461: The grounds of increased costs and inadequate transportation links. It now comprises an 18-hole golf course which borders the River Lee Navigation , camping site, indoor bowls club (housed in the remains of the now-demolished Picketts Lock Sports Centre), multiplex cinema and restaurants. A new athletics centre was formally opened on 16 January 2007. The complex is owned and managed by
6741-533: The high Hispanic population in the state. According to a 2000 analysis of domestic terrorism in the United States , "A distinctive feature of American terrorism is the ideological diversity of perpetrators. White racists are responsible for over a third of the deaths, and black militants have claimed almost as many. Almost all of the remaining deaths are attributable to Puerto Rican nationalists, Islamic extremists, revolutionary leftists and emigre groups." Twenty years later, far-right and white racists were observed as
6848-560: The highest levels of unemployment in Britain, with the recession of the late 2000s pushing unemployment to nearly 14% by 2009. On 18 June 2011 over 400 people marched through Edmonton to make a stand against gun and knife crime . As part of the 2012 Summer Olympics preparations, the Olympic torch relay passed through Edmonton on 25 July 2012 at Fore Street en route to Haringey . Up to 5000 new homes and 3000 new jobs will be created by
6955-458: The histories of women and minorities [...and] promotes respect for the dignity of the lives and voices of the forgotten. By closing gaps, by raising consciousness about the past, multiculturalism tries to restore a sense of wholeness in a postmodern era that fragments human life and thought." Tariq Modood argues that in the early years of the 21st century, multiculturalism "is most timely and necessary, and [...] we need more not less", since it
7062-454: The idea of a " plural society ". James saw pluralism as "crucial to the formation of philosophical and social humanism to help build a better, more egalitarian society. The educational approach to multiculturalism has since spread to the grade school system, as school systems try to rework their curricula to introduce students to diversity earlier – often on the grounds that it is important for minority students to see themselves represented in
7169-431: The immigrant cultures are mixed and amalgamated without state intervention. The melting pot theory implied that each individual immigrant, and each group of immigrants, assimilated into American society at their own pace. This is different from multiculturalism as it is defined above, which does not include complete assimilation and integration. The melting pot tradition co-exists with a belief in national unity, dating from
7276-458: The individual's multiple citizenship from other countries. Though 97% of Argentina's population self-identify as of European descent and mestizo to this day a high level of multiculturalism remains a feature of Argentina's culture , allowing foreign festivals and holidays (e.g. Saint Patrick's Day ), supporting all kinds of art or cultural expression from ethnic groups , as well as their diffusion through an important multicultural presence in
7383-402: The larger state as a whole, without impinging on the rights of the larger society. He bases this on his opinion that human rights fall short in protecting the rights of minorities, as the state has no stake in protecting the minorities. C. James Trotman argues that multiculturalism is valuable because it "uses several disciplines to highlight neglected aspects of our social history, particularly
7490-581: The leading perpetrators of domestic terrorism in the U.S. According to a 2020 study by the Strategic & International Studies, right-wing extremists are responsible for the murder of 329 people since 1994 (over half due to the terrorist bombing of the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah building in Oklahoma City, which killed 168 people). A 2007 study by Robert Putnam encompassing 30,000 people across
7597-514: The leisure centre (demolished 2007) set in a car park was completed. Building began on the redevelopment in 1965 and completed in 1974. In recent years, Edmonton has been transformed from a predominantly white area into one of the most ethnically diverse areas in England as a result of increased immigration. At the 2001 census, 66.1% of the population of the Edmonton constituency was white, whereas at
7704-462: The liberalism that has been the hallmark of Western societies since the Age of Enlightenment . The contact hypothesis in sociology is a well-documented phenomenon in which cooperative interactions with those from a different group than one's own reduce prejudice and inter-group hostility. Will Kymlicka argues for "group differentiated rights", that help both religious and cultural minorities operate within
7811-491: The long run we'll all be better." Putnam denied allegations he was arguing against diversity in society and contended that his paper had been "twisted" to make a case against race-conscious admissions to universities. He asserted that his "extensive research and experience confirm the substantial benefits of diversity, including racial and ethnic diversity, to our society." Ethnologist Frank Salter writes: Relatively homogeneous societies invest more in public goods, indicating
