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65-553: Latin American literature consists of the oral and written literature of Latin America in several languages, particularly in Spanish, Portuguese, and the indigenous languages of Latin America . It rose to particular prominence globally during the second half of the 20th century, largely due to the international success of the style known as magical realism . As such, the region's literature

130-499: A Boom author per se, was extremely influential for the Boom generation. Latin American authors were inspired by North American and European authors such as William Faulkner , James Joyce , and Virginia Woolf , by the legendary Spanish poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca as well as by each other's works; many of the authors knew one another, which led to a mutual crossbreeding of styles. The Boom launched Latin American literature onto

195-514: A Macy's make-up artist who accuses the Boom of capitalizing on her solitude. Other writers, however, have traded on the Boom's success: see for instance Laura Esquivel 's pastiche of magical realism in Como agua para chocolate . The Spanish language author who has had most impact in United States has been Roberto Bolaño . Overall, contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied, ranging from

260-414: A manifesto for the region's cultural awakening, Ariel . Delmira Agustini , one of the female figures of modernismo, wrote poetry that both utilized typical modernist images (such as swans) and adapted them with feminist messages and erotic themes, as critic Sylvia Molloy describes. Though modernismo itself is often seen as aestheticist and anti-political, some poets and essayists, Martí among them but also

325-406: A modernist magazine of the time. The Argentine Jorge Luis Borges invented what was almost a new genre, the philosophical short story, and would go on to become one of the most influential of all Latin American writers. At the same time, Roberto Arlt offered a very different style, closer to mass culture and popular literature, reflecting the urbanization and European immigration that was shaping

390-573: A new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic Carlos Monsiváis and Pedro Lemebel , who draw also on the long-standing tradition of essayistic production as well as the precedents of engaged and creative non-fiction represented by the Uruguayan Eduardo Galeano and the Mexican Elena Poniatowska , among others. According to literary critic Harold Bloom , the most eminent Latin American author of any century

455-623: A televised feature on Russell Simmons ' Def Poetry ; performance poetry is a genre of poetry that consciously shuns the written form. Oral literatures forms a generally more fundamental component of culture , but operates in many ways as one might expect literature to do. The Ugandan scholar Pio Zirimu introduced the term orature in an attempt to avoid an oxymoron , but oral literature remains more common both in academic and popular writing. The Encyclopaedia of African Literature , edited by Simon Gikandi (Routledge, 2003), gives this definition: "Orature means something passed on through

520-988: A wide realm of schools and styles. In the 20th century, Latin American literary studies was primarily centered around what came before, during, and after The Boom. The scholarly optic has since widened to regularly examine Latin American literature within fields such as the Global South , postcolonial literature , postmodern literature , electronic literature , hysterical realism , speculative fiction , Latin American pop culture, crime fiction , horror fiction , among other fields. Prominent 21st-century authors whose works are widely available, taught, and translated into many languages include Mario Vargas Llosa , Isabel Allende , Jorge Volpi , Junot Díaz , Giannina Braschi , Elena Poniatowska , Julia Alvarez , Diamela Eltit , and Ricardo Piglia . Latin American literature written in Spanish and Portuguese by nationality: Oral literature Oral literature , orature , or folk literature

585-402: Is a genre of literature that is spoken or sung in contrast to that which is written , though much oral literature has been transcribed. There is no standard definition, as anthropologists have used varying descriptions for oral literature or folk literature. A broad conceptualization refers to it as literature characterized by oral transmission and the absence of any fixed form. It includes

650-523: Is based, at least in part, upon a cousin of the author. The hacienda " El Paraíso " and its large slave population, both owned by Isaacs' family, also figures largely throughout the novel; the location is currently preserved as a museum. María Monument in Cali depicts the characters of the novel. The story narrates the idyllic and tragic love between María and her cousin Efraín, both natives of Valle del Cauca . In

