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71-715: Latter-Day Pamphlets was a series of " pamphlets " published by Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher Thomas Carlyle in 1850, in vehement denunciation of what he believed to be the political, social, and religious imbecilities and injustices of the period. Carlyle was deeply impacted by the Revolutions of 1848 and his journeys to Ireland in 1846 and 1849 during the Great Famine . After struggling to formulate his response to these events, he wrote to his sister in January 1850 that he had "decided at last to give vent to myself in

142-525: A tract concerning a contemporary issue was a product of the heated arguments leading to the English Civil War ; this sense appeared in 1642. In some European languages, this secondary connotation, of a disputatious tract, has come to the fore: compare libelle , from the Latin libellus , denoting a "little book". Pamphlets functioned in place of magazine articles in the pre-magazine era, which ended in

213-836: A Ground: Essays on Canadian Culture (1982). In the posthumous Collected Works of Northrop Frye , his writings on Canada occupy the thick 12th volume. Garrison mentality Frye collected his disparate writings on Canadian writing and painting in The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination (1971). He coined phrases like the Garrison Mentality , a theme that summarizes Canadian literature. Margaret Atwood adopted his approach and elaborated on this in her book Survival (1972). Canadian identity in literature Based on his observations of Canadian literature, Frye concluded that, by extension, Canadian identity

284-493: A Series of Pamphlets; 'Latter-Day Pamphlets' is the name I have given them, as significant of the ruinous overwhelmed and almost dying condition in which the world paints itself to me." The title is derived from the Book of Job : "For I know that my redeemer liveth, and that he shall stand at the latter day upon the earth". Carlyle conceived of the work as a sort of prose epic ; though his original plan to produce twelve pamphlets –

355-403: A body of knowledge for criticism that, while independent of literature, is yet constrained by it: "If criticism exists," he declares, "it must be an examination of literature in terms of a conceptual framework derivable from an inductive survey of the literary field" itself ( Anatomy 7). In seeking integrity for criticism, Frye rejects what he termed the deterministic fallacy. He defines this as

426-484: A centrifugal movement of backing up from the text towards the archetype, that the social function of literary criticism becomes apparent. Essentially, "what criticism can do," according to Frye, "is awaken students to successive levels of awareness of the mythology that lies behind the ideology in which their society indoctrinates them" (Stingle 5). That is, the study of recurring structural patterns grants students an emancipatory distance from their own society, and gives them

497-429: A coordinating principle, a central hypothesis which, like the theory of evolution in biology, will see the phenomena it deals with as parts of a whole ( Anatomy 16). Arguing that "criticism cannot be a systematic [and thus scientific] study unless there is a quality in literature which enables it to be so," Frye puts forward the hypothesis that "just as there is an order of nature behind the natural sciences, so literature

568-595: A corrupt sausage-maker turned politician first introduced in Past and Present , is used to epitomise the ways in which modern commercial culture saps the morality of society. The pamphlets are: Hale White remarked that upon publication of the Pamphlets , "almost all the reviews united in a howl of execration". David Masson said that never before "was there a publication so provocative of rage, hatred and personal malevolence." Carlyle's biographer David Alec Wilson wrote that since

639-411: A critical attitude for criticism." For Frye critical integrity means that "the axioms and postulates of criticism . . . have to grow out of the art it deals with" ( Anatomy 6). Taking his cue from Aristotle , Frye's methodology in defining a conceptual framework begins inductively, "follow[ing] the natural order and begin[ning] with the primary facts" ( Anatomy 15). The primary facts, in this case, are

710-484: A judgment seat of final conviction, but from a rest stop on a pilgrimage, however near the pilgrimage may now be to its close" ( Double Vision Preface). Vico , in The New Science , posited a view of language as fundamentally figurative, and introduced into Enlightenment discourse the notion of the role of the imagination in creating meaning. For Vico, poetic discourse is prior to philosophical discourse; philosophy

