Heugel was a French music publishing company, founded in 1839, that became one of the most prolific and ubiquitous businesses of its kind in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. It was taken over in 1980 by Alphonse Leduc and dissolved in 2014.
67-800: Le Ménestrel (The Minstrel) was an influential French music journal published weekly from 1833 until 1940. It was founded by Joseph-Hippolyte l'Henry and originally printed by Poussièlgue. In 1840 it was acquired by the music publishers Heugel and remained with the company until the journal's demise at the beginning of World War II. With the closure of its chief rival, La Revue et gazette musicale de Paris in 1880, Le Ménestrel became France's most prestigious and longest-running music journal. In 1827, François-Joseph Fétis had founded La Revue musicale , France's first periodical devoted entirely to classical music. By 1834, it had two serious competitors, Le Ménestrel established in 1833, and Maurice Schlesinger 's Gazette Musicale , established in 1834. Le Ménestrel
134-588: A British fleet defeated the French Atlantic Fleet. La Rochelle became one of the French centres for faience at the end of the 18th century. Bernard Palissy was born in the region and had some bearing in this development. During the 18th century, its style was greatly influenced by Chinese themes and Japanese Kakiemon -type designs. Many of these ceramics can be viewed at the Musée d'Orbigny-Bernon . In 1864,
201-712: A charter as a free port in 1130. With the opening of the English market following the second marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, the presence of the Knights Templar and the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem quickly made this small town the largest port on the Atlantic. To this day, the city still possesses a rich historical fabric, including the Saint-Nicholas tower , and an urban heritage. The capital of Aunis , it has become
268-489: A co-owner of the company, and it was renamed to "Heugel et Cie.". In 1912, they renewed their contract until 1924, but Heugel's death in 1916 cut this short. Chevalier continued until 1919, when Jacques-Paul Heugel took over. Jacques-Paul Heugel, known as Jacques Heugel (25 January 1890 – 21 October 1979) successfully continued in the family's footsteps, transforming it to a publicly listed company in March 1944. He attracted some of
335-620: A free port and gave it the right to identify as a commune . Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father. For the first time in France, a city mayor was appointed for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail . Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 nobles who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet in 1152, who became king of England as Henry II in 1154, thus putting La Rochelle under Plantagenet rule, until Louis VIII captured it in
402-427: A large number of works for piano and songs for which there was a great demand. His success enabled him to acquire the catalogues of Georges Hartmann and Tellier (in 1891) and parts of the catalogues of Léon Escudier (1882), E. Gérard (1882–90), Louis Gregh (1884), Egrot (1884), Bruneau et Cie. (1891), and Pérégally & Parvy (1904). In July 1892, Heugel's employee and nephew, Paul-Émile Chevalier (1861–1931) became
469-454: A short interruption during World War I. After Meissonnier's departure, Heugel ran the company on his own for eight years, joined in July 1850 by Aimé Iweins d'Hennin, and the company was rebranded "Heugel et Cie.". In its first years, the company focused on pedagogical works, romances , collections of dance music and the series "Les Clavecinistes" that was edited by Amédée de Méreaux. It also bought
536-419: Is accessible via a bridge from La Rochelle. La Rochelle and its region are served by the international La Rochelle - Île de Ré Airport , which has progressively developed over the last 5 years. The train station Gare de La Rochelle offers connections to Bordeaux, Nantes, Poitiers, Paris and several regional destinations. OFP La Rochelle is a freight railway serving the port. La Rochelle launched one of
603-480: Is equipped with oil unloading equipment, and mainly handles tropical wood . It is also the location of the fishing fleet, which was moved from the old harbour in the centre of the city during the 1980s. La Rochelle has a very big aquarium , and a small botanical garden (the Jardin des plantes de La Rochelle ). The Calypso , the ship used by Jacques-Yves Cousteau as a mobile laboratory for oceanography, and which
670-555: Is the biggest in Europe, and has a long boat-building past, which today includes companies such as Amel Yachts . The bedrock of La Rochelle and surrounding areas is composed of layers of limestone dating back to the Sequanian stage (upper Oxfordian stage ) of the Jurassic period (circa 160 million years ago), when a large part of France was submerged. Many of these layers are visible in