7918-792: The media. In Argentina there are recognized regional languages Guaraní in Corrientes , Quechua in Santiago del Estero , Qom , Mocoví , and Wichí in Chaco . According to the National Institute of Indigenous Affairs published on its website, there are 1,779 registered indigenous communities in Argentina, belonging to 39 indigenous peoples. Bolivia is a diverse country made up of 36 different types of indigenous groups. Over 62% of Bolivia's population falls into these different indigenous groups, making it
8025-661: The more racially diverse a community is, the greater the loss of trust. People in diverse communities "don't trust the local mayor, they don't trust the local paper, they don't trust other people and they don't trust institutions," writes Putnam. In the presence of such ethnic diversity, Putnam maintains that, "[W]e hunker down. We act like turtles. The effect of diversity is worse than had been imagined. And it's not just that we don't trust people who are not like us. In diverse communities, we don't trust people who do not look like us". Putnam has also stated, however, that "this allergy to diversity tends to diminish and to go away... I think in
8132-711: The most indigenous country in Latin America. Out of the indigenous groups the Aymara and the Quechua are the largest. The latter 30% of the population is a part of the mestizo , which are a people mixed with European and indigenous ancestry. Bolivia's political administrations have endorsed multicultural politics and in 2009 Bolivia's Constitution was inscribed with multicultural principles. The Constitution of Bolivia recognizes 36 official languages besides Spanish, each language has its own culture and indigenous group. Bolivian culture
8239-654: The national policy and returned to an official monoculturalism. A similar reversal is the subject of debate in the United Kingdom, among others, due to evidence of incipient segregation and anxieties over "home-grown" terrorism . Several heads-of-state or heads-of-government have expressed doubts about the success of multicultural policies: The United Kingdom's ex-Prime Minister David Cameron , German Chancellor Angela Merkel , Australia's ex-prime minister John Howard , Spanish ex-prime minister José María Aznar and French ex-president Nicolas Sarkozy have voiced concerns about
8346-462: The new local government district of Enfield, a borough of Greater London. Once a rural village, the opening of the railway and tramway in the 19th century, especially the opening of the high-level station at Lower Edmonton , caused the area to expand rapidly, forming part of the metropolitan and urban area of London, similar to much of the county of Middlesex. The late 19th century saw the establishment of industry on former marshland and movement of
8453-463: The notion of special rights as she feels cultures are mutually constructive, and are shaped by the dominant culture. Brian Barry advocates a difference-blind approach to culture in the political realm and he rejects group-based rights as antithetical to the universalist liberal project, which he views as based on the individual. Susan Moller Okin , a feminist professor of political philosophy, argued in 1999, in "Is multiculturalism bad for women?", that
8560-593: The official languages. In the Western English-speaking countries, multiculturalism as an official national policy started in Canada in 1971, followed by Australia in 1973 where it is maintained today. It was quickly adopted as official policy by most member-states of the European Union . Recently, right-of-center governments in several European states – notably the Netherlands and Denmark – have reversed
8667-415: The other hand, hate speach toward minority groups by politicians can reduce social cohesion. So diversity as such does not undermine social cohesion, hate speech by politicians does. Critics of multiculturalism often debate whether the multicultural ideal of benignly co-existing cultures that interrelate and influence one another, and yet remain distinct, is sustainable, paradoxical, or even desirable. It
8774-402: The principle that all cultures are equal means that the equal rights of women in particular are sometimes severely violated. Harvard professor of political science Robert D. Putnam conducted a nearly decade-long study on how multiculturalism affects social trust. He surveyed 26,200 people in 40 American communities, finding that when the data were adjusted for class, income and other factors,
8881-500: The railway and by a tramway opened by the North London Tramways Company in 1881, brought a working class population to Lower Edmonton and encouraged housing development and the development of Edmonton Green's outdoor market. This had always been the major centre for the village, but by the early 20th century its character had changed to a busy, raucous Cockney centre, alive with costermongers barrows and food stalls,
8988-455: The result of multiple factors that change as the world changes. Historically, support for modern multiculturalism stems from the changes in Western societies after World War II, in what Susanne Wessendorf calls the "human rights revolution", in which the horrors of institutionalized racism and ethnic cleansing became almost impossible to ignore in the wake of the Holocaust ; with the collapse of
