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103-427: The journal was established in 1990 by JAI Press. It is currently published by Elsevier , which acquired JAI Press in 1998. Under the editorship of John Antonakis the journal made a major strategic turn in 2017 toward Open science and robust causal designs having policy implications. The current editor-in-chief , George C. Banks (University of N. Carolina, Charlotte), is further pushing in this direction. According to

206-443: A social science journal is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about academic journals . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . Elsevier Elsevier ( Dutch: [ˈɛlzəviːr] ) is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as The Lancet , Cell ,

309-593: A German civilian governor on 29 May 1940, unlike France or Denmark, which had their own governments, and Belgium, which was under German military control. The civil government, the Reichskommissariat Niederlande , was headed by the Austrian Nazi Arthur Seyss-Inquart . The German occupiers implemented a policy of Gleichschaltung ("enforced conformity" or "coordination") and systematically eliminated non-Nazi organisations. In 1940,

412-691: A UK company making software for managing and sharing research papers. Mendeley, previously an open platform for sharing of research, was greatly criticized for the sale, which users saw as acceding to the " paywall " approach to research literature. Mendeley's previously open-sharing system now allows exchange of paywalled resources only within private groups. The New Yorker described Elsevier's reasons for buying Mendeley as two-fold: to acquire its user data, and to "destroy or coöpt an open-science icon that threatens its business model ". During 2018 , researchers submitted over 1.8 million research papers to Elsevier-based publications. Over 20,000 editors managed

515-554: A complaint against Elsevier was filed with the European Commission, alleging anticompetitive practices stemming from Elsevier's confidential subscription agreements and market dominance. The European Commission decided not to investigate. The elevated pricing of field journals in economics, most of which are published by Elsevier, was one of the motivations that moved the American Economic Association to launch

618-560: A form of passive resistance took place there with people working slowly or poorly. Shortly after it was established, the military regime began to persecute the Jews of the Netherlands. In 1940, there were no deportations, and only small measures were taken against the Jews. In February 1941, the Nazis deported a small group of Dutch Jews to Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp . The Dutch reacted with

721-737: A million pounds to Elsevier annually. The company has been criticized not only by advocates of a switch to the open-access publication model, but also by universities whose library budgets make it difficult for them to afford current journal prices. For example, in 2004, a resolution by Stanford University 's senate singled out Elsevier's journals as being "disproportionately expensive compared to their educational and research value", which librarians should consider dropping, and encouraged its faculty "not to contribute articles or editorial or review efforts to publishers and journals that engage in exploitive or exorbitant pricing". Similar guidelines and criticism of Elsevier's pricing policies have been passed by

824-589: A peer-reviewed academic journal but in fact contained only articles favourable to Merck drugs. Merck described the journal as a "complimentary publication", denied claims that articles within it were ghost written by Merck, and stated that the articles were all reprinted from peer-reviewed medical journals. In May 2009, Elsevier Health Sciences CEO Hansen released a statement regarding Australia-based sponsored journals, conceding that they were "sponsored article compilation publications, on behalf of pharmaceutical clients, that were made to look like journals and lacked

927-483: A petition advocating noncooperation with Elsevier (that is, not submitting papers to Elsevier journals, not refereeing articles in Elsevier journals, and not participating in journal editorial boards), appeared on the site "The Cost of Knowledge". By February 2012, this petition had been signed by over 5,000 academics, growing to over 17,000 by November 2018. The firm disputed the claims, claiming that their prices are below

1030-587: A range of false names to defend his editorial practice in communications with Nature , and described this behavior as "curious" and "bizarre". Elsevier's 'Duties of Authors' states that authors should ensure they have written entirely original works, and that proper acknowledgement of others' work must always be given. Elsevier claims plagiarism in all its forms constitutes unethical behaviour. Some Elsevier journals automatically screen submissions for plagiarism, but not all. Albanian politician Taulant Muka claimed that Elsevier journal Procedia had plagiarized in

1133-417: A reported profit before tax of £2,295 million with an adjusted operating margin of 33.1% in 2023. Much of the research that Elsevier publishes is publicly funded; its high costs have led to accusations of rent-seeking , boycotts, and the rise of alternate avenues for publication and access, such as preprint servers and shadow libraries . Elsevier was founded in 1880 and adopted the name and logo from

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1236-675: A sanction that hit 34 journals in total. In 2023, the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, which is published by Elsevier, was criticized for desk-rejecting a submitted article for the main reason that it did not cite enough articles from the same journal. The editorial boards of a number of journals have resigned because of disputes with Elsevier over pricing: Editorial boards have also resigned over open access policies or other issues: In 2003, various university librarians began coordinating with each other to complain about Elsevier's " big deal " journal bundling packages, in which

1339-463: A subscription or pay-per-view purchase. In 2019, Elsevier published 49,000 free open access articles and 370 full open access journals. Moreover, 1,900 of its journals sold hybrid open access options. The subscription rates charged by the company for its journals have been criticized; some very large journals (with more than 5,000 articles) charge subscription prices as high as £9,634, far above average, and many British universities pay more than

