Laura Riding Jackson (born Laura Reichenthal ; January 16, 1901 – September 2, 1991), best known as Laura Riding , was an American poet, critic, novelist, essayist and short story writer.
81-657: She was born in New York City to Nathaniel Reichenthal, a Jewish immigrant from Galicia , and Sadie (née Edersheim), and educated at Cornell University . She met historian Louis R. Gottschalk , then a graduate assistant at Cornell, and they married in 1920. She began to write poetry, publishing first (1923–26) under the name Laura Riding Gottschalk. She became associated with the Fugitives through Allen Tate , and they published her poems in The Fugitive magazine. They awarded her
162-661: A Collected Poems in 1938. In 1939, they moved to the United States and took lodging in New Hope, Pennsylvania . Their changing relationship is described by Elizabeth Friedmann in A Mannered Grace , by Richard Perceval Graves in Robert Graves: 1927–1940, The Years with Laura and by T. S. Matthews in Jacks or Better (1977; UK edition published as Under the Influence , 1979) and also was
243-573: A cross-border region (centred on Carpathian Ruthenia ) inhabited by various nationalities and religious groups. The name of the region in the local languages is: Some historians speculated that the name had to do with a group of people of Thracian origin (i.e. Getae ) who during the Iron Age moved into the area after the Roman conquest of Dacia in 106 CE and may have formed the Lypytsia culture with
324-412: A brilliant scatter of names: Ransom, Tate, Warren, Riding, Crane.... Among them, the inner circle and those tangent to it as contributors, there was no one quite like Laura Riding." ("An Appreciation," Chelsea 12 1962, 28.) Riding's first collection of poetry, The Close Chaplet , was published in 1926, and during the following year she assumed the surname Riding. By this time the originality of her poetry
405-604: A dictionary (published posthumously in 1997) that would lead them into an exploration of the foundations of meaning and language. In April 1962, she read "Introduction for a Broadcast" for the BBC Third Programme , her first formal statement of her reasons for renouncing poetry (there had been a brief reference book entry in 1955). An expanded version of the piece was published that year in the New York magazine Chelsea , which also published "Further on Poetry" in 1964, writings on
486-746: A fourth-floor window (or, according to Timothy Sandefur, 2019, “a second-storey window”) at the lodgings she shared with Graves, at the height of an argument involving Graves, Phibbs and Nancy Graves; having failed to stop her, Graves also jumped (from a lower floor), but was unharmed, whilst Riding sustained life-threatening injuries. Following the break-up with Nancy, until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Riding and Graves lived in Deià , Majorca , where they were visited by writers and artists including James Reeves , Norman Cameron , John Aldridge , Len Lye , Jacob Bronowski and Honor Wyatt . The house
567-786: A part of the restored Republic of Poland , which absorbed the Lemko-Rusyn Republic . The local Ukrainian population declared the independence of Eastern Galicia as the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic . During the Polish-Soviet War , the Soviets tried to establish the puppet-state of the Galician SSR in East Galicia , but the territory was then conquered by the Poles. The 1921 Peace of Riga confirmed Galicia's status as part of
648-743: A peace treaty with the Kingdom of Hungary and established diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire . In 1205, Roman turned against his Polish allies, leading to a conflict with Leszek the White and Konrad of Masovia . Roman was killed in the Battle of Zawichost (1205), and Galicia–Volhynia entered a period of rebellion and chaos, becoming an arena of rivalry between Poland and Hungary. King Andrew II of Hungary styled himself rex Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ , Latin for "king of Galicia and Vladimir [in-Volhynia]",
729-505: A popular gay resort in the 1950s, and continues to have an active and large gay community. New Hope also attracts motorcyclists on weekends in the warmer months. Union Camp Corporation had a bag production facility in New Hope until the mid 1990s, which employed about 100 and was located uphill from the railroad. The former factory complex, now known as Union Square, has been re-purposed into tourism-related shops and businesses. In 2010,
810-469: A single province. The duchies of Auschwitz ( Oświęcim ) and Zator were small historical principalities west of Kraków , on the border with Prussian Silesia . Lodomeria , under the name Volhynia, remained under the rule of the Russian Empire – see Volhynian Governorate . In Roman times, the region was populated by various tribes of Celto-Germanic admixture, including Celtic -based tribes,