9095-474: The scientific theories of many thinkers of this multi-ethnic empire. After the First World War, ethnic minorities were disadvantaged, forced to emigrate or even murdered in most regions in the area of the former Habsburg monarchy due to the prevailing nationalism at the time. In many areas, these ethnic mosaics no longer exist today. The ethnic mix of that time can only be experienced in a few areas, such as in
9202-399: The short-term problems. Putnam adds that his "extensive research and experience confirm the substantial benefits of diversity, including racial and ethnic diversity, to our society." Venezuela is home to a variety of ethnic groups, with an estimated population of 32 million, as of 2018 . Their population is composed of approximately 68% mestizo, which means of mixed race. Venezuelan culture
9309-465: The social importance of immigration. The Canadian Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism is often referred to as the origins of modern political awareness of multiculturalism. Canada has provided provisions to the French speaking majority of Quebec, whereby they function as an autonomous community with special rights to govern the members of their community, as well as establish French as one of
9416-444: The southern part as Upper Edmonton . Situated 8.4 miles (13.5 km) north-northeast of Charing Cross , it borders Enfield to the north, Chingford to the east, and Tottenham to the south, with Palmers Green and Winchmore Hill to the west. The population of Edmonton was 82,472 as of 2011. The town forms part of the ceremonial county of Greater London and until 1965 was in the ancient county of Middlesex . Historically
9523-405: The town has been transformed from a predominantly white area into one of the most ethnically diverse areas in England, with the majority of the population now belonging to an ethnic minority background, as first recorded in the 2011 census . In 1795, the town gave its name to Fort Edmonton , which grew and evolved into the city of Edmonton , the capital city of Alberta , Canada. Edmonton
9630-464: The town of Ware ten miles (16 km) distant. On the return journey, Gilpin is still unable to handle his steed, as he once again he fails to stop at The Bell . The horse gallops back to Cheapside much to the dismay of his concerned spouse. Gilpin is remembered in Edmonton by the statue at Fore Street, the ex- Wetherspoons outlet the Gilpin's Bell public house opposite the site of the original inn and
9737-635: The turn of the 20th century. It was partly in response to a new wave of European imperialism in sub-Saharan Africa and the massive immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans to the United States and Latin America. Philosophers, psychologists and historians and early sociologists such as Charles Sanders Peirce , William James , George Santayana , Horace Kallen , John Dewey , W. E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke developed concepts of cultural pluralism, from which emerged what we understand today as multiculturalism. In Pluralistic Universe (1909), William James espoused
9844-436: The venue for travelling circuses and fairs. On several occasions the local council tried unsuccessfully to close down the market. The direct line from London to Enfield Town was opened in four stages, from Bethnal Green to Stoke Newington on 27 May 1872; from Stoke Newington through to Lower Edmonton High Level on 22 July 1872, with stations in Edmonton at Silver Street and a new High Level station at Lower Edmonton, which
9951-488: The world". He explained that the experience of Canadian governance—its commitment to pluralism and its support for the rich multicultural diversity of its people—is something that must be shared and would be of benefit to all societies in other parts of the world. The Economist ran a cover story in 2016 praising Canada as the most successful multicultural society in the West. The Economist argued that Canada's multiculturalism
10058-471: The £1.5 billion Meridian Water redevelopment on former industrial land by 2026. The Edmonton constituency had a population of 96,493 in the 2001 census. The white groups made up 66.1% of the population and thirteen other ethnic groups the remainder. The most spoken foreign language in all three wards is Turkish . The median house price as of 2014 in the Edmonton Green ward was £210,000. This
10165-524: Was a source of strength that united the diverse population and by attracting immigrants from around the world was also an engine of economic growth as well. Many public and private groups in Canada work to support both multiculturalism and recent immigrants to Canada. In an effort to support recent Filipino immigrants to Alberta, for example, one school board partnered with a local university and an immigration agency to support these new families in their school and community. Mexico has historically always been
10272-484: Was also born from the conquest, which meant being half-Indigenous and half-Spanish. Mexico City has recently been integrating rapidly, doing much better than many cities in a sample conducted by the Intercultural Cities Index (being the only non-European city, alongside Montreal , on the index). Mexico is an ethnically diverse country with a population composed of approximately 123 million in 2017. There