1442-446: A total of 27 million euros in subscription fees. Over one-third of the total costs went to Elsevier. The information was revealed after successful court appeal following a denied request on the subscription fees, due to confidentiality clauses in contracts with the publishers. Establishing of this fact lead to creation of tiedonhinta.fi petition demanding more reasonable pricing and open access to content signed by more than 2800 members of

1545-725: A total of £982 million. the first half of 2019, RELX reported the first slowdown in revenue growth for Elsevier in several years: 1% vs. an expectation of 2% and a typical growth of at least 4% in the previous 5 years. Overall for 2019, Elsevier reported revenue growth of 3.9% from 2018, with the underlying growth at constant currency at 2%. In 2019, Elsevier accounted for 34% of the revenues of RELX (£2.637billion of £7.874billion). In adjusted operating profits , it represented 39% (£982m of £2.491bn). Adjusted operating profits (with constant currency) rose by 2% from 2018 to 2019. In 2019, researchers submitted over two million research papers to Elsevier-based publications. Over 22,000 editors managed

1648-489: A way to deliver scientific articles to libraries electronically, and would continue for over a decade. In 1991, in conjunction with nine American universities, Elsevier's The University Licensing Project (TULIP) was the first step in creating published, copyrighted material available over the Internet. It formed the basis for ScienceDirect , launched six years later. In 1997, after almost two decades of experiments, ScienceDirect

1751-509: Is Elsevier's platform for online electronic access to its journals and over 40,000 e-books, reference works, book series, and handbooks. The articles are grouped in four main sections: Physical Sciences and Engineering , Life Sciences , Health Sciences , and Social Sciences and Humanities . For most articles on the website, abstracts are freely available; access to the full text of the article (in PDF, and also HTML for newer publications) often requires

1854-447: Is Kumsal Bayazit, who was appointed on 15 February 2019. In 2018, it reported a mean 2017 gender pay gap of 29.1% for its UK workforce, while the median was 40.4%, the highest yet reported by a publisher in UK. Elsevier attributed the result to the under-representation of women in its senior ranks and the prevalence of men in its technical workforce. The UK workforce consists of 1,200 people in

1957-492: Is part of the RELX Group , known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier, a publicly traded company. According to RELX reports, in 2022 Elsevier published more than 600,000 articles annually in over 2,800 journals; as of 2018 its archives contained over 17 million documents and 40,000 e-books , with over one billion annual downloads. Researchers have criticized Elsevier for its high profit margins and copyright practices . The company had

2060-603: Is the official journal of the International Society for Intelligence Research , which organizes the controversial series of conferences London Conference on Intelligence , described by the New Statesman as a forum for scientific racism. In response to a 2019 open letter, efforts by Retraction Watch and a petition signed by over 1000 people, on 17 June 2020 Elsevier announced it was retracting an article that J. Philippe Rushton and Donald Templer published in 2012 in

2163-566: The American Economic Journal in 2009. RELX Group has been active in mergers and acquisitions . Elsevier has incorporated other businesses that were either complementing or competing in the field of research and publishing and that reinforce its market power , such as Mendeley (after the closure of 2collab ), SSRN , bepress / Digital Commons , PlumX , Hivebench, Newsflo, Science-Metrix, and Interfolio . Elsevier also conducts conferences, exhibitions, and workshops around

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2266-563: The Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 9.1. According to various journal quality lists, The Leadership Quarterly is highly ranked. Its acceptance rate is historically below 10%, and in the latest editorial it was reported to be 7% Former editors include: The journal was recently distinguished by one of its recent articles, which won the 2018 Ig Nobel prize in Economics. This article about

2369-507: The Afsluitdijk . "The new Reich has endeavored to continue the traditional friendship with Holland [sic]. It has not taken over any existing differences between the two countries and has not created any new ones." German guarantee of neutrality, 6 October 1939 During World War I , the Dutch government, under Pieter Cort van der Linden , had managed to preserve Dutch neutrality throughout

2472-649: The Ardennes and to lure British and French forces deeper into Belgium and to pre-empt a possible British invasion in North Holland . The Luftwaffe needed to take over the Dutch airfields on the North Sea to launch air raids against the United Kingdom. The armed forces of the Netherlands , with insufficient and outdated weapons and equipment, were caught largely unprepared. Much of their weaponry had not changed since

2575-466: The Australasian Journal of Neurology ( Australas. J. Neurol. ), the Australasian Journal of Cardiology ( Australas. J. Cardiol. ), the Australasian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy ( Australas. J. Clin. Pharm. ), and the Australasian Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine ( Australas. J. Cardiovasc. Med. ). Excerpta Medica was a "strategic medical communications agency" run by Elsevier, according to