715-565: Is considered one of the most important works of 19th-century Spanish American literature. Alfonso M. Escudero characterized it as the greatest Spanish-language romantic novel. The Romantic style of the novel has been compared to the one of Chateaubriand 's Atala . Notable is the description of the landscape and the artistic style of the prose. The novel has several autobiographical elements, such as both main characters being natives of Valle del Cauca , or Efraín's departure to Bogotá to pursue his studies. It has been claimed that María herself

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780-453: Is essential to name the Venezuelan writer Arturo Uslar Pietri as the greatest exponent, who is considered the undisputed father of this literary avant-garde who gives life to Magical Realism with his novel Las lanzas coloradas published in 1931, since it mentions it in search of a name that would explain and reflect the needs that were lived at the time. The writer who would continue In

845-616: Is often associated solely with this style, with the 20th century literary movement known as Latin American Boom , and with its most famous exponent, Gabriel García Márquez . Latin American literature has a rich and complex tradition of literary production that dates back many centuries. Pre-Columbian cultures are documented as primarily oral, though the Aztecs and Mayans, for instance, produced elaborate codices . Oral accounts of mythological and religious beliefs were also sometimes recorded after

910-735: Is that there are elements to oral traditions in these places that cannot be captured by words alone, such as the existence of gestures, dance, and the interaction between the storyteller and the audience. According to Nwi-Akeeri, oral literature is not only a narrative, but also a performance . Oral tradition is seen in societies with vigorous oral conveyance practices to be a general term inclusive of both oral literature and any written literature, including sophisticated writings, as well, potentially, as visual and performance arts which may interact with these forms, extend their expression, or offer additional expressive media. Thus even where no phrase in local language which exactly translates "oral literature"

975-768: Is the Jerusalem Prize ; its recipients include: Marcos Aguinis (Argentina), Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru), Ernesto Sabato (Argentina), Octavio Paz (Mexico), and Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina). Latin American authors who figured in prominent literary critic Harold Bloom 's The Western Canon list of the most enduring works of world literature include: Rubén Dário , Jorge Luis Borges , Alejo Carpentier, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Severo Sarduy, Reinaldo Arenas, Pablo Neruda, Octavio Paz, César Vallejo , Miguel Ángel Asturias, José Lezama Lima, José Donoso, Julio Cortázar , Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa, Carlos Fuentes, and Carlos Drummond de Andrade . Brazilian authors who have won

1040-471: Is the Argentine Jorge Luis Borges . In his controversial 1994 book The Western Canon , Bloom says: "Of all Latin American authors in this century, he is the most universal... If you read Borges frequently and closely, you become something of a Borgesian, because to read him is to activate an awareness of literature in which he has gone farther than anybody else." Among the novelists, perhaps

1105-477: Is used, what constitutes "oral literature" as understood today is already understood to be part or all of the lore media with which a society conducts profound and common cultural affairs among its members, orally. In this sense, oral lore is an ancient practice and concept natural to the earliest storied communications and transmissions of bodies of knowledge and culture in verbal form from the dawn of language-based human societies, and 'oral literature' thus understood

1170-615: The Camões Prize , the most prestigious literary award in the Portuguese language, include: João Cabral de Melo Neto, Rachel de Queiroz, Jorge Amado , Antonio Candido, Autran Dourado, Rubem Fonseca, Lygia Fagundes Telles, João Ubaldo Ribeiro, and Ferreira Gullar. Some notable authors who have won Brazil's Prêmio Machado de Assis include: Rachel de Queiroz, Cecília Meireles, João Guimarães Rosa, Érico Veríssimo, Lúcio Cardoso, and Ferreira Gullar. Latin American literature produced since 2000 spans

1235-501: The Mandrágora group, strongly influenced by Surrealism as well as by Vicente Huidobro 's Creacionismo . In Peru, Cesar Moro and Emilio Adolfo Westphalen developed Surrealism in the Andes region. After World War II, Latin America enjoyed increasing economic prosperity, and a new-found confidence also gave rise to a literary boom . From 1960 to 1967, some of the major seminal works of