10379-432: Was badly sited and the trains were slow and expensive, few people used the railway in the early days, preferring the horse buses. In 1845 there were buses every 15 minutes along Fore Street, travelling alternately to Bishopsgate and Holborn . The single-track line from a junction just north of Angel Road to Enfield Town opened on 1 March 1849, with an intermediate single-platform station at Lower Edmonton , located at
10486-579: Was built in 1884 to the designs of George Eedes Eachus. The building was enlarged in 1902–3 by W. Gilbee Scott, who added public swimming baths. The baths were replaced by the Edmonton Green Swimming Pool in 1970. The Town Hall was demolished in 1989. The population of this area grew rapidly, reaching 445,875 by 1911 and would today be about 615,000. As the population mushroomed, smaller areas within Middlesex were used for local government, with
10593-457: Was demolished in 1931 to be replaced by Keats Parade. An extant shop carries a blue plaque in commemoration. Edmonton was the home town of Sir James Winter Lake , director of the Hudson's Bay Company . The company's trading outpost named after Edmonton is now the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta . In his 1782 poem, The Diverting History of John Gilpin , William Cowper relates
10700-582: Was found that promoting diversity actually helps in advancing disadvantaged students. A 2018 study in the American Political Science Review cast doubts on findings that ethnoracial homogeneity led to greater public goods provision. A 2015 study in the American Journal of Sociology challenged past research showing that racial diversity adversely affected trust. According to migration researcher Hein de Haas , research shows that there
10807-549: Was founded in 1889 with land given by Samuel Montagu . The walled cemetery is bordered by Salmons Brook which forms part of the Pymmes Brook Trail and a footpath which follows the course of the disused Lower Edmonton low level railway. Rabbi Eliezer Gordon is buried here. The cemetery contains the war graves of 7 Commonwealth service personnel of the First World War and 23 of the Second World War . The entrance
10914-571: Was mired in controversy, including events such as the mass murder committed against Székelys by the Habsburg army in 1764 and the destruction of Romanian Orthodox Churches and Monasteries in Transylvania by Adolf Nikolaus von Buccow. Both events had happened during the rule of Maria Theresa . Today's topical issues such as social and cultural differentiation, multilingualism, competing identity offers or multiple cultural identities have already shaped
11021-540: Was named after Eley Brothers the firearms cartridge manufacturer. Its shot tower was a distinctive landmark on the skyline until being demolished the late twentieth century. Due to its close proximity to the River Lee Navigation , timber was transported by barge from the London Docks and stored in riverside wharves. As a result, many furniture makers including Nathans, Beautility and Homeworthy established factories. Today, Parker-Knoll products are manufactured at
11128-427: Was re-constructed and electrified during 1905, lasting until 1938 when trolley buses took over. By the 1930s, the area had become a major shopping destination drawing visitors from a wide catchment area. The early post war years saw much of the area in a run down state. There was also an acute housing shortage. Comprehensive redevelopment of the area was agreed in 1960, to a plan by Frederick Gibberd & Partners for
11235-670: Was renamed Edmonton Green in 1992; the short section from Lower Edmonton High Level to Edmonton Junction (where the new line met the original Eastern Counties Railway route from Angel Road to Enfield Town via Lower Edmonton Low Level) on 1 August 1872; and the suburban platforms on the west side of Liverpool Street station on 2 February 1874. The stations were well sited and offered exceptionally cheap workmen's fares of just 2d on trains arriving at Liverpool Street prior to 07:00, 3d on those arriving between 07:00 and 07:30, and half-price returns on those arriving between 07:30 and 08:00. A horse tramway along Fore Street opened in 1881. The tramway
11342-407: Was subsequently executed at Tyburn ; her story was told in a pamphlet by Henry Goodcole , and in a 1621 play entitled The Witch of Edmonton . The historic All Saints' Church is situated in Church Street as is Lamb's Cottage, which was home to writers Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb . John Keats , the poet, was apprenticed to surgeon Dr. Hammond in Church Street between 1810 and 1816. The house
11449-465: Was the design of Providence, that an inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united to each other by the strongest ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties. As a philosophy, multiculturalism began as part of the pragmatism movement at the end of the 19th century in Europe and the United States, then as political and cultural pluralism at
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