2678-609: The British Empire , France and Nazi Germany, the German government issued a guarantee of neutrality to the Netherlands. The government gradually mobilised the Dutch military from August 1939 that had reached its full strength by April 1940. Despite its policy of neutrality, the Netherlands were invaded on the morning of 10 May 1940, without a formal declaration of war, by German forces moving simultaneously into Belgium and Luxembourg . The attackers meant to draw Allied forces away from

2781-599: The Dutch publishing house Elzevir that was an inspiration but has no connection to the contemporary Elsevier. The Elzevir family operated as booksellers and publishers in the Netherlands ; the founder, Lodewijk Elzevir (1542–1617), lived in Leiden and established that business in 1580. As a company logo, Elsevier used the Elzevir family's printer's mark , a tree entwined with a vine and

2884-567: The February strike , a nationwide protest against the deportations, unique in the history of Nazi-occupied Europe. Although the strike did not accomplish much—its leaders were executed—it was an initial setback for Seyss-Inquart. He had intended both to deport the Jews and to win the Dutch over to the Nazi cause. Before the February strike, the Nazis had installed a Jewish Council (Dutch: Joodse Raad ). This

2987-624: The Nazis occupied the Netherlands for the duration of five years from May 1940, he had just founded a second international office, the Elsevier Publishing Company Inc. in New York . In 1947, Elsevier began publishing its first English-language journal, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta . In 1971 the firm acquired Excerpta Medica ,a small medical abstract publisher based in Amsterdam . As

3090-503: The Netherlands were hit by the Great Depression , which had begun in 1929. The incumbent government of Hendrikus Colijn pursued a programme of extensive cuts to maintain the value of the guilder , which resulted in workers' riots in Amsterdam and a naval mutiny between 1933 and 1934. Eventually, in 1936, the government was forced to abandon the gold standard and to devalue the currency. Numerous fascist movements emerged in

3193-431: The R package "statcheck". Elsevier is one of the most prolific publishers of books aimed at expanding the production of fossil fuels . Since at least 2010 the company has worked with the fossil fuel industry to optimise fossil fuel extraction. It commissions authors, journal advisory board members and editors who are employees of the largest oil firms. In addition it markets data services and research portals directly to

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3296-468: The Royal Dutch Navy in Dutch waters fled to the United Kingdom. During the four-day campaign, about 2,300 Dutch soldiers were killed and 7,000 wounded, and more than 3,000 Dutch civilians also died. The Germans lost 2,200 men killed and 7,000 wounded. In addition, 1,300 German soldiers captured by the Dutch during the campaign, many around The Hague, had been shipped to Britain and remained POWs for

3399-701: The ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals , Trends , the Current Opinion series, the online citation database Scopus , the SciVal tool for measuring research performance, the ClinicalKey search engine for clinicians, and the ClinicalPath evidence-based cancer care service. Elsevier's products and services include digital tools for data management , instruction, research analytics, and assessment. Elsevier

3502-527: The University of California , Harvard University , and Duke University . In July 2015, the Association of Universities in the Netherlands threatened to boycott Elsevier, which refused to negotiate on any open access policy for Dutch universities. After a year of negotiation, Elsevier pledged to make 30% of research published by Dutch researchers in Elsevier journals open access by 2018. In October 2018,

3605-505: The journal impact factor . The impact factor, which is often used as a proxy of prestige , can influence revenues, subscriptions, and academics' willingness to contribute unpaid work. However, there's evidence suggesting that reliability of published research works in several fields may decrease with increasing journal rank. Nine Elsevier journals, which exhibited unusual levels of self-citation , had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended from Journal Citation Reports in 2020,

3708-695: The 'velvet glove' approach; by appeasing the population he tried to win them for the National Socialist ideology. That meant that he kept repression and economic extraction as low as possible and tried to co-operate with the elite and government officials in the country. There was also a pragmatic reason since the NSB offered insufficient candidates and had no great popular support. The German market went open, and Dutch companies benefited greatly from export to Germany even if that might be seen as collaboration if goods might be used for German war efforts. In any case, despite

3811-544: The Allied troops, followed Berlin's Nero Decree and destroyed goods and property (destructions of the Amsterdam and Rotterdam ports, inundations), but others tried to mediate the situation. The Luftwaffe was especially interested in the Netherlands, as the country was designated to become the main area for the air force bases from which to attack the United Kingdom. The Germans started construction of ten major military air bases on

3914-590: The British victory in the Battle of Britain , many considered a German victory a realistic possibility and that it would therefore be wise to side with the winner. As a result, with the ban on other political parties, the NSB grew rapidly. Although gasoline pumps had been sealed in 1940, the occupation seemed tolerable. After the failure of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941 and the subsequent German defeats at Moscow and Stalingrad in

4017-547: The Dutch forces surrendered. The Dutch government and the royal family relocated to London . Princess Juliana and her children sought refuge in Ottawa, Canada until after the war. German occupation lasted in some areas until the German surrender in May 1945. Active resistance , at first carried out by a minority, grew in the course of the occupation. The occupiers deported the majority of