1300-589: The Romantic or Naturalist traditions that attempted to establish a sense of national identity, and which often focused on the role and rights of the indigenous or the dichotomy of "civilization or barbarism", pioneered in Latin America by Esteban Echeverría , who was influenced by the Parisian romantics while he lived there from 1825 to 1830. Romanticism was then taken up by other prominent literary figures, for which see,

1365-604: The Romulo Gallegos Prize for Literature. There is a vibrant tradition of prose poetry in 20th century Latin America; the prose poem becomes a prevalent format for lyrical philosophical inquiry and sensual sentiments of the region's poets. Masters of the prose poem include Jorge Luis Borges ("Everything and Nothing"), Pablo Neruda ( Passions and Impressions) , Octavio Paz ( Aguila o Sol?/ Eagle or Sun?), Alejandra Pizarnik ("Sex/Night"), Giannina Braschi ( Empire of Dreams ) and Rafael Cadenas (Memorial). Leaders of

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1430-686: The Southern Cone . Both writers were the most important emergents in an important controversy in Argentinian literature between the so-called Florida Group of Borges and other writers and artists that used to meet at the Richmond Cafe in the centrical Florida street of Buenos Aires city vs. the Boedo Group of Roberto Arlt that used to meet at the Japanese Cafe in the most periferical Boedo borough of

1495-597: The boom were published and before long became widely noticed, admired, and commented on beyond Latin America itself. Many of these novels and collections of short stories were somewhat rebellious from the general point of view of Latin America culture. Authors crossed traditional boundaries, experimented with language, and often mixed different styles of writing in their works. Structures of literary works were also changing. Boom writers ventured outside traditional narrative structures, embracing non-linearity and experimental narration. The figure of Jorge Luis Borges , though not

1560-702: The conquest of the Aztec Empire . At times, colonial practices stirred a lively debate about the ethics of colonization and the status of the indigenous peoples, as reflected for instance in Bartolomé de las Casas 's Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies . The first printing press in North America was established in present-day Mexico City in 1539 by publisher Juan Cromberger. Mestizos and natives also contributed to

1625-661: The 1940s, the Cuban novelist and musicologist Alejo Carpentier coined the term " lo real maravilloso " and, along with the Mexican Juan Rulfo and the Guatemalan Miguel Ángel Asturias , would prove a precursor of the Boom of Latin American literature its signature style of "magic realism". Years later in 1967 with his novel One Hundred Years of Solitude the Colombian Gabriel García Márquez , shall win of

1690-663: The 1970s onwards, the term "Oral literature" appears in the work of both literary scholars and anthropologists: Finnegan (1970, 1977), Görög-Karady (1976), Bauman (1986), in the World Oral Literature Project and in the articles of the journal Cahiers de Littérature Orale . Although deaf people communicate manually rather than orally, their culture and traditions are considered in the same category as oral literature. Stories, jokes and poetry are passed on from person to person with no written medium. Mar%C3%ADa (novel) Despite being Isaacs' only novel, María

1755-417: The 19th century often wrote about the inequalities in Latin America that were vestiges of colonialism such as the marginalization and oppression of Indigenous peoples, slaves, and women. Many works by women in this period challenged Latin American patriarchal societies. These prominent women writers discussed the hypocrisy of the dominant class and institutions that existed in their nascent nations and criticized