781-553: A lecture tour. Two years after her death in 1986, he married Elizabeth Brown. He died in 1991 and was interred in Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto , Ontario . The insights gained from his study of Blake set Frye on his critical path and shaped his contributions to literary criticism and theory. He was the first critic to postulate a systematic theory of criticism, "to work out," in his own words, "a unified commentary on

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852-561: A long career during which he earned widespread recognition and received many honours. Born in Sherbrooke , Quebec , but raised in Moncton , New Brunswick , Frye was the third child of Herman Edward Frye and of Catherine Maud Howard. His much older brother, Howard, died in World War I; he also had a sister, Vera. His first cousin was the scientist Alma Howard . Frye went to Toronto to compete in

923-439: A magazine edited by Dickens. John Ruskin wrote in 1862, upon re-reading the Pamphlets , especially Jesuitism , that "I can't think what Mr. Carlyle wants me to write anything more for—if people don't attend to that, what more is to be said?" Carlyle's arguments against the attempt to "reform society through the exclusive mechanism of the ballot-box" impacted Ruskin, John Stuart Mill , and Charles Kingsley , who equally denounced

994-519: A national typing contest in 1929. He studied for his undergraduate degree in philosophy at Victoria College in the University of Toronto , where he edited the college literary journal, Acta Victoriana . He then studied theology at Emmanuel College (like Victoria College, a constituent part of the University of Toronto). After a brief stint as a student minister in Saskatchewan , he was ordained to

1065-469: A nonspecialist public, realizing that whatever new directions can come to my discipline will come from their needs and their intense if unfocused vision" ( Auguries 7). It is therefore fitting that his last book, published posthumously, should be one that he describes as being "something of a shorter and more accessible version of the longer books, The Great Code and Words with Power ," which he asks his readers to read sympathetically, not "as proceeding from

1136-479: A society with sufficient confidence for its writers to compose more formally advanced detached literature. Frye's international reputation allowed him to champion Canadian literature at a time when to do so was considered provincial. Frye argued that regardless of the formal quality of the writing, it was imperative to study Canadian literary productions in order to understand the Canadian imagination and its reaction to

1207-547: A suburb of London , while agents of the dishonest Bobus disfigure the area by marketing his political campaign with posters and sandwich boards . George Fitzhugh derived the title of Cannibals All! or, Slaves without Masters (1857) from The Present Time , also quoting from it extensively. Richard Wagner wrote in "Letter to H. v. Stein" (1883), " Carlyle has plainly proved to us the natural relation of all Colonies to their mother-land", referring to The New Downing Street . Herbert Agar quoted from The Present Time in

1278-537: A system of metaphor derived from Paradise Lost and the Bible . His study of Blake's poetry was a major contribution to the subject. Moreover, Frye outlined an innovative manner of studying literature that was to deeply influence the study of literature in general. He was a major influence on Harold Bloom , Margaret Atwood , and others. In 1974–1975 Frye was the Norton professor at Harvard University . But his primary position

1349-672: A twelfth-century amatory comic poem with an old flavor , Pamphilus, seu de Amore ("Pamphilus: or, Concerning Love"), written in Latin . Pamphilus's name is derived from the Greek name Πάμφιλος , meaning "beloved of all". The poem was popular and widely copied and circulated on its own, forming a slim codex . The earliest appearance of the word is in The Philobiblon (1344) of Richard de Bury , who speaks of " panfletos exiguos " {" little pamphlets "} (ch. viii.). Its modern connotations of

1420-483: A vision of a higher human state — the Longinian sublime — that is not accessible directly through their own experience, but ultimately transforms and expands their experience, so that the poetic model becomes a model to live by. In what he terms a "kerygmatic mode," myths become "myths to live by" and metaphors "metaphors to live in," which ". . . not only work for us but constantly expand our horizons, [so that] we may enter