4120-496: The Dutch more harshly, and notable socialists were imprisoned. Later in the war, Catholic priests, including Titus Brandsma , were deported to concentration camps. Concentration camps were built at Vught and Amersfoort as well. Eventually, with the assistance of Dutch police and civil service, the majority of the Dutch Jews were deported to concentration camps. Germany was particularly effective at deporting and killing Jews in

4223-524: The Eastern Front of World War II , Germany increased economic extraction from its occupied territories, including the Netherlands. Economic extraction increased, and production was limited mostly to sectors relevant for the war effort. Repression increased, especially against the Jewish population. After the Allied invasion of June 1944, the railroad strike and the frontline running through the Netherlands caused

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4326-614: The Elsevier journal Personality and Individual Differences . The article had claimed that there was scientific evidence that skin color was related to aggression and sexuality in humans. One of their journals, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis , was involved in the manipulation of the peer review report. According to the signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (see also Goodhart's law ), commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of bibliometrics and scientometrics , such as

4429-560: The First World War. In particular, the Royal Netherlands Army did not have comparable armoured forces and could mount only a limited number of armoured cars and tankettes . The air force had only 140 aircraft, mostly outdated biplanes . Sixty-five of the Dutch aircraft were destroyed on the first day of the campaign. The invading forces advanced rapidly but faced significant resistance. A Wehrmacht parachute assault on

4532-478: The German regime more or less immediately outlawed all socialist and communist parties. In 1941, it forbade all parties except for the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands . Gleichschaltung was an enormous shock to the Dutch, who had traditionally had separate institutions for all main religious groups, particularly Catholic and Protestant, because of decades of pillarisation . The process

4635-610: The German regime or joined the German armed forces, which usually would mean being placed in the Waffen-SS . Others, like members of the Henneicke Column , were actively involved in capturing hiding Jews for a price and delivering them to the German occupiers. It is estimated that the Henneicke Column captured around 8,000 to 9,000 Dutch Jews who were ultimately murdered in the German death camps . The National Socialist Movement in

4738-524: The Germans paid a bounty to Dutch police and administration officials to locate and identify Jews, aiding in their capture. Communists in and around the city of Amsterdam organised the February strike —a general strike (February 1941) to protest against the persecution of Jewish citizens. World War II occurred in four distinct phases in the Netherlands: The Allies liberated most of the south of

4841-635: The Jews (2005). He found in newly-declassified records that the Germans paid a bounty to police and other collaborators, such as the Colonnie Henneicke group, for tracking down Jews. A 2018 publication, De 102.000 namen , lists the 102,000 known victims of the persecution of Jewish, Sinti, and Roma people from the Netherlands; the book is published by Boom, Amsterdam, under the auspices of the Westerbork Remembrance Center. Many Dutch men and women chose or were forced to collaborate with

4944-510: The Jews. In 1939 the Jewish population of the Netherlands was between 140,000 and 150,000, 24,000–34,000 of whom were refugees from Germany and German-controlled areas. That year, the Committee for Jewish Refugees established the Westerbork transit camp to process incoming refugees; in 1942 the German occupiers repurposed it to process outgoing Jews to labour and concentration camps. Over half of

5047-636: The Netherlands during the Great Depression era, which were inspired by Italian fascism or German Nazism , but they never attracted enough members to be an effective mass movement. The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging, NSB) supported by the National Socialist German Workers' Party which took power in Germany in 1933, attempted to expand in 1935. Nazi-style racial ideology had limited appeal in

5150-482: The Netherlands in the second half of 1944. The rest of the country, especially the west and north, remained under German occupation and suffered from a famine at the end of 1944, known as the " Hunger Winter ". On 5 May 1945, German surrender at Lüneburg Heath led to the final liberation of the whole country. The Dutch colonies such as the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia) caused the Netherlands to be one of

5253-469: The Netherlands officially signed the surrender with Germany. Dutch forces in the province of Zeeland , which had come under French control, continued fighting alongside French forces until 17 May, when the bombardment of the town of Middelburg forced them to surrender also. The Dutch Empire , in particular the Dutch East Indies , supported the Allies; the colonies were unaffected by the surrender. Many ships of

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5356-562: The Netherlands on the first day, which allowed the Wehrmacht to outflank the nearby Belgian Fort Ében-Émael and force the Belgian army to withdraw from the German border. In the eastern Netherlands, the Germans succeeded in pushing the Dutch back from the Grebbe Line , but their advance was slowed by the Dutch fortifications on the narrow Afsluitdijk Causeway that linked the north-eastern and

5459-586: The Netherlands, as did its calls to violence. At the outbreak of the Second World War , the NSB was already declining in both members and voters. During the interwar period, the government undertook a significant increase in civil infrastructure projects and land reclamation, including the Zuiderzee Works . That resulted in the final draining of seawater from the Wieringermeer polder and the completion of