1820-1358: The 20th century, in any language." Mexican writer and poet Octavio Paz is unique among Latin American writers in having won the Nobel Prize, the Neustadt Prize, and the Cervantes Prize. Paz has also been a recipient of the Jerusalem Prize, as well as an honorary doctorate from Harvard. The most important literary prize of the Spanish language is widely considered to be the Cervantes Prize of Spain. Latin American authors who have won this prestigious award include: José Emilio Pacheco (Mexico), Juan Gelman (Argentina), Nicanor Parra (Chile), Sergio Pitol (Mexico), Gonzalo Rojas (Chile), Álvaro Mutis (Colombia), Jorge Edwards (Chile), Guillermo Cabrera Infante (Cuba), Mario Vargas Llosa (Perú), Dulce María Loynaz (Cuba), Adolfo Bioy Casares (Argentina), Augusto Roa Bastos (Paraguay), Carlos Fuentes (Mexico), Ernesto Sabato (Argentina), Octavio Paz (Mexico), Juan Carlos Onetti (Uruguay), Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina), Alejo Carpentier (Cuba) and Rafael Cadenas (Venezuela). The Latin American authors who have won

1885-761: The Argentine César Aira , the Peruvian-Mexican Mario Bellatin or the Colombian Fernando Vallejo , whose La virgen de los sicarios depicted the violence in Medellín under the influence of the drug trade. Emerging voices include Fernando Ampuero, Miguel Gutierrez, Edgardo Rivera Martinez, Jaime Marchán and Manfredo Kempff. There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of testimonio , texts produced in collaboration with subaltern subjects such as Rigoberta Menchú . Finally,

1950-699: The Argentine Domingo Sarmiento 's Facundo (1845). Likewise, Alberto Blest Gana 's Martin Rivas (1862), widely acknowledged as the first Chilean novel, was at once a passionate love story and a national epic about revolution. Other foundation fictions include the Colombian Jorge Isaacs 's María (1867), Ecuadorian Juan León Mera 's Cumandá (1879), or the Brazilian Euclides da Cunha 's Os Sertões (1902). Such works are still

2015-671: The Boom's culmination arrived in Augusto Roa Bastos 's monumental Yo, el supremo (1974). Other important novelists of the period include the Chilean José Donoso , the Guatemalan Augusto Monterroso and the Cuban Guillermo Cabrera Infante . Though the literary boom occurred while Latin America was having commercial success, the works of this period tended to move away from the positives of

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2080-757: The Nobel Prize, counts several Latin American authors among its recipients; they include: Claribel Alegría (Nicaragua), Álvaro Mutis (Colombia), João Cabral de Melo Neto (Brazil), Octavio Paz (Mexico), and Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia). Candidates for the prize include: Arturo Uslar Pietri (Venezuela), Ricardo Piglia (Argentina), Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru), Marjorie Agosin (Chile), Eduardo Galeano (Uruguay), Homero Aridjis (Mexico), Luis Fernando Verissimo (Brazil), Augusto Monterroso (Guatemala), Ernesto Cardenal (Nicaragua), Carlos Fuentes (Mexico), Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina), Jorge Amado (Brazil), Ernesto Sábato (Argentina), Carlos Drummond de Andrade (Brazil), and Pablo Neruda (Chile). Another important international literary award

2145-550: The Peruvian José María Arguedas and the Mexican Rosario Castellanos . Resistance against colonialism, a trend that emerged earlier in the 19th century, was also extremely important in modernismo. This resistance literature was promoted by prominent modernists including the aforementioned José Martí (1853–1895) and Rubén Darío (1867–1916). Martí warned readers about the imperialistic tendencies of

2210-545: The Peruvians Manuel González Prada and José Carlos Mariátegui , introduced compelling critiques of the contemporary social order and particularly the plight of Latin America's indigenous peoples. In this way, the early twentieth century also saw the rise of indigenismo , a trend previously popularized by Clorinda Matto de Turner , that was dedicated to representing indigenous culture and the injustices that such communities were undergoing, as for instance with

2275-562: The United States and described how Latin America should avoid allowing the United States to intervene in their affairs. A prime example of this sort of message is found in Martí's Our America , published in 1892. Darío also worked to highlight the threat of American imperialism , which can be seen in his poem To Roosevelt , as well as his other works Cake-Walk: El Baile de Moda . Many of his works were published in La Revista Moderna de Mexico ,