737-578: Is the most populated commune in the department and ranks fourth in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region after Bordeaux , the regional capital, Limoges and Poitiers . Situated on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean the city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9-kilometre-long ( 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 -mile) bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Since the Middle Ages the harbour has opened onto a protected strait,
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#1732855280478804-775: The Sea Beggars were able to raid Spanish shipping. In 1571 the city of La Rochelle suffered a naval blockade by the French Navy under the command of Filippo di Piero Strozzi and Antoine Escalin des Aimars , a former protagonist of the Franco-Ottoman alliance . The city was finally besieged during the siege of La Rochelle (1572–1573) during the French Wars of Religion , following the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572, and occurred at
871-691: The Huguenots , and the city declared itself an independent Reformed Republic on the model of Geneva . During the subsequent period, La Rochelle became an entity that has been described as a " state within a state ". This led to numerous conflicts with the Catholic central government. The city supported the Protestant movement of William of Orange in the Netherlands, and from La Rochelle the Dutch under Louis of Nassau and
938-524: The Pertuis d'Antioche and is regarded as a "Door océane" or gateway to the ocean because of the presence of its three ports (fishing, trade and yachting). The city has a strong commercial tradition, having an active port from very early on in its history. The city traces its origins to the Gallo-Roman period , attested by the remains of important salt marshes and villas. The Dukes of Aquitaine granted it
1005-629: The Seven Years' War , the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars . During that period France lost many of the territorial possessions which it had had in the New World, and also saw a significant decrease in its sea power in the continuing conflicts with Britain, ultimately diminishing the role of such harbours as La Rochelle. After abolitionist movements led by such people as Samuel de Missy ,
1072-507: The Île d'Aix and Fort Boyard (home to the TV show of the same name). Nearby Île de Ré is a short drive to the North. The countryside of the surrounding Charente-Maritime is very rural and full of history ( Saintes ). To the North is Venise Verte , a marshy area of country, crisscrossed with tiny canals and a resort for inland boating. Inland is the country of Cognac and Pineau . The nearby Île de Ré
1139-453: The "Vieux Port" ("Old Harbour"), which is at the heart of the city, picturesque and lined with seafood restaurants. The city walls are open to an evening promenade. The old town has been well preserved. Three medieval towers are a prominent tourist attraction at the entrance to the harbor: The Chain Tower , The Lantern Tower and Saint Nicolas Tower . From the harbour, boating trips can be taken to
1206-602: The 1224 siege of La Rochelle . During the Plantagenet control of the city in 1185, Henry II had the Vauclair castle built, remains of which are still visible in the Place de Verdun. The main activities of the city were in the areas of maritime commerce and trade, especially with England, the Netherlands and Spain. In 1196, wealthy bourgeois Alexandre Auffredi sent a fleet of seven ships to Africa seeking wealth. He went bankrupt awaiting
1273-538: The 1293 sacking of La Rochelle by the Bayonnais during an outbreak of reciprocal piracy between English and French (particularly Norman ) sailors was one of the main charges of King Philip IV against King Edward I when he declared the Duchy of Aquitaine forfeit to the French crown, prompting the 1294–1303 Gascon War whose peace terms produced the marriage that led to Edward III 's later claims to
1340-709: The Calvinists attempted to colonise the New World to find a new home for their religion, with the likes of Pierre Richier and Jean de Léry . After the short-lived attempt of France Antarctique , they failed to establish a colony in Brazil, and finally resolved to make a stand in La Rochelle itself. Pierre Richier became "Ministre de l'église de la Rochelle" ("Minister of the Church of La Rochelle") when he returned from Brazil in 1558, and
1407-602: The French crown. Following the Treaty of Brétigny during the Hundred Years' War , La Rochelle again came under the rule of the English monarch in 1360. La Rochelle however expelled the English in June 1372, following the naval Battle of La Rochelle , between Castilian-French and English fleets. The French and Spanish decisively defeated the English, securing French control of the Channel for