1491-528: A whole is "displaced mythology" (Bates 21). Hart makes the point well when he states that "For Frye, the story, and not the argument, is at the centre of literature and society. The base of society is mythical and narrative and not ideological and dialectical" (19). This idea, which is central in Frye's criticism, was first suggested to him by Giambattista Vico . Frye uses the terms 'centripetal' and 'centrifugal' to describe his critical method. Criticism, Frye explains,

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1562-491: Is a discipline in its own right, independent of literature. Claiming with John Stuart Mill that "the artist… is not heard but overheard," Frye insists that The axiom of criticism must be, not that the poet does not know what he is talking about, but that he cannot talk about what he knows. To defend the right of criticism to exist at all, therefore, is to assume that criticism is a structure of thought and knowledge existing in its own right, with some measure of independence from

1633-410: Is a historical term for someone who produces or distributes pamphlets, especially for a political cause. Due to their ephemeral nature and to the wide array of political and religious perspectives given voice by the format's ease of production, pamphlets are prized by many book collectors . Substantial accumulations have been amassed and transferred to ownership of academic research libraries around

1704-588: Is a science as well as an art?" (7), Thus, Frye launched the pursuit which was to occupy the rest of his career—that of establishing criticism as a "coherent field of study which trains the imagination quite as systematically and efficiently as the sciences train the reason" (Hamilton 34). As A. C. Hamilton outlines in Northrop Frye: Anatomy of his Criticism , Frye's assumption of coherence for literary criticism carries important implications. Firstly and most fundamentally, it presupposes that literary criticism

1775-432: Is and understanding it in relation to other works within the 'order of words' (Cotrupi 4). Imposing value judgments on literature belongs, according to Frye, "only to the history of taste, and therefore follows the vacillations of fashionable prejudice" ( Anatomy 9). Genuine criticism "progresses toward making the whole of literature intelligible" ( Anatomy 9) so that its goal is ultimately knowledge and not evaluation. For

1846-439: Is essentially centripetal when it moves inwardly, towards the structure of a text; it is centrifugal when it moves outwardly, away from the text and towards society and the outer world. Lyric poetry, for instance, like Keats's " Ode on a Grecian Urn ", is predominantly centripetal, stressing the sound and movement and imagery of the ordered words. Rhetorical novels, like Uncle Tom's Cabin , are predominantly centrifugal, stressing

1917-503: Is in fact derivative of poetry . Frye readily acknowledged the debt he owed to Vico in developing his literary theory, describing him as "the first modern thinker to understand that all major verbal structures have descended historically from poetic and mythological ones" ( Words with Power xii). However, it was Blake , Frye's "Virgilian guide" (Stingle 1), who first awakened Frye to the "mythological frame of our culture" (Cotrupi 14). In fact, Frye claims that his "second book [ Anatomy ]

1988-401: Is not a piled aggregate of 'works,' but an order of words" ( Anatomy 17). This order of words constitutes criticism's conceptual framework, its coordinating principle. The recurring primitive formulas Frye noticed in his survey of the "greatest classics" provide literature with an order of words, a "skeleton" which allows the reader "to respond imaginatively to any literary work by seeing it in

2059-544: Is their feat in History!"—And so we leave them, for the present; and cannot predict the success of Democracy, on this side of the Atlantic , from their example. This line provoked a reply from abolitionist Elizur Wright in the form of his own pamphlet, Perforations in the "Latter-Day Pamphlets" by One of the "Eighteen Millions of Bores" ; it attacked Carlyle as ignorant and reactionary , concluding: ". . . we will take in good part

2130-516: The New York Daily Tribune , appearing in September and October 1853 respectively. Anthony Trollope for his part considered that in the Pamphlets "the grain of sense is so smothered in a sack of the sheerest trash. . . . He has one idea – a hatred of spoken and acted falsehood; and on this, he harps through the whole eight pamphlets". A century later, Northrop Frye would similarly speak of