2340-660: The arrival of European colonizers, as was the case with the Popol Vuh . Moreover, a tradition of oral narrative survives to this day, for instance among the Quechua -speaking population of Peru and the Quiché of Peru. From the very moment when Europeans encountered the New World, early explorers and conquistadores produced written accounts and crónicas of their experience, such as Columbus 's letters or Bernal Díaz del Castillo 's description of

2405-419: The bedrocks of national canons, and usually mandatory elements of high school curricula. Other important works of 19th century Latin American literature include regional classics, such as José Hernández 's epic poem Martín Fierro (1872). The story of a poor gaucho drafted to fight a frontier war against Indians, Martín Fierro is an example of the "gauchesque", an Argentine genre of poetry centered around

2470-462: The best-selling Paulo Coelho and Isabel Allende to the more avant-garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as Diamela Eltit , Giannina Braschi , Luisa Valenzuela , Marcos Aguinis , Ricardo Piglia , Roberto Ampuero , Jorge Marchant Lazcano , Alicia Yánez , Jaime Bayly , Alonso Cueto , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Gioconda Belli , Jorge Franco , Daniel Alarcon , Víctor Montoya or Mario Mendoza Zambrano . Other important figures include

2535-521: The body of colonial literature. Authors such as El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Guaman Poma wrote accounts of the Spanish conquest that show a perspective that often contrasts with the colonizers' accounts. During the colonial period, written culture was often in the hands of the church, the context within which Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz wrote memorable poetry and philosophical essays. Her interest in scientific thought and experiment led to professional discussions and writings with Isaac Newton . Toward

2600-541: The book Defining New Idioms and Alternative Forms of Expression , edited by Eckhard Breitinger (Rodopi, 1996, page 78): "This means that any 'oral society' had to develop means to make the spoken word last, at least for a while. We tend to regard all the genres of orature as belonging to the homogeneous complex of folklore." Building on Zirimu's orature concept, Mbube Nwi-Akeeri explained that Western theories cannot effectively capture and explain oral literature, particularly those indigenous to regions such as Africa. The reason

2665-638: The caricature that reduces Latin American literature to magical realism. Hence the Chilean Alberto Fuguet coined McOndo as an antidote to the Macondo-ism that demanded of aspiring writers that they set their tales in steamy tropical jungles in which the fantastic and the real happily coexisted. In a mock diary by post-modernist Giannina Braschi the Narrator of the Latin American Boom is shot by

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2730-465: The colonial order may have emerged initially during the 17th century in Latin America, it rose in popularity in the form of resistance against Spain, the United States, and other imperialist nations in the 19th century. Latin American writers sought a Latin American identity, and this would later be closely tied with the Modernismo literary movement. Male authors mainly dominated colonial literature, with

2795-481: The corruption of the government. Some prime examples of such works include Clorinda Matto de Turner's Indole , Herencia , and El Conspirador: autobiografia de un hombre publico . In the late 19th century, modernismo emerged, a poetic movement whose founding text was the Nicaraguan Rubén Darío 's Azul (1888). This was the first Latin American poetry movement to influence literary culture outside of

2860-464: The early 19th century in Latin America led to literary themes of identity, resistance, and human rights. Writers often followed and innovated popular literary movements (such as Romanticism, Realism, and Naturalism), but many were also exploring ideas such as nationalism and independence. Cultural independence spread across Latin America during this time, and writers depicted Latin American themes and locations in their works. While literature that questioned

2925-441: The end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, a distinctive criollo literary tradition emerged, including the first novels such as José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi 's El Periquillo Sarniento (1816). The "libertadores" themselves were also often distinguished writers, such as Simón Bolívar and Andrés Bello . The 19th century was a period of "foundational fictions" (in the words of critic Doris Sommer ), novels in