891-575: A stop at the Logan Square shopping center in Solebury Township along a route that originates in Quakertown . As of the 2020 census, the borough was approximately 85.2% White, 1.0% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian or Alaskan Native, 3.1% Asian, and 4.4% identified as some other race. 6.0% of the borough identified as two or more races and 0.1% identified as three or more races. 8.0% of
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#1732863166406972-640: A supplier of food products and raw materials to other Habsburg provinces. New taxes were instituted, investments were discouraged, and cities and towns were neglected. The result was significant poverty in Austrian Galicia . Galicia was the poorest province of Austro-Hungary, and according to Norman Davies , could be considered "the poorest province in Europe". Near Drohobych and Boryslav in Galicia, significant oil reserves were discovered and developed during
1053-628: A title that later was adopted in the House of Habsburg . In a compromise agreement made in 1214 between Hungary and Poland, the throne of Galicia–Volhynia was given to Andrew's son, Coloman of Lodomeria . In 1352, when the principality was divided between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the territory became subject to the Polish Crown . With the Union of Lublin in 1569, Poland and Lithuania merged to form
1134-480: A whole, the population in 1910 was estimated to be 45.4% Polish, 42.9% Ruthenian, 10.9% Jewish, and 0.8% German. This population was not evenly distributed. The Poles lived mainly in the west, with the Ruthenians predominant in the eastern region ("Ruthenia"). At the turn of the twentieth century, Poles constituted 88% of the whole population of Western Galicia and Jews 7.5%. The respective data for Eastern Galicia show
1215-543: Is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeastern Poland and western Ukraine , long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . It covers much of the other historic regions of Red Ruthenia (centered on Lviv ) and Lesser Poland (centered on Kraków ). The name of the region derives from the medieval city of Halych , and was first mentioned in Hungarian historical chronicles in
1296-577: Is located approximately 30 mi (48 km) north of Philadelphia , and lies on the west bank of the Delaware River at its confluence with Aquetong Creek . New Hope and neighboring Solebury and Upper Makefield townships are part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area . The two-lane New Hope–Lambertville Bridge carries automobile and foot traffic across the Delaware to Lambertville, New Jersey , on
1377-745: Is now a museum. Riding and Graves were highly productive from the start of their association, though after they moved to Majorca they became even more so. While still in London they had set up (1927) the Seizin Press , collaborated on A Survey of Modernist Poetry (1927) (which inspired William Empson to write Seven Types of Ambiguity and was in some respects the seed of the New Criticism ), A Pamphlet Against Anthologies (1928) and other works. Progress of Stories (1935) would later be highly esteemed by, among others, John Ashbery and Harry Mathews . In Majorca,
1458-451: Is without healthcare coverage. In 2020, an estimated 63.6% of the population had a bachelor's degree or higher. New Hope's estimated employment rate was 59.6%. New Hope's primary industry is tourism. New Hope has historically been a location where Broadway theater shows were "tested and fine tuned," and many notable stage actors bought weekend homes in the area. Bucks County Playhouse featured many plays and musical productions. In 2010,
1539-643: Is −0.3 °F (−17.9 °C). Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was −12.1 °F (−24.5 °C) on January 22, 1984. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur, featuring wind chill values below −11 °F (−24 °C). The average annual snowfall (Nov-Apr) is between 24 inches (61 cm) and 30 inches (76 cm). Ice storms and large snowstorms depositing ≥ 12 inches (30 cm) of snow occur once every few years, particularly during nor’easters from December through February. As of 2012, there were 9.61 miles (15.47 km) of public roads in New Hope, of which 4.20 miles (6.76 km) were maintained by
1620-820: The New York Review of Books called her "an important force of the international avant-garde". Her poems also had many detractors, such as John Gould Fletcher , William Carlos Williams , Virginia Woolf , Louise Bogan , Dorothy L. Sayers and Dudley Fitts . Her works have been translated to French, German, Spanish, Danish, Polish, Portuguese and Norwegian (by Terje Dragseth ). Translations Galicia (Eastern Europe) Galicia ( / ɡ ə ˈ l ɪ ʃ ( i ) ə / gə- LISH -(ee-)ə ; Polish : Galicja , IPA: [ɡaˈlit͡sja] ; Ukrainian : Галичина , romanized : Halychyna , IPA: [ɦɐlɪtʃɪˈnɑ] ; Yiddish : גאַליציע , romanized : Galitsye ; see below )