2201-483: The New Critics of his day in their centripetal insistence on structural analysis. But for Frye this is only part of the story: "It is right," he declares, "that the first effort of critical apprehension should take the form of a rhetorical or structural analysis of a work of art. But a purely structural approach has the same limitation in criticism that it has in biology." That is, it doesn't develop "any explanation of how

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2272-572: The " letters of Junius , nothing so sensational in politics had been printed in England". Friedrich Engels reviewed the first two pamphlets in April 1850. He approved of Carlyle's criticisms against hereditary aristocracy while harshly criticising Carlyle's views as "a thinly disguised acceptance of existing class rule" and an unjust exoneration of statism . Karl Marx would later attack Carlyle's "model prisons" and "aristocracy of talent" in two articles for

2343-703: The Canadian environment. Frye was elected to the Royal Society of Canada in 1951 and awarded the Royal Society's Lorne Pierce Medal (1958) and its Pierre Chauveau Medal (1970). He was named University Professor by the University of Toronto in 1967. He won the Canada Council Molson Prize in 1971, and the Royal Bank Award in 1978. In 1987 he received the Governor General's Literary Award and

2414-627: The Toronto Arts Lifetime Achievement Award. He was an Honorary Fellow or Member of the following: Northrop Frye was made a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1972. In 2000, he was honoured by the government of Canada with his image on a postage stamp . An international literary festival The Frye Festival , named in Frye's honour, takes place every April in Moncton, New Brunswick. The Northrop Frye Centre, part of Victoria College at

2485-727: The University of Toronto, was named in his honour, as was the Humanities Stream of the Vic One Program at Victoria College and the Northrop Frye Centre for Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto. Northrop Frye School in Moncton was named in his honour. A statue shows Frye sitting on a park bench outside the entrance to the Moncton Public Library . Another casting of the statue and bench by artists Darren Byers and Fred Harrison sits at Victoria College at

2556-520: The University of Toronto. Frye was named a National Historic Person in 2018. The following is a list of his books, including the volumes in the Collected Works of Northrop Frye , an ongoing project under the editorship of Alvin A. Lee . Beyond these publications, Frye edited fifteen books, composed essays and chapters that appear in over sixty books, and wrote over one hundred articles and reviews in academic journals. From 1950 to 1960 he wrote

2627-470: The aesthetic function of literature, centrifugally on the social function of literature. While some critics or schools of criticism emphasize one movement over the other, for Frye, both movements are essential: "criticism will always have two aspects, one turned toward the structure of literature and one turned toward the other cultural phenomena that form the social environment of literature" ( Critical Path 25). He would therefore agree, at least in part, with

2698-473: The art it deals with ( Anatomy 5). This "declaration of independence" (Hart xv) is necessarily a measured one for Frye. For coherence requires that the autonomy of criticism, the need to eradicate its conception as "a parasitic form of literary expression,… a second-hand imitation of creative power" ( Anatomy 3), sits in dynamic tension with the need to establish integrity for it as a discipline. For Frye, this kind of coherent, critical integrity involves claiming

2769-502: The broad hint to make our calls shorter and less frequent at Cheyne Row ." Samuel Gray Ward later avoided a visit accordingly. Carlyle wrote to Emerson in November 1850, "tho' Elizur sent me his Pamphlet, it is a fact that I have not read a word of it, nor shall ever read." In his painting Work , inspired by the book, Ford Madox Brown depicted Carlyle watching honest workers improving the social infrastructure by laying modern drains in

2840-413: The centuries through all ideological changes. Such structural principles are certainly conditioned by social and historical factors and do not transcend them, but they retain a continuity of form that points to an identity of the literary organism distinct from all its adaptations to its social environment ( Words with Power xiii). Myth therefore provides structure to literature simply because literature as