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#17328552804781474-617: The Huguenots culminated with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685. Many Huguenots emigrated, founding such cities as New Rochelle in the vicinity of today's New York in 1689. La Rochelle, and the siege of 1627 form much of the backdrop to the later chapters of Alexandre Dumas, père 's classic novel, The Three Musketeers . Because of its western location, which saved days of sailing time, La Rochelle enjoyed successful fishing in
1541-623: The Mediterranean. A popular thread of conspiracy theory originating with Holy Blood, Holy Grail has it that the Templars used a fleet of 18 ships which had brought Jacques de Molay from Cyprus to La Rochelle to escape arrest in France. The fleet allegedly left laden with knights and treasures just before the issue of the warrant for the arrest of the Order in October 1307. Royal property since 1271,
1608-503: The authority of the adult Louis, beginning with a 1622 revolt . A fleet from La Rochelle fought a royal fleet of 35 ships under Charles, Duke of Guise , in front of Saint-Martin-de-Ré , but was defeated on 27 October 1622, leading to the signing of the Peace of Montpellier . In 1625, a new Huguenot revolt led by Duke Henri de Rohan and his brother Soubise led to the Capture of Ré island by
1675-511: The business, and also became a strong advocate for copyright issues as one of the first administrators of SACEM . For his services to French music, Heugel was made a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur in August 1870. Jacques-Léopold's son Henri-Georges, known as Henri Heugel (3 May 1844 – 11 May 1916) entered the company around 1869, but it was not until 1876 that the company was eventually renamed to "Heugel et fils", with Henri acquiring one third of
1742-415: The business, taking on works by Gilbert Amy , Pierre Boulez , Henri Dutilleux , Betsy Jolas , and others. In 1967, the company started a new series of early music edited by François Lesure and Kenneth Gilbert . In 1980, the company was taken over by Éditions Alphonse Leduc . They sold their considerable archives at a public auction in 2011. On 12 December 2014, the company, which was heavily in deficit,
1809-470: The city for 14 months, until the city surrendered and lost its mayor and its privileges. The remaining Protestants of La Rochelle suffered new persecutions, when 300 families were again expelled in November 1661, the year Louis XIV came to power. The reason for the expulsions was that Catholics deeply resented a degree of revival of Protestant ownership of property within the city. The growing persecution of
1876-418: The city has consistently been ranked among France's most liveable cities. Until 2015, the town was part of the administrative region called Poitou-Charentes , that was before the delimitation of regions in France. The Romans subsequently occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast. Roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes . Salt evaporation ponds dating from
1943-791: The city. La Rochelle was also the port city from which the Carignan-Salieres Regiment departed for Nouvelle France. In 1664, based upon attacks by the Iroquois against the Quebec inhabitants and following the request of the New France Sovereign Council, the French finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert ordered the 24 companies composing the Carignan-Salières Regiment to duty in New France. Beginning with departures from
2010-561: The coast of Morocco to conquer the Canary Islands . Until the 15th century, La Rochelle was to be the largest French harbour on the Atlantic coast, dealing mainly in wine, salt and cheese. During the Renaissance , La Rochelle adopted Protestant ideas. Calvinism started to be propagated in the region of La Rochelle, resulting in its suppression through the establishment of Cours présidiaux tribunals by Henry II . An early result of this
2077-456: The critic and music historian Joseph d'Ortigue . Later editors-in-chief included Arthur Pougin who served from 1885 to 1921. However, after d'Ortigue's death in 1866, only the Heugel name appeared on the masthead . When Jacques-Léopold died in 1883, his son Henri-Georges Heugel took over as director. He was in turn succeeded by his own son Jacques-Paul who served as the director for the remainder of
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2144-454: The directorship of Le Ménestrel in July 1835, but relinquished it the following March to the journalist and critic Jules Lovy , who had been a writer for the journal since its foundation. By 1836, Le Ménestrel had a weekly print run of 600 copies, although as Katharine Ellis pointed out, the number of actual readers was probably much larger. At the time, Paris alone had over 500 cabinets de lecture , private reading rooms and precursors to
2211-609: The estimated 768 women known as the Filles du Roi (Daughters of the King), set sail for Quebec during the period of 1663 to 1673. Robert de La Salle departed from La Rochelle, France, on 24 July 1684, with the aim of setting up a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi , eventually establishing Fort Saint Louis in Texas. The city eventually lost its trade and prominence during the decades spanning