1701-621: The Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. Galicia was the Central Powers ' only major domestic source of oil during the Great War . 49°49′48″N 24°00′51″E / 49.8300°N 24.0142°E / 49.8300; 24.0142 New Hope, Pennsylvania New Hope is a borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania , United States. The population was 2,612 at the 2020 census . New Hope
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#17328631664061782-551: The Delaware Canal . The canal passes by Odette's Restaurant, where the couple had dined on a rainy evening when visibility was poor and two warning signs were missed. In 2004 and 2006, New Hope was flooded when the Delaware River overflowed. On both occasions, the downtown businesses reopened within several days. Compared to the Great Flood of 1955, the 2004 and 2006 floods did not cause severe damage or fatalities. According to
1863-613: The Lugians , Cotini , Vandals and Goths (the Przeworsk and Púchov cultures). During the Migration Period , a variety of nomadic groups invaded the area. The East Slavic tribes White Croats and Tivertsi dominated the area since the 6th century until it was annexed to Kievan Rus' in the 10th century. In the 12th century, the Principality of Galicia was formed, which merged at
1944-482: The National Register of Historic Places . The Honey Hollow Watershed is also designated a National Historic Landmark District . The New-Hope Solebury School District offers a public education to residents of New Hope and neighboring Solebury. The school districts of New Hope and Solebury were integrated in 1957. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia announced in 2011 that St. Martin of Tours School
2025-577: The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and 5.41 miles (8.71 km) were maintained by the borough. U.S. Route 202 is the most prominent highway serving New Hope. It follows a northeast-southwest alignment along the northwestern edge of the borough. Pennsylvania Route 32 follows Main Street through the center of town, running north-south parallel to the Delaware River . Pennsylvania Route 232 has its northern terminus at PA 32 in
2106-553: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , which lasted for 200 years until conquered and divided up by Russia, Prussia , and Austria in the 1772 partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The south-eastern part of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was awarded to the Habsburg Empress Maria-Theresa , whose bureaucrats named it the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , after one of the titles of
2187-708: The Ruthenian Voivodeship . In 1526, after the death of Louis II of Hungary , the Habsburgs inherited the Hungarian claims to the titles of the Kingship of Galicia and Lodomeria, together with the Hungarian crown. In 1772 the Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa , Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, used those historical claims to justify her participation in the First Partition of Poland . In fact,
2268-648: The Second Polish Republic . Although never accepted as legitimate by some Ukrainian nationalists , this was ratified by the Conference of Ambassadors on 14 March 1923 and internationally recognized on 15 May 1923. The Ukrainians of Eastern Galicia and the neighbouring province of Volhynia made up about 12% of the Polish Republic's population, and were its largest minority. As Polish government policies were discriminatory towards minorities, tensions between
2349-477: The U.S. Census Bureau , the borough has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km ), of which 1.3 square miles (3.4 km ) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km ) (11.19%) is water. Much of that water is the Delaware River . The borough is located at the confluence of the Delaware River and Aquetong (Ingham) Creek, which begins its two-mile course in neighboring Solebury Township at Ingham Springs,
2430-573: The Venedi people who moved into the region at the end of La Tène period . The Lypytsia culture supposedly replaced the existing Thracian Hallstatt (see Thraco-Cimmerian ) and Vysotske cultures. A connection with Celtic peoples supposedly explains the relation of the name "Galicia" to many similar place names found across Europe and Asia Minor , such as ancient Gallia or Gaul (modern France, Belgium, and northern Italy), Galatia (in Asia Minor ),
2511-577: The Vero Beach campus of Indian River State College . According to Graves' biographer Richard Perceval Graves , Riding played a crucial role in the development of Graves' thoughts when writing his book The White Goddess , despite the fact the two were estranged at that point. Riding Jackson later said, "As to the ‘White Goddess’ identity: the White Goddess theme was a spiritually, literarily and scholastically fraudulent improvisation by Robert Graves into