2911-618: The conviction that the Bible provided Western societies with the mythology which informed all of Western literature. As Hamilton asserts, "Blake's claim that 'the Old and New Testaments are the Great Code of Art' became the central doctrine of all [Frye's] criticism" (39). This 'doctrine' found its fullest expression in Frye's appropriately named The Great Code , which he described as "a preliminary investigation of Biblical structure and typology " whose purpose

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2982-507: The cover pages, published in a particular country and made available to the public" and a book as "a non-periodical printed publication of at least 49 pages, exclusive of the cover pages". The UNESCO definitions are, however, only meant to be used for the particular purpose of drawing up their book production statistics. The word pamphlet for a small work ( opuscule ) issued by itself without covers came into Middle English c.  1387 as pamphilet or panflet , generalized from

3053-409: The critic in Frye's mode, then, ... a literary work should be contemplated as a pattern of knowledge, an act that must be distinguished, at least initially, from any direct experience of the work, . . . [Thus] criticism begins when reading ends: no longer imaginatively subjected to a literary work, the critic tries to make sense out of it, not by going to some historical context or by commenting on

3124-490: The folly of the "mere brute 'arithmocracy.'" Professor H. J. C. Grierson regarded the Pamphlets as "central work" in Carlyle's œuvre. In The Present Time , Carlyle criticized American democracy: "What have they done?" . . . "They have doubled their population every twenty years. They have begotten, with a rapidity beyond recorded example, Eighteen Millions of the greatest bores ever seen in this world before:—that, hitherto,

3195-546: The idea of the " garrison mentality " as the attitude from which Canadian literature has been written. The garrison mentality is the attitude of a member of a community that feels isolated from cultural centres and besieged by a hostile landscape. Frye maintained that such communities were peculiarly Canadian, and fostered a literature that was formally immature, that displayed deep moral discomfort with "uncivilized" nature, and whose narratives reinforced social norms and values. Frye also aided James Polk in compiling Divisions on

3266-400: The imagination itself. Thus, rather than interpreting literary works from some ideological 'position' — what Frye calls the "superimposed critical attitude" ( Anatomy 7) — criticism instead finds integrity within the literary field itself. Criticism for Frye, then, is not a task of evaluation — that is, of rejecting or accepting a literary work — but rather simply of recognizing it for what it

3337-491: The imagination, literary works, including "the pre-literary categories of ritual , myth , and folk-tale " ( Archetypes 1450) form, in Frye's vision, a potentially unified imaginative experience. He reminds us that literature is the "central and most important extension" of mythology : "... every human society possesses a mythology which is inherited, transmitted and diversified by literature" ( Words with Power xiii). Mythology and literature thus inhabit and function within

3408-449: The immediate experience of reading but by seeing its structure within literature and literature within culture (Hamilton 27). Once asked whether his critical theory was Romantic , Frye responded, "Oh, it's entirely Romantic, yes" (Stingle 1). It is Romantic in the same sense that Frye attributed Romanticism to Blake: that is, "in the expanded sense of giving a primary place to imagination and individual feeling" (Stingle 2). As artifacts of

3479-463: The introduction to The Land of the Free (1935). He used an image of Carlyle's to characterize big industry, big cities and big government as "Enormous Megatherions ". Pamphlet For the "International Standardization of Statistics Relating to Book Production and Periodicals", UNESCO defines a pamphlet as "a non- periodical printed publication of at least 5 but not more than 48 pages, exclusive of

3550-409: The larger perspective provided by its literary and social contexts" (Hamilton 20). Frye identifies these formulas as the "conventional myths and metaphors" which he calls " archetypes " ( Spiritus Mundi 118). The archetypes of literature exist, Frye argues, as an order of words, providing criticism with a conceptual framework and a body of knowledge derived not from an ideological system but rooted in

3621-778: The mid-nineteenth century. There were hundreds of them in the United States alone. They were a primary means of communication for people interested in political and religious issues, such as slavery . Pamphlets never looked at both sides of a question; most were avowedly partisan , trying not just to inform but to convince the reader. Pamphlets can contain anything from information on kitchen appliances to medical information and religious treatises. Pamphlets are very important in marketing because they are cheap to produce and can be distributed easily to customers. Pamphlets have also long been an important tool of political protest and political campaigning for similar reasons. A pamphleteer