2278-455: The festival, from around 1998, took place in Saint-Tropez , before moving to La Rochelle in around 2013 or 2014. One of the biggest music festivals in France, Les Francofolies de La Rochelle , takes place each summer in La Rochelle, where Francophone musicians come together for a week of concerts and celebration. 2004 marked the 20th anniversary of this event. La Rochelle's main feature is
2345-555: The first priority of the kingdom. The English came to the support of La Rochelle, starting the Anglo-French War , by sending a major expedition under the Duke of Buckingham . The expedition however ended in a fiasco for England with the siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré . Meanwhile, cannon shots were exchanged on 10 September 1627 between La Rochelle and Royal troops. This resulted in the siege of La Rochelle in which Cardinal Richelieu blockaded
2412-490: The first successful bicycle sharing systems in 1974. The original university in La Rochelle was University Institutes of Technology , established in 1968. Then, University of La Rochelle was incorporated to the technology institute in 1993. And, the second university in the city is the Excelia Group (La Rochelle Business School), which was established in 1988. The city has more than 10,000 students each year. they are
2479-497: The first time since the Battle of Sluys in 1340. The naval battle of La Rochelle was one of the first cases of the use of handguns on warships, which were deployed by the French and Spanish against the English. Having recovered freedom, La Rochelle refused entry to Du Guesclin , until Charles V recognized the privileges of the city in November 1372. In 1402, the French adventurer Jean de Béthencourt left La Rochelle and sailed along
2546-456: The forces of Louis XIII. Soubise conquered large parts of the Atlantic coast, but the supporting fleet of La Rochelle was finally defeated by Montmorency , as was Soubise with 3,000 when he led a counter-attack against the royal troops who had landed on the island of Ré. Following these events, Louis XIII and his Chief Minister Cardinal Richelieu declared the suppression of the Huguenot revolt
2613-530: The harbour of La Rochelle (area of the "Bassin à flot" behind the water locks), was the site for the maiden dive experiments of the first mechanically-powered submarine in the World, Plongeur , commanded by Marie-Joseph-Camille Doré , a native of La Rochelle. During the Second World War, Germany established a submarine naval base at La Pallice (the main port of La Rochelle). A German stronghold, La Rochelle
2680-413: The journal's existence. Le Ménestrel was published weekly for a period spanning 107 years, initially coming out on Sunday (later changed to Saturday and then Friday). The Franco-Prussian War caused publication to be suspended from late December 1870 through November 1871, and publication was suspended again for the duration of World War I , with the first post-war issue appearing on 17 October 1919. At
2747-465: The largest institutions of higher education of La Rochelle (7,000 and 3,500 students respectively). Located in La Rochelle is Les Minimes, a marina considered the city's new port for around 5,000 boat vessels. The newly built area also houses university campuses for 10,000 students, which has shops, restaurants, a cinema, and other amenities. There are many residences in a student village, which are accommodation for locals, students or tourists. The port
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2814-567: The main building material throughout the region. The area of La Pointe du Chay about five kilometres (three miles) from La Rochelle is a cliff area visited for leisurely geological surveys. Under Köppen's climate classification , La Rochelle features an oceanic climate . Although at the same latitude as Montreal in Canada or the Kuril Islands in Russia, the area experiences mild weather throughout
2881-405: The modern library, popular in early 19th-century France, where for a small fee the public could read the latest issues of newspapers and journals. In 1840, the newly formed music publishing partnership of Jacques-Léopold Heugel and Jean-Antoine Meissonnier acquired Le Ménestrel . Heugel became the director, and Jules Lovy stayed on as editor-in-chief until his death in 1863. Lovy was succeeded by
2948-455: The most gifted French composers of the beginning of the twentieth century, including Georges Auric , Reynaldo Hahn , Jacques Ibert , André Jolivet , Darius Milhaud , Francis Poulenc , and Florent Schmitt . In 1948, Jacques withdrew from the business, leaving it to his two sons, François and Philippe. François Heugel (22 August 1922 – 2010) as commercial director and Philippe Heugel (8 July 1924 – 13 July 1991) as artistic director continued
3015-457: The most important coastal city between the Loire and Gironde estuaries. La Rochelle's urban activities are many in number and strongly differentiated, being a city with port and industrial functions that are still important, but also including a predominantly administrative and tertiary sector that is reinforced by the university and a rapidly developing tourism industry. In the early 21st century,