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2592-534: The "Polish Baku", the oil fields of Borysław and nearby Tustanowice accounted for over 90% of the national oil output of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. From 500 residents in the 1860s, Borysław had swollen to 12,000 by 1898. At the turn of the century, Galicia was ranked fourth in the world as an oil producer. This significant increase in oil production also caused a slump in oil prices. A very rapid decrease in oil production in Galicia occurred just before
2673-872: The Definition of Words (1997), The Poems of Laura Riding, A Newly Revised Edition of the 1938/1980 Collection (2001), Under the Mind's Watch (2004), The Failure of Poetry, The Promise of Language (2007), and On the Continuing of the Continuing (2008). Trent Editions published a number of her works, beginning with the two-volume edition of her literary memoirs, The Person I Am (2011), following which four early collections of her poetry were edited and re-published with lengthy introductions: The Close Chaplet (1926), Love as Love, Death as Death (1928), Poet: A Lying Word (1933), and Poems: A Joking Word (1930). Ugly Duckling Presse has also re-published some of her work. Paul Auster in
2754-531: The Delaware River , Washington lodged in New Hope, and then destroyed the ferry so the British Army could not follow him. Following the Battle of Trenton and Battle of Princeton , when British troops were sweeping the area, seeking Continental Army troops, there was no response when they rang for the ferry. The British assumed the town was sympathetic to the Continental Army and shelled the town. Several of
2835-694: The Galician-Karpathian Petroleum Company ( German : Galizisch-Karpathische Petroleum Aktien-Gesellschaft ), headquartered in Vienna, with McGarvey as the chief administrator and Bergheim as a field engineer, and built a huge refinery at Maryampole near Gorlice , south of Tarnow. Considered the biggest, most efficient enterprise in Austro-Hungary, Maryampole was built in six months and employed 1,000 men. Subsequently, investors from Britain, Belgium, and Germany established companies to develop
2916-619: The Hungarians from Halych-Volhynia by 1221, Hungarian kings continued to add Galicia et Lodomeria to their official titles. In 1349, in the course of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars , King Casimir III the Great of Poland conquered the major part of Galicia and put an end to the independence of this territory. Upon the conquest Casimir adopted the following title: Casimir by the grace of God king of Poland and Rus (Ruthenia), lord and heir of
2997-546: The Iberian Peninsula's Galicia , and Romanian Galați . Some other scholars assert that the name Halych has Slavic origins – from halytsa , meaning "a naked (unwooded) hill", or from halka which means " jackdaw ". (The jackdaw featured as a charge in the city's coat of arms and later also in the coat of arms of Galicia-Lodomeria. The name, however, predates the coat of arms, which may represent canting or simply folk etymology ). Although Ruthenians drove out
3078-550: The Nashville Prize in 1924. Her marriage with Gottschalk ended in divorce in 1925, at the end of which year she went to England at the invitation of Robert Graves and his wife Nancy Nicholson . She would remain in Europe for nearly fourteen years. The excitement stirred by Laura Riding's poems is hinted at in Sonia Raiziss' later description: "When The Fugitive (1922–1925) flashed down the new sky of American poetry, it left
3159-725: The New Hope and Lambertville area Chambers of Commerce conducted a fireworks show every Friday night during the summer to increase tourism and merchant revenue. Bars and restaurants benefited from the fireworks show, but residents criticized the weekly event, claiming it was disruptive and reduced parking. In 2014, the New Hope Chamber of Commerce canceled the firework show, citing a rise in shoplifting, garbage, and an overall decline in store traffic and Friday night revenues. Cintra , Joshua Ely House , Honey Hollow Watershed , William Kitchen House , New Hope Village District , Rhoads Homestead , and Springdale Historic District are listed on
3240-520: The Playhouse was closed after lenders foreclosed the property. In 2012, the Playhouse re-opened after an extensive renovation. New Hope was the location of an art colony , founded by Edward Willis Redfield and William Langson Lathrop , that produced noted regional work. Members or associates of the colony included George Sotter , Daniel Garber and Fern Coppedge . Artists also associated with an art colony in nearby Phillips Mill . New Hope became