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3692-513: The midst of it; if we cannot find the right meaning, if we find only the wrong or no meaning in it, to live will not be possible! Carlyle called the Pamphlets "Carlylese ' Tracts for the Times ,'" referring to the writings of John Henry Newman and the Oxford Movement . The comparison is apt, as Carlyle's polemical style and his search for an authoritative center of life share many similarities with

3763-619: The ministry of the United Church of Canada . He then studied at Merton College, Oxford , where he was a member and Secretary of the Bodley Club before returning to Victoria College, where he spent the remainder of his professional career. Frye rose to international prominence as a result of his first book, Fearful Symmetry , published in 1947. Until then, the prophetic poetry of William Blake had long been poorly understood, and considered by some to be delusional ramblings. Frye found in it

3834-403: The movement of "a scholar with a special interest in geography or economics [to] express . . . that interest by the rhetorical device of putting his favorite study into a causal relationship with whatever interests him less" ( Anatomy 6). By attaching criticism to an external framework rather than locating the framework for criticism within literature, this kind of critic essentially "substitute[s]

3905-490: The movement. The best known of the pamphlets in the collection is Hudson's Statue , an attack on plans to erect a monument to the bankrupted financier George Hudson , known as the "railway king". The pamphlet expresses a central theme of the book — the corrosive effects of populist politics and of a culture driven by greed. Carlyle also attacked the prison system, which he believed to be too liberal, and democratic parliamentary government. The imaginary figure of "Bobus",

3976-473: The number of books associated with such epics as the Aeneid and Paradise Lost – may have been coincidental, Carlyle's rhetoric echoes the epic form. Latter-Day Pamphlets is, at its core, a rebuke of democracy , "the grand, alarming, imminent, and indisputable Reality" of the time, rooted in Carlyle's two basic principles of immutable order and eternal laws. Carlyle announced the theme of his modern epic using

4047-445: The same imaginative world, one that is "governed by conventions, by its own modes, symbols, myths and genres" (Hart 23). Integrity for criticism requires that it too operates within the sphere of the imagination, and not seek an organizing principle in ideology. To do so, claims Frye, ... leaves out the central structural principles that literature derives from myth, the principles that give literature its communicating power across

4118-461: The same way as leaflets or brochures. Northrop Frye Herman Northrop Frye CC FRSC (July 14, 1912 – January 23, 1991) was a Canadian literary critic and literary theorist , considered one of the most influential of the 20th century. Frye gained international fame with his first book, Fearful Symmetry (1947), which led to the reinterpretation of the poetry of William Blake . His lasting reputation rests principally on

4189-400: The structure came to be what it was and what its nearest relatives are. Structural analysis brings rhetoric back to criticism, but we need a new poetics as well . . ." ( Archetypes 1447). For Frye, this "new poetics" is to be found in the principle of the mythological framework, which has come to be known as 'archetypal criticism'. It is through the lens of this framework, which is essentially

4260-425: The thematic connection of the stories and characters to the social order. The "Ode" has centrifugal tendencies, relying for its effects on elements of history and pottery and visual aesthetics. Cabin has centripetal tendencies, relying on syntax and lexical choice to delineate characters and establish mood. But the one veers inward, the other pushes outward. Criticism reflects these movements, centripetally focusing on

4331-448: The theory of literary criticism that he developed in Anatomy of Criticism (1957), one of the most important works of literary theory published in the twentieth century. The American critic Harold Bloom commented at the time of its publication that Anatomy established Frye as "the foremost living student of Western literature." Frye's contributions to cultural and social criticism spanned