5562-588: The Netherlands. By 1945, the Dutch Jewish population was about a quarter of what it had been (about 35,000). Of that number, about 8,500 escaped deportation by being in a mixed marriage to a non-Jew; about 16,500 hid or otherwise evaded detection by German authorities; and 7,000–8,000 escaped the Netherlands for the duration of the occupation. The Dutch survival rate of 27% is much lower than in neighbouring Belgium, where 60% of Jews survived, and France, where 75% survived. Historians have offered several hypotheses for

5665-510: The Randstad to be cut off from food and fuel. That resulted in acute need and starvation, the Hongerwinter . The German authorities lost more and more control over the situation as the population tried to keep what little they had away from German confiscations and were less inclined to co-operate now that it was clear that Germany would lose the war. Some Nazis prepared to make a last stand against

5768-529: The Research Works Act. Although the Cost of Knowledge movement was not mentioned, the statement indicated the hope that the move would "help create a less heated and more productive climate" for ongoing discussions with research funders. Hours after Elsevier's statement, the sponsors of the bill, US House Representatives Darrell Issa and Carolyn Maloney , issued a joint statement saying that they would not push

5871-562: The UK, and represents 16% of Elsevier's global employee population. Elsevier's parent company, RELX, has a global workforce that is 51% female to 49% male, with 43% female and 57% male managers, and 29% female and 71% male senior operational managers. In 2018, Elsevier accounted for 34% of the revenues of RELX group (£2.538 billion of £7.492 billion). In operating profits , it represented 40% (£942 million of £2,346 million). Adjusted operating profits (with constant currency) rose by 2% from 2017 to 2018. Profits grew further from 2018 to 2019, to

5974-622: The abstract of one of its articles. It is unclear whether or not Muka had access to the entirety of the article. Angela Saini has criticized the two Elsevier journals Intelligence and Personality and Individual Differences for having included on their editorial boards such well-known proponents of scientific racism as Richard Lynn and Gerhard Meisenberg ; in response to her inquiries, Elsevier defended their presence as editors. The journal Intelligence has been criticized for having "occasionally included papers with pseudoscientific findings about intelligence differences between races". It

6077-658: The bill in Congress. The Plan S open-access initiative, which began in Europe and has since spread to some US research funding agencies, would require researchers receiving some grants to publish in open-access journals by 2020. A spokesman for Elsevier said "If you think that information should be free of charge, go to Misplaced Pages ". In September 2018, UBS advised to sell Elsevier (RELX) stocks, noting that Plan S could affect 5-10% of scientific funding and may force Elsevier to reduce pricing. In 2015, Finnish research organizations paid

6180-443: The city of Utrecht had been given an ultimatum similar to that of Rotterdam, Winkelman held a meeting with other Dutch generals. They decided that further resistance was futile and wanted to protect civilian residents. In the afternoon of 14 May, Winkelman issued a proclamation to his army to order them to surrender: This afternoon Germany bombarded Rotterdam, while Utrecht has also been threatened with destruction. In order to spare

6283-423: The civil population and to prevent further bloodshed I feel myself justified in ordering all troops concerned to suspend operations ... By great superiority of the most modern means [the enemy] has succeeded in breaking our resistance. We have nothing wherewith to reproach ourselves in connection with this war. Your bearing and that of the forces was calm, firm of purpose and worthy of the Netherlands. On 15 May,

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6386-511: The company offered a group of journal subscriptions to libraries at a certain rate, but in which librarians claimed no economical option was available to subscribe to only the popular journals at a rate comparable to the bundled rate. Librarians continued to discuss the implications of the pricing schemes, many feeling pressured into buying the Elsevier packages without other options. On 21 January 2012, mathematician Timothy Gowers publicly announced he would boycott Elsevier, noting that others in

6489-534: The conflict. In the Interwar Period, the Netherlands had continued to pursue its "Independence Policy" even after the rise to power of the Nazi Party in Germany in 1933. The Anti-Revolutionary Party 's conservative prime minister, Hendrikus Colijn , who held power from 1933 until 1939, believed that the Netherlands could never withstand an attack by a major power. Pragmatically, the government did not spend much on

6592-576: The country's Jews to Nazi concentration camps . Due to the high variation in the survival rate of Jewish inhabitants among local regions in the Netherlands, scholars have questioned the validity of a single explanation at the national level. In part due to the well-organised population registers, about 70% of the country's Jewish population were killed in the course of World War II—a much higher percentage than in either Belgium or France , although lower than in Lithuania. Declassified records revealed that