3321-516: The Polish government and the Ukrainian population grew, eventually giving rise to the militant underground Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists . In 1773, Galicia had about 2.6 million inhabitants in 280 cities and market towns and approximately 5,500 villages. There were nearly 19,000 noble families, with 95,000 members (about 3% of the population). The serfs accounted for 1.86 million, more than 70% of
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3402-502: The Polish sphere, resulting in stagnation of economic life and decline of Galician towns. Lviv lost its status as a significant trade center. After a short period of limited investments, the Austrian government started the fiscal exploitation of Galicia and drained the region of manpower through conscription to the imperial army. The Austrians decided that Galicia should not develop industrially but remain an agricultural area that would serve as
3483-581: The Seizin Press was enlarged to become a publishing imprint, producing inter alia the substantial hardbound critical magazine Epilogue (1935–1938), edited by Riding with Graves as associate editor. Graves and Riding left Majorca in 1936, at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War . Between 1936 and 1939, Riding and Graves lived in England, France and Switzerland. Throughout their association both steadily produced volumes of major poetry, culminating for each with
3564-578: The Union Camp Paper Corp. and to deliver sand and gravel to James D. Morrissey Materials Co., a cement company and a division of James D. Morrissey, Inc. In 1966, the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad was formed and bought 16 mi (26 km) of track from New Hope southwest to Ivyland . Scenic tourist excursions started the same year. Freight service to New Hope was then handled by the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad. In 1972, SEPTA , who by then took over Reading Railroad's passenger operations, extended
3645-531: The basis for Miranda Seymour 's novel The Summer of '39 (1998). In 1939 Riding and Graves parted and in 1941 she married Schuyler B. Jackson , eventually settling in Wabasso, Florida , where she lived quietly and simply until her death in 1991, Schuyler having died in 1968. The vernacular cracker house in which they lived has been renovated and preserved by the Laura Riding Jackson Foundation at
3726-655: The borough. According to the Köppen climate classification system, New Hope has a hot-summer, humid continental climate ( Dfa ). Dfa climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10.0 °C), at least one month with an average mean temperature ≥ 71.6 °F (22.0 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are slightly humid in New Hope, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values > 107 °F (42 °C). Since 1981,
3807-410: The east bank. New Hope's primary industry is tourism. Historic former residents include Founding Father Aaron Burr and author James A. Michener . New Hope is located along the route of the Old York Road , the former main highway between Philadelphia and New York City . It was generally regarded as the halfway point, where travelers would stay overnight and be ferried across the Delaware River
3888-468: The electrified route to Warminster, where the current interchange for both SEPTA and NHRR is. Freight service to James D. Morrissey Materials Co. ceased sometime in the late 1970s and to Union Camp Paper Corp. in 1985. The New Hope and Ivyland Railroad continues to provide scenic tourist excursion passenger trains between New Hope and nearby Lahaska . In 1983, NBC network anchorwoman Jessica Savitch and her boyfriend drowned after their car overturned into
3969-422: The end of the century with neighbouring Volhynia into the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . Galicia and Volhynia had originally been two separate Rurikid principalities, assigned on a rotating basis to younger members of the Kievan dynasty. The line of Prince Roman the Great of Volodymyr had held the Principality of Volhynia, while the line of Yaroslav Osmomysl held the Principality of Galicia. Galicia–Volhynia
4050-435: The fact that Austria's claim derived from the historical Hungarian crown, "Galicia and Lodomeria" were not officially assigned to Hungary, and after the Ausgleich of 1867, the territory found itself in Cisleithania , or the Austrian-administered part of Austria-Hungary . The full official name of the new Austrian territory was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator . After
4131-404: The following numbers: Ruthenians 64.5%, Poles 22.0%, Jews 12%. Of the 44 administrative divisions of Austrian eastern Galicia, Lviv ( Polish : Lwów , German : Lemberg ) was the only one in which Poles made up a majority of the population. Anthropologist Marianna Dushar has argued that this diversity led to a development of a distinctive food culture in the region. The Polish language