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4402-438: The theory of literary criticism" ( Stubborn Structure 160). In so doing, he shaped the discipline of criticism. Inspired by his work on Blake, Frye developed and articulated his unified theory ten years after Fearful Symmetry , in the Anatomy of Criticism (1957). He described this as an attempt at a "synoptic view of the scope, theory, principles, and techniques of literary criticism" ( Anatomy 3). He asked, "what if criticism

4473-523: The traditional epic question: What is Democracy; this huge inevitable Product of the Destinies, which is everywhere the portion of our Europe in these latter days? There lies the question for us. Whence comes it, this universal big black Democracy; whither tends it; what is the meaning of it? A meaning it must have, or it would not be here. If we can find the right meaning of it, we may, wisely submitting or wisely resisting and controlling, still hope to live in

4544-635: The work as "tantrum prose" and "rhetorical ectoplasm". Ralph Waldo Emerson expressed his appreciation of the work in an August 1850 letter to Carlyle. "The vivid daguerrotype of the times, the next ages will thank you for; but the circling baulking Present refuses to be helped." Charles Dickens agreed with Carlyle's feeling, as expressed in Model Prisons , that criminals were being treated better than paupers. Dickens echoed Carlyle in an article entitled 'Pet Prisoners' which appeared in Household Words ,

4615-501: The works of literature themselves. And what did Frye's inductive survey of these facts reveal? Significantly, they revealed "a general tendency on the part of great classics to revert to [primitive formulas]" ( Anatomy 17). This revelation prompted his next move, or rather, 'inductive leap': I suggest that it is time for criticism to leap to a new ground from which it can discover what the organizing or containing forms of its conceptual framework are. Criticism seems to be badly in need of

4686-453: The world of [kerygma or transformative power] and pass on to others what we have found to be true for ourselves" ( Double Vision 18). Because of its important social function, Frye felt that literary criticism was an essential part of a liberal education , and worked tirelessly to communicate his ideas to a wider audience. "For many years now," he wrote in 1987, "I have been addressing myself primarily, not to other critics, but to students and

4757-685: The world. Particularly comprehensive collections of American political pamphlets are housed at New York Public Library , the Tamiment Library of New York University , and the Jo Labadie collection at the University of Michigan . The pamphlet has been widely adopted in commerce, particularly as a format for marketing communications. There are numerous purposes for pamphlets, such as product descriptions or instructions, corporate information, events promotions or tourism guides and they are often used in

4828-615: Was as a professor at the University of Toronto, and then chancellor of Victoria College in the University of Toronto. Northrop Frye did not have a PhD. The intelligence service of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police spied on Frye, watching his participation in the anti–Vietnam War movement, an academic forum about China, and activism to end South African apartheid. Frye married Helen Kemp, an educator, editor and artist, in 1937. She died in Australia while accompanying Frye on

4899-400: Was contained in embryo in the first [ Fearful Symmetry ]" ( Stubborn Structure 160). For it was in reflecting on the similarity between Blake and Milton that Frye first stumbled upon the "principle of the mythological framework," the recognition that "the Bible was a mythological framework, cosmos or body of stories, and that societies live within a mythology" (Hart 18). Blake thus led Frye to

4970-422: Was defined by a fear of nature, by the history of settlement and by unquestioned adherence to the community. However, Frye perceived the ability and advisability of Canadian (literary) identity to move beyond these characteristics. Frye proposed the possibility of movement beyond the literary constraints of the garrison mentality: growing urbanization, interpreted as greater control over the environment, would produce

5041-550: Was ultimately to suggest "how the structure of the Bible, as revealed by its narrative and imagery, was related to the conventions and genres of Western literature" ( Words with Power xi). During the 1950s, Frye wrote annual surveys of Canadian poetry for the University of Toronto Quarterly , which led him to observe recurrent themes and preoccupations in Canadian poetry. Subsequently, Frye elaborated on these observations, especially in his conclusion to Carl F. Klinck 's Literary History of Canada (1965). In this work, Frye presented

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