2990-418: The events to come in the future of Latin America, with the 1970s and 1980s dictatorships, economic turmoil, and Dirty Wars . Post-Boom literature is sometimes characterized by a tendency towards irony and humor, as the narrative of Alfredo Bryce Echenique , and towards the use of popular genres, as in the work of Manuel Puig . Some writers felt the success of the Boom to be a burden, and spiritedly denounced

3055-456: The exception of literary greats such as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz , but a shift began in the 19th century that allowed for more female authors to emerge. An increase in women's education and writing brought some women writers to the forefront, including the Cuban Romantic author Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda with the novel Sab (1841), a romantic novel offering subtle critique of slavery and

3120-530: The exceptional novelist and short story writer Machado de Assis , whose both ironic view and deep psychological analysis introduced a universal scope in Brazilian prose, the modernist poets Mário de Andrade , Oswald de Andrade (whose " Manifesto Antropófago " praised Brazilian powers of transculturation ), and Carlos Drummond de Andrade . In the 1920s Mexico, the Stridentism and los Contemporáneos represented

3185-427: The excitement of their relationship. They can only stay together for three months before Efraín is forced to travel to London to study medicine. Two years later Efraín returns to Colombia after hearing that Maria is very ill. He returns too late, finding that María has died of illness. Heart-broken, Efraín decides to leave Cauca definitely, this time without a fixed destination. This article about an 1860s novel

3250-460: The influx of avant-garde movements, while the Mexican Revolution inspired novels such as Mariano Azuela 's Los de abajo , a committed work of social realism and the revolution and its aftermath would continue to be a point of reference for Mexican literature for many decades. In the 1930s many artists treated to used a new style to express emotions through the written word, however it

3315-509: The lives of gauchos. The literary movements of the 19th century in Latin America range from Neoclassicism at the beginning of the century to Romanticism in the middle of the century, to Realism and Naturalism in the final third of the century, and finally to the invention of Modernismo, a distinctly Latin American literary movement, at the end of the 19th century. The next sections discuss prominent trends in these movements more thoroughly. The Latin American wars of Independence that occurred in

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3380-511: The middle of a romantic and bucolic landscape, the young characters fall in love with each other but circumstances prevent the full realization of their love. Efraín returns from a six year stay in Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, during which time he was pursuing his high school education. After Efraín returns to Valle del Cauca the couple profess their love for each other, but they must temper their relationship since María becomes ill, apparently due to

3445-492: The modernization that was underway. Boom works often tended not to focus on social and local issues, but rather on universal and at times metaphysical themes. Political turmoil in Latin American countries such as Cuba at this time influenced the literary boom as well. Some works anticipated an end to the prosperity that was occurring, and even predicted old problems would resurface in the near future. Their works foreshadowed

3510-475: The most prestigious literary award in the world, the Nobel Prize for Literature , are: Gabriela Mistral (Chile, 1945), Miguel Ángel Asturias (Guatemala, 1967), Pablo Neruda (Chile, 1971), Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia, 1982), Octavio Paz (Mexico, 1990), and Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru, 2010). The Neustadt International Prize for Literature , perhaps the most important international literary award after

3575-472: The most prominent author to emerge from Latin America in the 20th century is Gabriel García Márquez . His book Cien Años de Soledad (1967), is one of the most important works in world literature of the 20th century. Borges opined that it was "the Don Quixote of Latin America." Among the greatest poets of the 20th century is Pablo Neruda ; according to Gabriel García Márquez, Neruda "is the greatest poet of

3640-614: The published book was one of the Boom's defining novels, which led to the association of Latin American literature with magic realism , though other important writers of the period such as Mario Vargas Llosa and Carlos Fuentes do not fit so easily within this framework. In the same year, 1967. Miguel Ángel Asturias was awarded the Nobel prize for literature, making his magical realist, metaphor-heavy, folkloristic and sometimes politically charged novels widely known in Europe and North America. Perhaps,