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#17328631664064212-406: The forces of the Russian Empire and the Central Powers , on the Eastern Front of World War I . The Russian forces overran most of the region in 1914 after defeating the Austro-Hungarian army in a chaotic frontier battle in the opening months of the war. They were in turn pushed out in the spring and summer of 1915 by a combined German/Austro-Hungarian offensive. In 1918, Western Galicia became
4293-442: The highest air temperature was 103.3 °F (39.6 °C) on July 22, 2011, and the highest daily average mean dew point was 74.8 °F (23.8 °C) on August 13, 2016. The average wettest month is July which corresponds with the annual peak in thunderstorm activity. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 7.46 inches (189 mm) on August 27, 2011. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature
4374-446: The household that already contained herself, Graves, and Graves's wife, Nancy. Phibbs agreed, but after a few months changed his mind and returned to his wife, referring to Riding as "a virago " in a letter to his friend Thomas MacGreevy . When they failed to effect a reconciliation, he rejoined the household but rejected Laura and moved in with Nancy. This was one of the catalysts for the incident of 27 April 1929, when Riding jumped from
4455-508: The incorporation of the Free City of Kraków in 1846, it was extended to Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Grand Duchy of Kraków with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator ( German : Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator ). Each of those entities was formally separate; they were listed as such in the Austrian emperor's titles , each had its distinct coat-of-arms and flag. For administrative purposes, however, they formed
4536-431: The land of Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Kuyavia, Pomerania (Pomerelia). Latin : Kazimirus, Dei gratia rex Polonie et Rusie, nec non-Cracovie, Sandomirie, Siradie, Lancicie, Cuiavie, et Pomeranieque Terrarum et Ducatuum Dominus et Heres . Under the Jagiellonian dynasty (Kings of Poland from 1386 to 1572), the Kingdom of Poland revived and reconstituted its territories. In place of historic Galicia there appeared
4617-408: The locus of her work. Two issues of Chelsea were given over to new writings by her, It Has Taken Long (1976) and The Sufficient Difference (2001). She was awarded the Bollingen Prize in 1991. She died of cardiac arrest on September 2, 1991. Publication of her work has continued since her death in 1991, including First Awakenings (early poems, 1992), Rational Meaning: A New Foundation for
4698-604: The mid 19th and early 20th centuries. The first European attempt to drill for oil was in Bóbrka in western Galicia in 1854. By 1867, a well at Kleczany, in Western Galicia, was drilled using steam to about 200 meters. On 31 December 1872, a railway line linking Borysław (now Boryslav) with the nearby city of Drohobycz (now Drohobych) was opened. British engineer John Simeon Bergheim and Canadian William Henry McGarvey came to Galicia in 1882. In 1883, their company bored holes of 700 to 1,000 meters and found large oil deposits. In 1885, they renamed their oil developing enterprise
4779-463: The modern regions of western Ukraine : the Lviv , Ternopil , and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts near Halych. In the 18th century, territories that later became part of the modern Polish regions of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship , Subcarpathian Voivodeship , and Silesian Voivodeship were added to Galicia after the collapse of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Eastern Galicia became contested ground between Poland and Ruthenia in medieval times and
4860-452: The most productive spring in Southeastern Pennsylvania. The name Aquetong comes from a Lenape word meaning "spring in the bushes," while Ingham refers to Samuel D. Ingham , an industrialist, congressman, and advocate of the canal that would run through the town. Near its end in New Hope, the creek forms a scenic millpond and waterfall near the Bucks County Playhouse , a former mill. The former place names Hood and Hufnagel are now part of
4941-454: The next morning. The section of U.S. Route 202 that passes just north of New Hope is still named York Road, and the original route is now Bridge Street ( PA 179 ). New Hope was first called "Coryell's Ferry," after the owner of the ferry business. The current name came into use following a fire in 1790 that destroyed several mills in the area; their reconstruction was considered a "new hope." The night prior to George Washington's crossing of