6695-580: The day after the formal Dutch surrender, 15 May 1940. Each of them was intended to have at least 2 or 3 hard surface runways, a dedicated railway connection, major built-up and heated repair and overhaul facilities, extensive indoor and outdoor storage spaces, and most had housing and facilities for 2,000 to 3,000 men. Each air base also had an auxiliary and often a decoy airfield, complete with mock-up planes made from plywood. The largest became Deelen Air Base , north of Arnhem (twelve former German buildings at Deelen are now national monuments). Adjacent to Deelen,

6798-460: The defence of the country, which included the " New Dutch Waterline ", an area to the east of Amsterdam that would be flooded. From 1939, fortified positions were constructed, including the Grebbe and Peel-Raam Lines , to protect the key cities of Dordrecht , Utrecht , Haarlem and Amsterdam, and creating a Vesting Holland (or "Fortress Holland"). In late 1939, with war already declared between

6901-415: The entire European coast from southwestern France to Denmark and Norway , included the coastline of the Netherlands. Some towns, such as Scheveningen , were evacuated because of that. In The Hague alone, 3,200 houses were demolished and 2,594 were dismantled. 20,000 houses were cleared, and 65,000 people were forced to move. The Arbeitseinsatz also included forcing the Dutch to work on these projects, but

7004-487: The field have been doing so privately. The reasons for the boycott are high subscription prices for individual journals, bundling subscriptions to journals of different value and importance, and Elsevier's support for SOPA , PIPA , and the Research Works Act , which would have prohibited open-access mandates for U.S. federally-funded research and severely restricted the sharing of scientific data. Following this,

7107-605: The first and only company in the world that employed a database for the production of journals, it introduced computer technology to Elsevier. In 1978 Elsevier merged with Dutch newspaper publisher NDU, and devised a strategy to broadcast textual news to people's television sets through Viewdata and Teletext technology. In 1979 Elsevier Science Publishers launched the Article Delivery Over Network Information System (ADONIS) project in conjunction with four business partners. The project aims to find

7210-497: The first day , aimed at capturing the Dutch government in The Hague and the key airfields at Ockenburg and Ypenburg , was defeated by Dutch ground forces with heavy casualties. The Dutch succeeded in destroying significant numbers of transport aircraft that the Germans would need for their planned invasion of Britain . However, the German forces succeeded in crossing the Maas river in

7313-497: The first day of the campaign, when German infantrymen in seaplanes landed on the Maas River and captured several bridges intact. The Germans hesitated to risk a tank attack on the city for fear of heavy casualties. Instead, the German commander presented an ultimatum to the Dutch commander in the city. He demanded the surrender of the Dutch garrison and threatened to destroy the city by aerial bombing if it did not accept. The ultimatum

7416-477: The first line of western air defence for Germany and its industrial heartland of the Ruhrgebiet , complete with extensive flak , sound detection installations and later radar. The first German night-hunter squadron started its operations from the Netherlands. Some 30,000 Luftwaffe men and women were involved in the Netherlands throughout the war. The Arbeitseinsatz , the drafting of civilians for forced labour,

7519-463: The fossil fuel industry to help "increase the odds of exploration success". In 2013, one of Elsevier's journals was caught in the sting set up by John Bohannon , published in Science , called "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?" The journal Drug Invention Today accepted an obviously bogus paper made up by Bohannon that should have been rejected by any good peer-review system. Instead, Drug Invention Today

7622-447: The imprint's web page. In October 2010, Excerpta Medica was acquired by Adelphi Worldwide. There was speculation that the editor-in-chief of Elsevier journal Chaos, Solitons & Fractals , Mohamed El Naschie , misused his power to publish his own work without appropriate peer review. The journal had published 322 papers with El Naschie as author since 1993. The last issue of December 2008 featured five of his papers. The controversy

7725-461: The industry average, and stating that bundling is only one of several different options available to buy access to Elsevier journals. The company also claimed that its profit margins are "simply a consequence of the firm's efficient operation". The academics replied that their work was funded by public money, thus should be freely available. On 27 February 2012, Elsevier issued a statement on its website that declared that it has withdrawn support from

7828-408: The large central air control bunker for Belgium and the Netherlands, Diogenes, was set up. Within a year, the attack strategy had to be altered to a defensive operation. The ensuing air war over the Netherlands cost almost 20,000 airmen (Allied and German) their lives and 6,000 planes went down over the country, an average of three per day during the five years of the war. The Netherlands turned into

7931-647: The low survival rate, including: Marnix Croes and Peter Tammes examined the survival rates among the different regions of the Netherlands. They conclude that most of the hypotheses do not explain the data. They suggest that a more likely explanation was the varying "ferocity" with which the Germans and their Dutch collaborators hunted Jews in hiding in the different regions. In 2002, Ad Van Liempt published Kopgeld: Nederlandse premiejagers op zoek naar joden, 1943 (Bounty: Dutch bounty hunters in search of Jews, 1943), published in English as Hitler's Bounty Hunters: The Betrayal of