3705-577: The region, and was also the first truly Latin American literature, in that national differences were no longer as much of an issue and authors sought to establish Latin American connections. José Martí , for instance, though a Cuban patriot, also lived in Mexico and the United States and wrote for journals in Argentina and elsewhere. In 1900 the Uruguayan José Enrique Rodó wrote what became read as

3770-505: The result is still often referred to as "oral literature". The different genres of oral literature pose classification challenges to scholars because of cultural dynamism in the modern digital age. Literate societies may continue an oral tradition — particularly within the family (for example bedtime stories ) or informal social structures. The telling of urban legends may be considered an example of oral literature, as can jokes and also oral poetry including slam poetry which has been

3835-514: The same city. The Venezuelan Rómulo Gallegos wrote in 1929 what came to be one of the best known Latin American novels in the twentieth century, Doña Barbara . Doña Barbara is a realist novel describing the conflict between civilization and barbarism in the plainlands of South America, and is a masterpiece of criollismo . The novel became an immediate hit, being translated into over forty languages. Notable figures in Brazil at this time include

3900-588: The spoken word, and because it is based on the spoken language it comes to life only in a living community. Where community life fades away, orality loses its function and dies. It needs people in a living social setting: it needs life itself." In Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa , edited by Kimani Njogu and Hervé Maupeu (2007), it is stated (page 204) that Zirimu, who coined the term, defines orature as "the use of utterance as an aesthetic means of expression" (as quoted by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o , 1988). According to

3965-482: The stories, legends, and history passed through generations in a spoken form. Pre-literate societies, by definition, have no written literature, but may possess rich and varied oral traditions —such as folk epics , folk narratives (including fairy tales and fables ), folk drama , proverbs and folksongs —that effectively constitute an oral literature. Even when these are collected and published by scholars such as folklorists and paremiographers ,

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4030-815: The treatment of women in Cuba, the Peruvian Naturalist author Clorinda Matto de Turner who wrote what is considered one of the most important novels of "indigenismo" in the 19th century: Aves sin nido (1889), and the Argentinian Romantic writer Juana Manuela Gorriti (1818–1892), who penned a variety of novels and short stories, such as La hija del mashorquero (1860) and directed a literary circle in Peru. A Naturalist trail-blazer, Peruvian Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera penned Blanca Sol (1888) to critique women's lack of practical work options in her society. Women writers of

4095-571: The vanguard whose poetry express love, romance, and a commitment to left leaning regional politics are Cesar Vallejo (Peru) and Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda (Chile). Following their lead are Ernesto Cardenal (Nicaragua), Roque Dalton (El Salvador), Nicolás Guillén (Cuba), Gonzalo Rojas (Chile) and Mario Benedetti (Uruguay), and Peruvians Blanca Varela , Jorge Eduardo Eielson or Javier Sologuren . After Modernismo several lesser known, short-lived poetry movements emerged in Latin America. In Chile, Braulio Arenas and others founded in 1938

4160-528: The world stage. It was distinguished by daring and experimental novels such as Julio Cortázar 's Rayuela (1963), that were frequently published in Spanish and quickly translated into English. From 1966 to 1968, Emir Rodríguez Monegal published his influential Latin American literature monthly Mundo Nuevo , with excerpts of unreleased novels from then-new writers such as Guillermo Cabrera Infante or Severo Sarduy , including two chapters of Gabriel García Márquez 's Cien años de soledad in 1966. In 1967,

4225-627: Was putatively recognized in times prior to recordings of history in non-oral media, including painting and writing. Oral literature as a concept, after 19th-century antecedents, was more widely circulated by Hector Munro Chadwick and Nora Kershaw Chadwick in their comparative work on the "growth of literature" (1932–40). In 1960, Albert B. Lord published The Singer of Tales , which influentially examined fluidity in both ancient and later texts and "oral-formulaic" principles used during composition-in-performance, particularly by contemporary South Slavic bards relating long traditional narratives. From

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