3082-607: The outbreak of World War II in 1939, the journal carried on until the invasion of France. The 24 May 1940 issue announced that, following the German attacks and the closure of theatres and concert halls in Europe and France as well as the Paris Conservatory , the journal was suspending publication with the hope of resuming in the autumn. In the end, it proved to be the last issue of Le Ménestrel . The Heugel company continued to operate as an independent music publisher until 1980 when it
3149-531: The port of La Rochelle, France on 19 Apr 1665, five troop ships and one supply ship left the French coast. A sixth troop ship, Le Breze, began the journey from the Antilles island in the West Indies. All of the seven ships arrived at Quebec City during the three-month period between 19 Jun 1665 and 14 Sep 1665. They carried approximately 1,200 men of the regiment. Additionally, it was from this port city that many of
3216-454: The return of his ships; they returned seven years later bearing riches. The Knights Templar had a strong presence in La Rochelle since before the time of Eleanor of Aquitaine , who exempted them from duties and gave them mills in her 1139 Charter. La Rochelle was the Templars' largest base on the Atlantic Ocean, and where they stationed their main fleet. From La Rochelle, they were able to act as intermediaries in trade between England and
3283-409: The rights to works originally published by other companies, such as Le Désert by Félicien David (originally with Léon Escudier ). This was followed by new works, mainly operas, by composers such as Jacques Offenbach , Ambroise Thomas , and Léo Delibes , which proved very successful. In 1863, d'Hennin sold his share at three times the price he paid twelve years before. Heugel prudently continued
3350-513: The same period have also been found. The name was first recorded in 961 as Rupella , from a Latin diminutive meaning 'little rock'. It was later known as Rocella and Roscella before the name took on its current form. The establishment of La Rochelle as a harbour was a consequence of the victory of Duke Guillaume X of Aquitaine over Isambert de Châtelaillon in 1130, and the subsequent destruction of his harbour of Châtelaillon . In 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle
3417-449: The same time as other sieges of Protestant cities such as the siege of Sancerre . The conflict ended with the 1573 Peace of La Rochelle , which restricted the Protestant worship to the three cities of Montauban , Nîmes and La Rochelle. Pierre Richier died in La Rochelle in 1580. Under Henry IV, and under the regency of his son Louis XIII , the city enjoyed a certain freedom and prosperity. However, La Rochelle entered into conflict with
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#17328552804783484-628: The setting for parts of the movie Das Boot . The U-boat scenes in Raiders of the Lost Ark were also shot in La Rochelle. The base is featured in the computer game Commandos 2: Men of Courage . It was also chosen in 2018 for the location shooting of the German television series Das Boot (a sequel to the 1981 classic ). La Rochelle possesses a commercial deep water harbour, named La Pallice . The large submarine pens built during World War II still stand there, although they are not in use. La Pallice
3551-419: The shares. Henri expanded the house considerably by acquiring collections to further enrich the catalogue. He was able to publish works by Gustave Charpentier , Gioachino Rossini and Giuseppe Verdi , as well as some of the great French composers of his time including Gabriel Fauré , Édouard Lalo , and Jules Massenet . He became known as a specialised publisher of opera scores, besides continuing to publish
3618-747: The slave trade of La Rochelle ended with the onset of the French Revolution and the war with England in the 1790s, the last La Rochelle slave ship, the Saint-Jacques being captured in 1793 in the Gulf of Guinea . In February 1794, the National Convention passed the Law of 4 February 1794 , which effectively freed all colonial slaves. In 1809, the Battle of the Basque Roads took place near La Rochelle, in which
3685-407: The time of the suppression of the Amboise conspiracy , before the riots spread to many other cities. Further cases of Reformation iconoclasm were recorded in La Rochelle from 30 May 1562, following the Massacre of Vassy . Protestants pillaged churches, destroyed images and statues, and also assassinated 13 Catholic priests in the Tower of the Lantern . From 1568, La Rochelle became a centre for
3752-433: The wars was a prosperous one, marked by intense exchanges with the New World ( Nouvelle France in Canada, and the Antilles ). La Rochelle armateurs (shipowners) became very active in triangular trade with the New World, dealing in the slave trade with Africa, sugar trade with plantations of the West Indies , and fur trade with Canada. This was a period of high artistic, cultural and architectural achievements for