8034-407: The military. Although military spending was doubled between 1938 and 1939, amid rising international tensions, it constituted only 4% of national spending in 1939, in contrast to nearly 25% of Nazi Germany. The Dutch government believed it could rely on its neutrality or at least the informal support of foreign powers to defend its interests in case of war. The government began to work on plans for

8137-453: The norm in scholarly publishing, nor is it wrong to offer to nominally compensate people for their time. But in all instances the request should be unbiased, with no incentives for a positive review, and that's where this particular e-mail went too far", and that it was a mistake by a marketing employee. Elsevier seeks to regulate text and data mining with private licenses, claiming that reading requires extra permission if automated and that

8240-453: The north-western parts of the Netherlands. The German forces advanced rapidly and, by the fourth day, were in control of most of the east of the country. The Dutch realised that neither British nor French troops could reach the Netherlands in sufficient numbers to halt the invasion, particularly with the speed of the German advance into Belgium . Fighting in Rotterdam had taken place since

8343-1460: The peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of about 500,000 articles in over 2,500 journals. In 2020 Elsevier was the largest academic publisher, with approximately 16% of the academic publishing market and more than 3000 journals. Products and services include electronic and print versions of journals, textbooks and reference works , and cover the health , life, physical, and social sciences . The target markets are academic and government research institutions, corporate research labs, booksellers, librarians, scientific researchers, authors, editors, physicians, nurses, allied health professionals, medical and nursing students and schools, medical researchers, pharmaceutical companies , hospitals, and research establishments. It publishes in 13 languages including English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Japanese, Hindi, and Chinese. Flagship products and services include VirtualE, ScienceDirect , Scopus , Scirus , EMBASE , Engineering Village, Compendex , Cell , Knovel, SciVal, Pure, and Analytical Services, The Consult series (FirstCONSULT, PathCONSULT, NursingCONSULT, MDConsult, StudentCONSULT), Virtual Clinical Excursions, and major reference works such as Gray's Anatomy , Nelson Pediatrics , Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , Netter 's Atlas of Human Anatomy , and online versions of many journals including The Lancet . ScienceDirect

8446-463: The peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of more than 470,000 articles in over 2,500 journals. Editors are generally unpaid volunteers who perform their duties alongside a full-time job in academic institutions, although exceptions have been reported. In 2013, the five editorial groups Elsevier, Springer , Wiley-Blackwell , Taylor & Francis , and SAGE Publications published more than half of all academic papers in

8549-520: The peer-reviewed literature. At that time, Elsevier accounted for 16% of the world market in science, technology, and medical publishing. In 2019, Elsevier accounted for the review, editing and dissemination of 18% of the world's scientific articles. About 45% of revenue by geography in 2019 derived from North America, 24% from Europe, and the remaining 31% from the rest of the world. Around 84% of revenue by format came from electronic usage and 16% came from print. The firm employs 8,100 people. The CEO

8652-521: The proper disclosures". The statement acknowledged that it "was an unacceptable practice". The Scientist reported that, according to an Elsevier spokesperson, six sponsored publications "were put out by their Australia office and bore the Excerpta Medica imprint from 2000 to 2005", namely the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine ( Australas. J. Bone Joint Med. ), the Australasian Journal of General Practice ( Australas. J. Gen. Pract. ),

8755-404: The publisher holds copyright on output of automated processes . The conflict on research and copyright policy has often resulted in researchers being blocked from their work. In November 2015, Elsevier blocked a scientist from performing text mining research at scale on Elsevier papers, even though his institution already pays for access to Elsevier journal content. The data was collected using

8858-492: The research community. While deals with other publishers have been made, this was not the case for Elsevier, leading to the nodealnoreview.org boycott of the publisher signed more than 600 times. Netherlands in World War II Despite Dutch neutrality , Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 as part of Fall Gelb (Case Yellow). On 15 May 1940, one day after the bombing of Rotterdam ,

8961-411: The resistance to succeed, it was sometimes necessary for its members to feign collaboration with the Germans. After the war, that led to difficulties for those who pretended to collaborate when they could not prove they had been in the resistance, which was difficult because it was in the nature of the job to keep it a secret. The Atlantic Wall , a gigantic coastal defence line built by the Germans along

9064-406: The rest of the war. Queen Wilhelmina and the Dutch government succeeded in escaping from the Netherlands before the surrender and formed a government-in-exile . Princess Juliana and her children went to Canada for safety. Initially, the Netherlands was placed under German military control. However, after the refusal of the Dutch government to return, the Netherlands was placed under control by

9167-572: The top five oil producers in the world at the time and to have the world's largest aircraft factory in the Interbellum (Fokker), which aided the neutrality of the Netherlands and the success of its arms dealings in the First World War . The country was one of the richest in Europe and could easily have afforded a large and modern military . Dutch governments between 1929 and 1943 were dominated by Christian and centre-right political parties. From 1933,