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#17328631664065022-645: The oil and natural gas industries in Galicia. This influx of capital caused the number of petroleum enterprises to shrink from 900 to 484 by 1884, and to 285 companies manned by 3,700 workers by 1890. However, the number of oil refineries increased from thirty-one in 1880 to fifty-four in 1904. By 1904, there were thirty boreholes in Borysław of over 1,000 meters. Production increased by 50% between 1905 and 1906 and then trebled between 1906 and 1909 because of unexpected discoveries of vast oil reserves of which many were gushers. By 1909, production reached its peak at 2,076,000 tons or 4% of worldwide production. Often called
5103-551: The older structures in the town still claim to have unexploded British ordnance lodged in their roofbeams. The North Pennsylvania Railroad finished construction of their New Hope Branch in 1891, later being taken over by the Reading Railroad . Passenger service to Philadelphia's Reading Terminal as well as all other passenger activity was terminated in 1952 from Hatboro, also the end for electrified track, and New Hope. Between 1952 and 1966, only freight trains were seen entering and leaving New Hope, mostly to deliver paper pulp for
5184-482: The ornate pretentious framework of which he stuffed stolen substance of my writings, and my thought generally, on poetry, woman, cosmic actualities and the history of religious conceptions." She had already written to the Editor of the Minnesota Review , in 1967, about how Graves had used her as a source: "In my thinking, the categorically separated functions termed intellectual, moral, spiritual, emotional, were brought into union, into joint immediacy; other conceptions put
5265-419: The population was of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. No one was of Native Islander or Other Pacific Islander ethnicity. There were an estimated 2,612 people and 1,192 households residing in the borough. The population density was 1,843.3 inhabitants per square mile (711.7/km ). There were 1,481 housing units at an average density of 1,045.2 per square mile (403.6/km ) Of the approximately 1,192 households, there
5346-467: The population. A small number were full-time farmers, but by far the overwhelming number (84%) had only smallholdings or no possessions. Galicia had arguably the most ethnically diverse population of all the countries in the Austrian monarchy, consisting mainly of Poles and " Ruthenians "; the peoples known later as Ukrainians and Rusyns , as well as ethnic Jews , Germans , Armenians , Czechs , Slovaks , Hungarians , Roma and others. In Galicia as
5427-444: The princes of Hungary, although its borders coincided but roughly with those of the former medieval principality. Known informally as Galicia, it became the largest, most populous, and northernmost province of the Austrian Empire . After 1867 it was part of the Austrian half of Austria-Hungary , until the dissolution of the monarchy at the end of World War I in 1918. During the First World War , Galicia saw heavy fighting between
5508-507: The southern part of the borough, from which it heads southwestward along Windy Bush Road before exiting the borough. Finally, Pennsylvania Route 179 follows an east-west alignment through the center of the borough via Bridge Street, crossing the Delaware River via the New Hope–Lambertville Free Bridge . The New Hope–Lambertville Toll Bridge is just north of New Hope in Solebury Township. Trans-Bridge Lines provides intercity bus service to Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City from
5589-559: The sun and moon in their right rational places as emblems of poetic emotionalism, and lengthened the perspective of Origin back from the skimpy historical heavens of masculine divinity through a spacious dominion of religious symbolism, pre-sided over, for the sake of poetic justice, by a thing I called mother-god." In about 1941, Riding renounced poetry, but it was fifteen to twenty years before she felt able to begin explaining her reasons and exploring her unfolding findings. She withdrew from public literary life, working with Schuyler Jackson on
5670-509: The territories acquired by Austria did not correspond exactly to those of former Halych-Volhynia – the Russian Empire took control of Volhynia to the north-east, including the city of Volodymyr-Volynskyi ( Włodzimierz Wołyński ) – after which Lodomeria was named. On the other hand, much of Lesser Poland – Nowy Sącz and Przemyśl (1772–1918), Zamość (1772–1809), Lublin (1795–1809), and Kraków (1846–1918) – became part of Austrian Galicia . Moreover, despite