3819-407: The weekly music journal Le Ménestrel , which was founded in 1833 by Joseph Hippolyte L'Henry at the same address and that had been taken over by Heugel and Meissonnier. Le Ménestrel provided a convenient publicising forum for the music publishing business, also including, for a time, music supplements for the journal's subscribers. It was published by Heugel and his successors until 1940, with only
3886-433: The western Atlantic and trading with the New World , which served to counterbalance the disadvantage of not being at the mouth of a river (useful for shipping goods to and from the interior). Its Protestant ship-owning and merchant class prospered in the 16th century until the Wars of Religion devastated the city. The British navy in wartime were alert that shore watchers at La Rochelle were employed. The period following
3953-400: The white cliffs that border the sea, which contain many small marine fossils . Layers of thick white rock, formed during period of relatively warm seas, alternate with highly fragile layers containing sand and remains of mud, formed during colder periods, and with layers containing various corals, that were formed during warmer, tropical times. The limestone thus formed is traditionally used as
4020-456: Was able to considerably increase the Huguenot presence in La Rochelle, from a small base of about 50 souls who had been secretly educated in the Lutheran faith by Charles de Clermont the previous year. He has been described, by Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière , as "le père de l'église de La Rochelle" ("The Father of the Church of La Rochelle"). La Rochelle was the first French city, with Rouen , to experience iconoclastic riots in 1560, at
4087-427: Was active as a music teacher in Nantes before he came to Paris. The company branded initially as "A. Meissonnier et J. L. Heugel". Until 1974, the seat of the company was at 2bis, rue Vivienne. After four years, Meissonnier sold his share to Heugel to concentrate on his own business, which was brought to success by his son, Jean-Racine Meissonnier . From then on, the company added "Au Ménestrel" to its name, alluding to
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#17328552804784154-449: Was dissolved. La Rochelle La Rochelle ( UK : / ˌ l æ r ɒ ˈ ʃ ɛ l / , US : / ˌ l ɑː r oʊ ˈ ʃ ɛ l / , French: [la ʁɔʃɛl] ; Poitevin-Saintongeais : La Rochéle ) is a city on the west coast of France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay , a part of the Atlantic Ocean . It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department . With 78,535 inhabitants in 2021, La Rochelle
4221-440: Was founded by the Paris publisher Joseph-Hippolyte l'Henry, with the first edition (printed by Poussièlgue) appearing on 1 December 1833. In 1835, Schlesinger bought La Revue musicale from Fétis and merged the two journals into La Revue et gazette musicale de Paris . Until La Revue et gazette ceased publication in 1880, Le Ménestrel was to be its main rival in terms of influence and breadth of coverage. E. D'Arlhac took over
4288-420: Was sold to Éditions Alphonse Leduc . Notable people who wrote for the journal include Henri Duponchel , Max d'Ollone , Alphonse Royer and Paul Collin . Heugel (music publisher) The French music publishing house of Heugel was founded on 1 January 1839 in Paris by Jacques-Léopold Heugel (1 March 1815 – 12 November 1883) and Jean-Antoine Meissonnier (1783–1857). Heugel was born in La Rochelle and
4355-480: Was sunk after a collision in the port of Singapore (1996) is now on display (rotting) at the Maritime Museum of La Rochelle. The French Socialist Party has held its annual summer convention ( Université d'été ) in La Rochelle since 1983. The Festival de la Fiction is a film festival that films screens new films in official competitions (French, European, and other Francophone countries ), out of competition, and also in special screenings. The first ten years of
4422-402: Was the burning at the stake of two "heretics" in La Rochelle in 1552. Conversions to Calvinism however continued, due to a change of religious beliefs, but also to a desire for political independence on the part of the local elite, and a popular opposition to royal expenses and requisitions in the building projects to fortify the coast against England. On the initiative of Gaspard de Coligny ,
4489-481: Was the last French city to be liberated at the end of the war. The Allied siege of La Rochelle took place between 12 September 1944 and 7 May 1945. The stronghold, including the islands of Ré and Oléron , was held by 20,000 German troops under German vice-admiral Ernst Schirlitz . Following negotiations by the French Navy frigate captain Meyer, the general German capitulation occurred on 7 May and French troops entered La Rochelle on 8 May. The submarine base became
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