9270-400: The total Jewish population—about 79,000—lived in Amsterdam; this number increased as Germans forcibly moved Dutch Jews into the city in preparation for mass deportation. In May 1942, Jews were ordered to wear Star of David badges . The Catholic Church in the Netherlands publicly condemned the government's action in a letter read at all Sunday parish services. The Nazi government began to treat

9373-488: The town's defences. Under pressure from local officials, the garrison commander surrendered the city and his 10,000 men on the evening of the 14th with the permission of Henri Winkelman , the Dutch commander-in-chief. That opened up the German advance into "Fortress Holland". The Dutch high command was shocked by the Rotterdam Blitz. Knowing that the army was running low on supplies and ammunition and receiving news that

9476-404: The words Non Solus , which is Latin for "not alone". According to Elsevier, this logo represents "the symbiotic relationship between publisher and scholar". The expansion of Elsevier in the scientific field after 1945 was funded with the profits of the newsweekly Elsevier , which published its first issue on 27 October 1945. The weekly was an instant success and very profitable. The weekly

9579-546: The world, with over 50 conferences a year covering life sciences, physical sciences and engineering, social sciences, and health sciences. According to the BBC , in 2009, the firm [Elsevier] offered a £17.25 Amazon voucher to academics who contributed to the textbook Clinical Psychology if they would go on Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble (a large US books retailer) and give it five stars. Elsevier responded by stating "Encouraging interested parties to post book reviews isn't outside

9682-402: Was a board of Jews, headed by Professor David Cohen and Abraham Asscher . Independent Jewish organisations, such as the Committee for Jewish Refugees —founded by Asscher and Cohen in 1933—were closed. The Jewish Council ultimately served as an instrument for organising the identification and deportation of Jews more efficiently; the Jews on the council were told and convinced they were helping

9785-654: Was a continuation, as is stated in its first issue, of the monthly Elsevier , which was founded in 1891 to promote the name of the publishing house and had to stop publication in December 1940 because of the German occupation of the Netherlands . In May 1939 Klautz established the Elsevier Publishing Company Ltd. in London to distribute these academic titles in the British Commonwealth (except Canada). When

9888-402: Was also launched in 2004). Scopus covers journals, some conference papers and books from various publishers, and measures performance on both author and publication levels. In 2009 SciVal Spotlight was released. This tool enabled research administrators to measure their institution's relative standing in terms of productivity, grants, and publications . In 2013, Elsevier acquired Mendeley ,

9991-517: Was among many open-access journals that accepted the fake paper for publication. As of 2014, this journal had been transferred to a different publisher. At a 2009 court case in Australia where Merck & Co. was being sued by a user of Vioxx , the plaintiff alleged that Merck had paid Elsevier to publish the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine , which had the appearance of being

10094-674: Was covered extensively in blogs. The publisher announced in January 2009 that El Naschie had retired as editor-in-chief. As of November 2011 the co-Editors-in-Chief of the journal were Maurice Courbage and Paolo Grigolini. In June 2011, El Naschie sued the journal Nature for libel, claiming that his reputation had been damaged by their November 2008 article about his retirement, which included statements that Nature had been unable to verify his claimed affiliations with certain international institutions. The suit came to trial in November 2011 and

10197-478: Was dismissed in July 2012, with the judge ruling that the article was "substantially true", contained "honest comment", and was "the product of responsible journalism". The judgement noted that El Naschie, who represented himself in court, had failed to provide any documentary evidence that his papers had been peer-reviewed. Judge Victoria Sharp also found "reasonable and serious grounds" for suspecting that El Naschie used

10300-436: Was imposed on the Netherlands. That obliged every man between 18 and 45 (530,000) to work in German factories, which were bombed regularly by the western Allies. Those who refused were forced into hiding. As food and many other goods were taken out of the Netherlands, rationing increased (with ration books). At times, the resistance would raid distribution centres to obtain ration cards to be distributed to those in hiding. For

10403-473: Was launched as the first online repository of electronic (scientific) books and articles. Though librarians and researchers were initially hesitant regarding the new technology, more and more of them switched to e-only subscriptions. In 2004 Elsevier launched Scopus - a multidisciplinary metadata database of scholarly publications, only the second of such kind (after the Web of Science , although free Google Scholar

10506-600: Was opposed by the Catholic Church in the Netherlands , and in 1941, all Roman Catholics were urged by Dutch bishops to leave associations that had been Nazified . A long-term aim of the Nazis was to incorporate the Netherlands into the Greater Germanic Reich . Adolf Hitler thought very highly of the Dutch people, who were considered to be fellow members of the Aryan "master race" . Initially, Seyss-Inquart applied

10609-458: Was returned on a technicality since it had not been signed by the German commander. While the corrected ultimatum was being resubmitted, Luftwaffe bombers, unaware that negotiations were ongoing, struck the city. During the Rotterdam Blitz , between 800 and 900 Dutch civilians were killed, and 25,000 homes were destroyed. The bombers' targets were the civilian areas of Rotterdam, rather than

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