5751-452: The theme of women-and-men in 1965 and 1974 and in 1967, The Telling . The 62 numbered passages of The Telling , a "personal evangel", formed the "core part" of a book of the same title, thought by some to be her most important book alongside Collected Poems . Writings and publications continued to flow throughout the sixties, seventies and eighties, as Laura (Riding) Jackson (her authorial name from 1963 onwards) explored what she regarded as
5832-483: The truth-potential of language, free from the artificial restrictions of poetic art. "My faith in poetry was at heart a faith in language as the elementary wisdom," she had written in 1976 ("The Road To, In, And Away From, Poetry", Reader 251). Her later writings attest to what she regarded as the truth-potential contained in language and in the human mind. She might be regarded as a spiritual teacher whose unusually high valuation of language, led her to choose literature as
5913-676: The widespread multilingualism blurred ethnic divisions. Religiously, Galicia is predominantly Catholic, and Catholicism is practiced in two rites. Poles are Roman Catholic , while Ukrainians belong to the Greek Catholic Church . Other Christians belong to one of the Ukrainian Orthodox Churches . Until the Holocaust , Judaism was widespread, and Galicia was the center of Hasidism . The new state borders cut Galicia off from many of its traditional trade routes and markets of
5994-471: The year 1206 as Galiciæ . The eastern part of the region was controlled by the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia before it was annexed by the Kingdom of Poland in 1352 and became part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship . During the partitions of Poland , it was incorporated into a crown land of the Austrian Empire – the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . The nucleus of historic Galicia lies within
6075-450: Was 2.70. In 2020 estimates, 11.8% were under the age of 18, 7.1% are 18 to 24, 15.2% are 25 to 44, 43.1% are 45 to 64, and 23.0% are 65 years of age or older. The estimated median age was 56.2 years. The estimated male to female ratio is 1.25 to 1. The median income for a household in the borough was estimated at $ 107,000, and the median income for a family was an estimated $ 173,750. The 2020 census found that 2.5% of New Hope's population
6156-411: Was a count of 690 families. Out of all the households, 14.2% housed one or more children under 18, and 53.5% housed one or more adults over the age of 60. Of the 1,336 occupied housing units, 34.5% had married couples living together, 3.1% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 2.2% had a male householder with no spouse present. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size
6237-502: Was becoming ever more evident: generally she favoured a distinctive form of free verse over conventional metres. She, Robert Graves and Nancy Nicholson lived in London until Riding's suicide attempt in 1929. It is generally agreed that this episode was a major cause of the break-up of Graves's first marriage: the whole affair caused a famous literary scandal. When Riding met the Irish poet, Geoffrey Phibbs , in 1929, she invited him to join
6318-539: Was created following the death in 1198 or 1199 (and without a recognised heir in the paternal line) of the last Prince of Galicia, Vladimir II Yaroslavich ; Roman acquired the Principality of Galicia and united his lands into one state. Roman's successors would mostly use Halych (Galicia) as the designation of their combined kingdom. In Roman's time Galicia–Volhynia's principal cities were Halych and Volodymyr. In 1204, Roman captured Kyiv in alliance with Poland , signed
6399-479: Was fought over by Austria-Hungary and Russia during World War I and also Poland and Ukraine in the 20th century. In the 10th century, several cities were founded there, such as Volodymyr and Jaroslaw , whose names mark their connections with the Grand Princes of Kiev . There is considerable overlap between Galicia and Podolia (to the east) as well as between Galicia and south-west Ruthenia , especially in
6480-467: Was the most diverse part of the region, and one of the most diverse areas in Europe at the time. The Galician Jews immigrated in the Middle Ages from Germany. German-speaking people were more commonly referred to by the region of Germany where they originated (such as Saxony or Swabia ). For those who spoke different native languages, e.g. Poles and Ruthenians, identification was less problematic, and
6561-410: Was the most spoken language in Galicia as a whole, although the eastern part of the region was predominantly Ruthenian-speaking. According to the 1910 census, 58.6% of Galicia spoke Polish as its mother tongue, compared to 40.2% who spoke a Ruthenian language. The number of Polish-speakers may have been inflated because Jews were not given the option of listing Yiddish as their language. Eastern Galicia
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